Động lực học tập và chiến lược ứng phó với stress trong học tập của sinh viên

DONG LLJC HOC TAP VA CHIEN LUgC Q N G PHO VOI STRESS TRONG HOC TAP CUA SINH VIEN PGS.TS Nguyen Van Ltrot Nguyen Ngpc Quang Nguyen Linh Chi Trudng Dgi hgc Khoa hgc Xu hgi va Nhdn vdn, Dgi hgc Quoc gia Hd Ngi Giang Thj Thanh Mai Trung tdm Phdn tich vd dU bdo, Vien Hdn ldm Khoa hoc xd hoi Viet Nam I TOM TAT Nghien cieu ndy duac tien hanh nhdm xem xet moi quan he giiia cac logi dong luc hoc tap vd cdc chien luoc irng vdi stress hgc tap cua sinh vien Mdu nghien ciru la mdu thuan tien bao gom 157 sinh vien, tuoi trung binh la 20,52, lech ehudn Id 1,29 vd nie chiem 77,7% Ket qud phdn tich tirang quan cho thdy, nhO'ng sinh vien co dong luc hgc tdp tu chu thuang sir dung cdc chien luac ung tap trung vdo gidi quyet vdn de vd dieu hda cdm xuc Trong do, nhitng sinh vien thieu dgng luc hoac co dong luc hoc tdp bi kiem soat thi thuang ung bang cdeh choi bo ne trdnh va mong uac Dua tren ca sa cdc ket qud ndy, cdc tac gid kien nghi hudng nghien cuu tiip theo va cdeh thirc can thiep giiip sinh vien sir dung cdc chien luge itng vdi stress hgc tap hieu qud hon Tu- khoa: Dgng luc hgc tap, Ifng pho; Stress hgc tdp: Ly thuyit Tu quyit Ngdynhdnbdi: W2/20\9; Ngdy duyet ddng bdi 25/3/2019 Dat van d e Nhidu nghien ciru t r u a c day da chi r5ng, each thiic iing ciia sinh vien t n r a c nhung tinh hudng gay stress hgc tap dong vai tro quan trgng d6i vai siic khoe the chat, siic khoe tinh thkn, cac moi quan he xa hgi va hieu TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, S6'4 (241), - 2019 81 qua latn viee cua sinh vien Dd la ly de vi ung phd vdi stress hge tap ndi rieng va ting phd vdi stress ndi ehung la nhirng ehu di nhan duge su quan tam tir nhieu nha nghien euu tren the gidi Dira tren quan diim cua Lazarus va Folkman (1984) ve ung phd, cd the hiiu ung phd vdi stress hoc tap la nhQng nd luc lien tue thay ddi nhan thuc va hanh vi nhim ddi phd vdi nhung yeu cau tir mdi trudng, dugc sinh vien danh gia la ddi hdi nhilu nd lire de vugt qua hoae vugt qua ngudn lue eua sinh vien Khi ddi mat vdi tinh trang stress, ea nhan cd the cd nhieu each thuc va chien luge ung phd khae Trong eae nghien cuu ve ting phd vdi stress hien nay, ed hai each phan loai ung phd phd bien Cach thu nhat, Lazarus va Folkman (1984) de xuat, ehia cac each ung phd irng phd tap trung vao van de va ung phd tap trung vao cam xue Ung phd tap trung vao van de la nhirng nd lire thay ddi nhan thiie, cam xiic va hanh vi cua ca nhan nham giai quyet van de da gay stress Chien luge ling phd dugc su dung ea nhan danh gia tinh hudng gay stress eg the thay ddi duge Ching ban, lap ke hoaeh giai quyet hay tim kiem sir trg giup Trong dd, ting phd tap trung vao cam xiic lai budng den viee dieu ehinh lai cam xuc eua ban than ddi mat vdi tinh budng eang thang ma ea nhan eho la khdng the thay doi hay kiem soat dugc Vi du, chia se cam xiie vdi ngudi khae hay danh thdi gian nghi nggi va thu gian Cach thii hai chia cac each dng phd ling phd gjn kit va ting phd ne tranh (Roth va Cohen, 1986) Trong dd, ling phd ehu dgng la nhung nd luc lam thay ddi ngudn gay stress hoac thay ddi each ea nhan nghT v i nd LTng phd ne tranh la nhirng each giup ea nhan khdng phai ddi mat trite tilp vdi vdn de, lam giam stress hoac lo au thdi gian ngSn Tuy nhien, nhilu tae gia nhan dinh ca hai eaeh neu tren diu khdng hieu qua vi mgt sd each ling phd ed tbi thudc vao ea bai kiiu iing phd (Abraham, Conner, Jones va O'Connor, 2016; Skinner, Edge, Altman va Sherwood, 2003) Chang ban, viee ca nhan tim each tam thdi taeh khdi mdt vin di ed thi la dl lay lai binh tmh ve mat cam xue nhim giai quyit vdn di dd tot hon Cu thi tiiu thang tim kiim ehd diia xa hdi Bang hdi Cac each l/ng phd (Ways of Coining Questionnaire) cua Folkman va Lazarus (1985) duge eoi la vita thi hien chien luge ilng phd tap trung vao vin dl va ehiin luge tmg phd tap trung vio cam xiie De khae phiie tinh teang nay, eae nha nghien euu da xSy dung va su dling nhiing thang do, frong eae each ling phd dugc phan loai nhung ehiin luge cu the hon ' ^ Connor-Smith, Compas, Wadsworth, Thomsen va Saltzman (2000) eho rang, ung phd ed thi chia 10 chiin luge, bao gdm giai quyit vin di dii hda cam xuc, bde Id eim xiic, chip nhan, nhang, thay ddi nhan thitc suv b~ 82 TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, So' (241), 4-2019 tich cite, ehdi bd, ne tranh va mong ude Trong dd, eac ehiin luge ung phd giai quylt vin di, diiu hda cam xiie, bgc Id cam xue thugc nhdm ung phd gin kit kiem soat so cip, dugc ea nhan sii dung vin di gay stress van ed thi thay ddi duge Cac ehiin luge ung phd chip rihan, nhang, thay ddi nhan thire va suy nghl tieh cgre thudc nhdin img phd gin kit kiem soat thu cip, dugc ca nhan su dung vin dl ehua thi thay ddi hoac se khdng thi thay doi dugc Cudi eiing, cac chiin luge img phd ehdi bd, ne tranh va mong ude thude nhdm ung phd taeh khdi, duge su dung ea nhan khdng dam ddi dien vdi tinh hudng khd khan LTu diem eua each phan Igai la da phdi hgp duge ea hai each phan loai neu tren va ban ehe duge su ehdng lan giiia cac eaeh ting phd Cac nghien eiru trude day da tim hilu mdi lien he giira cac chiin luge iing phd vdi sfress hge tap va miie stress (Coiro, Bettis va Compas, 2017), lo au (Renk va Eskola, 2007), su bai Idng vdi cugc sdng (Deniz, 2006), trang thai lanh manh vi tam ly (Park va Adler, 2003), kha nang thieh nghi vdi mdi trudng (Leeng, Bonz va Zaehar, 1997; Shields, 2001), kit qua bgc tap (Cohen, Ben-Zur va Rosenfeld, 2008; Shields, 2001; Sfruthers, Perry va Menec, 2000) eua sinh vien Ben eanh dd, nhieu nghien eiru eung da dugc tien hanh de tim hieu mdi lien he giOa ung phd vdi stress hgc tap va cac bien sd mang tinh ehit la cac ngudn luc ve vat chat, tinh than va xa hgi nhu long tu trgng (Lo, 2002), tinh than lac quan (Pacheeo va Kamble, 2016), tinh eau toan tinh cue (Dunkley, Blankstein, Halsall, Williams va Winkworth, 2000; Larijani va Besharat, 2010), niem tin vao nang lire ban than (Devonport va Lane, 2006), ehd dira xa hdi (Faleel, Tam, Lee, Har va Foo, 2012), gidi tmh (Cabas-Hoyos, German-Ayala, Martinez-Burgos va Uribe-Urzola, 2015; Monteiro, Balogun va Oratile, 2014) hay mdi (Compas, Connor-Smith, Saltzman, Thomsen va Wadsworth, 2001) Tuy nhien, chua cd nhieu nghien eiru ve mdi lien he giiia ung phd vdi stress hgc tap va biln sd dgng lire hge tap Trgng dd, ddng lire hgc tap la mdt biln sd quan trgng, anh hudng tdi su bat diu, phuong budng, cudng va su bin bi cua cac hanh vi lien quan den hge tap Nghien ciru cua Struthers va cdng su (2000) cho thiy nhirng sinh vien ed ddng lire bgc tap cang cao thi eang ed xu hudng ung phd tap trung vao van di Nghien citu cua Bonneville-Roussy, Evans, Vemer-Filion, Vallerand va Bouffard (2017), vdi nln tang la Ly thuyit Tu quyit (Deei va Ryan, 1985), da chi mdi lien he giCra dong luc hgc tap bj kilm sgat va ddng luc hoe tap tu ehu vdi ting phd vdi stress trgng hge tap Cu thi, nhung sinh vien cd ddng lire tu chii thudng su dung ehiin luge img phd gjn kit, trgng nhung sinh vien ed ddng lire bi kiim soat thudng su dung chien luge img phd tach khdi Ket qua eua nhitng nghidn citu bude diu eho thiy, anh hudng eua ddng lite hoc tap ddi vdi itng phd vdi stress hgc tap Mae dit vay, de ban ehi md hinh thdng TAPCHITAM ly HOC, Sd4 (241), - 2019 83 ke, eac nghien ciiu khdng lam rd duge mdi lien be giira ddng lire hgc t^p vdi nhdng chiin luge irng phd eu the hon Dieu gay ban ehe viee ap dling kit qua vao viec xay dyng cae chuong trinh can thiep nham nang eao kha nang ling phd thich hgp d sinh vien Diia tren Ly thuyit Tu quyit, Vallerand va cdng sy (1992) ehia dgng lye hgc tap loai, bao gdm thieu dgng lyc, ddng lyc dieu ehinh ben ngoai, ddng lyc dieu ehinh nhap ndi, ddng luc dieu chinh xae nhan, dgng luc hudng din hiiu bilt, ddng lye hudng den tyu va ddng lyc hudng den trai nghiem Cae loai dgng lye dugc sap xep theg thu ty tang dan ve mue ty ehu Trong dd, thiiu dgng luc la tinh trang sinh vien cam thay ban than khdng cd kha nang hgc hoac viec hgc khdng dem lai nhiing ket qua ma sinh vien ky vgng Vdi ddng luc diiu chinh ben ngoai, sinh vien hge dai bgc ehi nham daj duge mdt kit qua nao dd ve sau, eu the la ve bang cap hoac cugc sdng, nghe nghiep tdt tuong lai Ddi vdi sinh vien ed dgng lye diiu ehinh nhap ndi, viec hge dai hge chi nham tranh cho sinh vien cam thay tdi Idi hoac anh hudng den ldng ty trgng eua ban than Trong nhieu nghien euu, hai loai dgng lye thudng dugc ghep nhdm ddng lye bi kiem soat Ndi each khae, vdi hai loai ddng lue nay, sinh vien cd miic ty chii thap viic hge tap Viec hge tap eua sinh vien cd ddng luc bi kiem soat ehu yeu ap lye tir xa hdi Khae vdi nhirng sinh vien cd ddng lyc bj kilm soat, sinh vien ed ddng luc tu ehu hgc dai hge vdi mong mudn md mang kien thirc, ren luyen ky nang di phue vu eho nghl nghiep ma minh da dinh hudng theo (dgng luc dilu chinh xac nhan) va/hoae vi cam giac vui sudng, hai Idng duge hge tap nhihig dieu ma minh thieh thit (ddng lyc di bilt), dugc trao ddi, thao luan vi cae ehu de thu vi (ddng luc de trai nghiem) hoac dat dugc nbOng tyu hge tap bang ehinh nd lue cua ban than (dgng luc hudng din tyu) Theo ly thuyit nay, dgng lue ty chu thudng gin liin vdi tinh chu ddng, sang tao boat dgng hge tap cua sinh vien eQng nhu ed nhirng anh hudng tich eye ddi vdi siic khde tinh than eua sinh vien Nguge lai, thiiu ddng lye va ddng lye bj kiim soat thudng gin vdi nhiing he qua tieu eye ve hieu qua hgc tap, nhirng van di ve sue khde tinh than va the ehat Nghien euu duge tiin banh nhim tim hilu mdi lien be giira dgng lyc bgc t?ip va cae chien luge ung phd vdi stress hgc tap cua sinh vien Gia thuyet ma nghien eitu dat la (1) sinh vien ed dgng lyc hoe tap tu ehu thi thudng sit dung ehiin luge ung phd giai quyit vin di, diiu hda cam xuc bde Ig cam xuc, thay ddi nhan thite va suy nghi tich eye; (2) thudng it ung phd bang ne tranh, ehdi bd bay mong udc; dd, (3) sinh vien thiiu ddna lyc hoac cd-ddng lyc bgc tjp bi kilm soat thi thudng sir dung chiin luoe une phd nhang, ne tranh, choi bd va mong udc 84 TAP CHiTAM LY HOC, Sd4 (241), 2019 Fhu-gng phap nghien cifu 2.1 Mau nghien cu'u Miu nghien euru la miu thuan tien bao gdm 157 khach thi la sinh vien Trong dd, nam ehiim 22,3%, dp tudi trung binh eua cae khach thi la 20,52 vdi leeh ehuin la 1,29 2.2 Cdeh lien hdnh Khach the tham gia nghien eiiu bang each tra Idi bang bdi nghien cuu thdng qua thu dien tu hoae bang hdi duge phat trye tilp Khach thi tham gia nghien ciiu mgt each ty nguyen va khdng duge tra phi 2.3 Cong eu nghien ciru * Thang Dpng luc hoc tap De dg ludng ddng lyc hgc tap cua sinh vien, nghien eiiu sit dung thang Dgng lye hgc tap (Academic motivation scale) Vallerand va edng sy (1992) xay dyng Thang gdm 28 item yiu cau khach the tra Idi cho eau hdi "Vi ban hgc dai hoc?" Mdi item thude vao mgt bay tieu thang tuang iing vdi bay loai ddng lue hge tap, bao gdm thieu ddng luc (vi du: 'Wdi that thi toi ciing khong biet nira Toi thue su edm thdy minh dang ldng phi thai gian de hgc dgi hoe"), dgng lue dieu ehinh ben ngoai (vi du: "Be sau ndy co mpt mirc thu nhdp tot han"); ddng lyc dieu chinh nhap ngi (vi du: "Be chirng minh rdng toi eiing eo the vdo duae dgi hgc")\ dgng lyc dieu chinh xac nhan (vi du: "Vl lot nghi hge dgi hgc se giup tdi ehudn bi tot han cho nghe nghiep md toi dd chgn"); ddng lyc hudng den hieu biet (vi du: "VI toi thich duge hgc hoi nhirng dieu moi me"); ddng lye hudng den trai nghiem (vi dii: "Vi edm gtdc hdo himg tot eo nhirng trdi nghiem mat viec trao diii chia se y tuang ciia minh vdi nguai khde"); ddng lyc hudng din tyu (vi du: "Vi toi cdm thdy vui mdi tdi dgt dugc nhirng thdnh tich hoc tap tdt han bdng nS luc cua chinh minh") Chi sd Alpha eua Cronbaeh cua eac tilu thang lin lugt la 0,90; 0,83; 0,82; 0,76; 0,88; 0,«1; 0,87 He sd tucmg quan bien - tdng eua tit ea oac item deu Idn hon 0,50 Thang phidn ban gdc gdm miic do, nhim lam eho viec tra Idi eua khach thi trd nen di dang, ehinh xac hon Trong nghien cim nay, chung tdi sti dung thang likert miic tuong img la = Rit khdng ehinh xae, = Khdng chinh xae, = Phan van, = Chinh xae, = Rit ehinh xae De kiern fra lai sy phii hgp eua ciu true thang gdm nhan td hay loai ddng lyc d mau nghien euu, chung tdi tiin hanh phan tich nhan td xae nhan (confirmatory factor analysis) Ket qua phan tich cho thiy md hinh ed x^ = 565,5; df = 329; p = 0,000; CFI = 0,91; TAP CH[ TAM LV HOC, Sfi (241), - 2019 85 TLI = 0,89 va RMSEA = 0,07 So sanh vdi tieu chuin ddi vdi cae chi sd de dam bao miic phii hgp cua md bmh, vdi CFI > 0,90; TLI > 0,90; RMSEA < 0,08 (Brown, 2015), cd thi thiy md hinh cd mdc phu hgp chap nhan dugc vdi dii lieu thye ti thu duge tu miu nghien eiiu tren sinh vien Viet Nam Trung binh cgng diim sd ciia cac item mdt tieu thang phan anh mirc thiic diy cua loai ddng lye tugng ung ddi vdi hgat ddng hgc tap eiia sinh vien Diim trung binh eua tiiu thang cang eao thi ddng lye hgc tap tuong ling cua sinh vien eang Itrn va ngugc lai Dya tren quan diim eiia Ly thuyit Ty quyet, dilm sd cua ddng lue bi kiem soat dugc tinh bang each liy trung binh dilm sd eua eae tieu thang ddng lyc diiu chinh ben ngoai va dgng lye dieu chinh nhap ndi Trong do, diem sd eua ddng lyc ty ehu duge tinh bang each lay trung binh diem sd eua cae tieu thang ddng lye hudng den hieu biet, ddng lye hudng den trai nghiem va dong lue hudng din tyu Chi sd Alpha cua Cronbaeh cua cac item ludng dd lue bi kiem seat, ddng lye ty ehu va thilu dgng luc lan lugt la 0,87, 0,90 va 0,90 He sd tugng quan biln - tdng cua tit ca eae item thuge ddng lye hoc tap ty chu deu Idn bgn 0,34 He sd tuong quan bien - tdng eda cac item thuge dgng lye hge tap bi kiem soat diu Idn hon 0,51 He sd tugng quan biln - tong eua cac item thude thieu ddng lyc deu Idn hon 0,50 * Bdng hoi chien luac img vdi stress hoe tap cua sinh vien Di ludng eae chien luge iing phd vdi stress hge tap eua sinh vien, nghien cim su dung bang hdi gdm 30 item vi img phd thugc bd cau hdi vl eae phan img vdi Stress (responses to stress questionaire) Connor-Smith va edng sy (2000) xay dung 30 item duge su dyng nhim ludng miic dd thudng xuyen sii dyng eae each ung phd tren thang diim Likert vdi eae miic = Khdng bao gig, = TThinh thoang, = Thudng xuyen va = Rit thudng xuyen Theo eac tac gia xSy dung thang do, mdi item thude vao mdt mudi ehiin luge irng phd vdi stress Kit qua phan tich nhan td xac nhan vdi me binh ma cac tac gia kiln nghi Kit qua phan tich che thiy md hinh ed x^ = 735,570; df = 360- p = 000' CFI - 0,67; TLI = 0,60 va RMSEA = 0,08 So sanh vdi tieu chuin ddi vdi eac chi sd de dam bao mite phii hgp cua md hinh, vdi CFI > 0,90- TLI > 90RMSEA < 0,08 (Brown, 2015), ed tbi thiy md hinh khdng phu bg^ vdi dO iieii thye Ii thu duge tit miu nghien euu tren sinh vien Viet Nam Do dd, Chung tdi tiin hanh phan tich phin ehinh (principal components analysis) cung phep quay Varimax nhim xac dinh eac ehiin Itroe ung phd vol stress hgc tap dugc sinh vien Viet Nam sit dung Sau ti' hanh cac lan phan tich nhan to va loai bd cac item cd he sd tai nhd hon 32 t ™ 86 TAPCHiTAMLyHOC, So (241), 2019 tit ca eac nhto td cung nhu eac item tai len nhiiu hen mdt nhan td, kit qua phan tieh eudi eiing xacdinh duge nhan td vdi 21 item Chi so Kaiser-Myer-Olkin la 0,70 eho thiy miu phu hgp di tiiti hanh phan tieh nhan td Kilm djnh Bartlett cd y nghia thdng ke eho thSy cac bien quan sat cd mdi tuong quan vdi tdng thi (X^ (210) = 964,01; p < 0,001) Cac nhan td giai thich dugc 66,90% sy biin thien ciia cae item TSt ca (;ae item diu ed he sd tai Idn hon 0,53 va he sd tai eheo nhd hon 0,32 Bay nhan td tuong duong vdi ehiin luge ung phd cu thi nhu sau: Nhan td thii nhtt, gdm item (vi du; "Toi ed gdng kiim sodt cdm xuc ciia minh bang cdeh tim kiem su trg giup tir mpt do" hay "Toi c6 gdng gidi quyet vdn de bdng each hoi xin y kien hoac su giip da tir mpt at do") duge xae dinh la chien luge irng phd tim kiem sy trg giiip ve cam xuc va dl giai quylt van de NhSn td thii hai, gdm item (vi dy: "Toi uac rdng se xuat hien vd khien cho tinh huong cdng thdng ndy bien mdt" hay "Toi cd gdng di khdng nghive vdn de dd gdy edng thdng cho minh, co gdng de quen no di') dugc xac djnh la ehiin luge ting phd ne tranh va mgng ude NhSn td thir ba, gdm item (vi du: "Toi tu nhi rdng it thi tdi cing hge dugc dieu gi tir tinh huong ndy" hay "Toi eo gdng nghi cdeh de thay doi tinh hinh vd gidt quyet vdn de") duge xae dinh la ehiin luge ung phd thay ddi nhan thiie va giai quyet van de NhSn td thir tu, gdm item (vi du: "Toi gldl tda cdm xue eia minh bdng mpt cdeh ndo do" hay "Toi co gdng lay Igl binh tinh dot mgt vai nhiing cdng thdng hge tap bdng each Idm viee gi do") duge xac dinh la chien luge ling phd ty dieu hda cam xue Nhan td thii nam, gdm item (vi du: "Tdi tu not vai minh rdng chuyen ndy khong hi co that" va "Toi eo gdng tin rdng vdn de chua tirng xdy ra") dugc xac dmh la ehiin luge img phd ehdi bd Nhan td thii sau, gdm item (vi du: "Toi chdp nhdn rdng minh cdn phdi di mgi chuyen xdy mpt each tu nhien, theo cdeh cua ching" va "Toi chdp nhdn rdng minh can phdi sdng chung vai mgi chuyen theo each eia ching") dugc xac djnh la ehiin luge irng phd chap nhan Nhan td thu bay, gdm item, (vi du: "Toi tu noi vai minh rdng roi mgi chuyen se tra nen tdt dep ca thoi"" hay "Toi tu nhi rdng chuyen ndy chang phdi Id mpt vdn di gi to tdt") dugc xae djnh la ehiin luge img phd suy nght tich eye TAP CHI TAM ly HOC, Sfi4 (241), - 2019 87 Chi sd Alpha cua Cronbaeh cua cac tihan td lin lugt la 0,79; 0,72; 0,65, 0,70; 0,76; 0,69; 0,65 He sd tuong quan biln - tdng cua eac item deu Idii hon ! Trung binh cgng dilm sd cae item mdt tilu thang phan anh miie ao thudng xuyen sii diing chiin luge ling phd tugng ung Trung binh egng eua mgt tiiu thang cang cao tbi miic thudng xuyen sii dung chien luge dng tuong ung cang cao va ngugc lai 2.4 Phan tieh dir lieu Du lieu djnh lugng thu dugc tit diiu tra bang hdi duge xir ly bang eae phep thing ke md ta tin sd, tin suit, diim trung binh, lech ehuan, nhat quan ben va tuong quan bdi phan mem SPSS 23.0 Kit qua nghien ciru va ban luan 3.1 Thuc trgng dpng lue hgc tap va chiin luac irng cda sinh vien Bang trinh bay sd lieu thdng ke md ta ddng luc hge tap va eae chien luge ting phd vdi stress hoc tap eua sinh vien Bdng 1: Thing ke mo td dpng luc hge tap vd cde chien luac img vol stress hgc tap eia sinh vien (N = 157) DTB DLC Gia trj nho nhat Gia trj 16n nhat Tim kiem trg giiip ve cam xuc va de giai quyet van de 2,30 0,58 1,00 4,00 Thay doi nhan thirc va giai quyet van de 2,92 0,52 1,75 4,00 Tu dieu chinh cam xuc 2,86 0,61 1,33 4,00 Suy nghT tich cue 2,59 0,64 1,00 4,00 Chap nhan 2,58 0,65 1,00 4,00 Ne tranh va mong uoc 2,31 0,64 1,00 4.00 Choi bo 1,34 0,54 1,00 3.50 Cdc chien luac irng TAP CHI TAM Ly HOC, Sd (241), 2019 Bong luc hgc tap Thieu dgng lire 2,26 0,92 1,00 4,75 Dong lire bi kiem soat 3,45 0,74 1,00 5,00 Dong lire tir chii 3,73 0,57 2,00 5,00 Gia trj trung binh cua chien luge iing phd ehdi bd la thip nhit gia trj trung binh eua ehiin luge iing phd thay ddi nhan thuc va giai quyit vin de la eao nhat Chien luge iing phd ty dieu ehinh cam xue ed gia trj trung binh cao thu bai eac chien luge suy nghT tich eye va ehap nhan ed gia trj trung binh cao thit ba Cudi cung la cac chien luge ung phd tim kiem trg giup ve cam xue va de giai quyet van de; ne tranh va mong ude, cd gia trj trung binh xap xi d vj tri thii tu Nhu vay, eae chien luge img phd tren day, sinh vien thudng sii dung chien luge thay ddi nhan thue va giai quyet van de, chien luge ty dieu chinh cam xuc nhat Trong dd, chien luge ehdi bd it dugc sinh vien su dyng nhat Xet theo dgng lye hgc tap, thiiu ddng lyc hgc tap ed gia trj trung binh thip nhit Trong do, ddng lye ty ehu ed gia trj trung binh Idn bgn ddng lye bj kilm soat Nhu vay, phan Idn sinh vien cd ddng luc hge tap ty chu, nhung ben canh dd cQng cd nhOng sinh vien duge thiie diy bdi dgng lyc hge tap bj kiim soat hoae hg thiiu dgng lye hgc tap Cin luu y ring boat ddng bgc tap cua sinh vien ed thi duge thue day bdi nhieu ly khae 3.2 Mdi lien he giira dpng lire hge tap va cdc chiin lugrc irng phd v&i stress hgc tdp cua sinh vien Kit qua phan tich tuong quan giQa eac ehiin luge img phd vdi stress hge tap va ddng lye bgc tap dtrge trinh bay d bang Thieu dgng lyc ed tugng quan nghjeh chiiu vdi cae ehiin luge dng phd tim kiern trg giiip vl cam xue va di giai quyit vin di, thay doi nhan thuc va giai quyet vin de, tu dieu ehinh cam xuc; tugng quan thuan chiiu vdi chiin luge ilng phd mong udc va ne tranh, chiin luge ling phd ehdi bd Kit qua chg thiy, ddi vdi nhiing sinh vien khdng xae djnh dugc mye dich cua viec hgc dai hge hoae cam thay viec hgc dai hgc khdng dem lai lgi ieh hay y nghTa nag chg ban than, dung trudc nhiing khd khan gay stress hgc tap, hg thtrdng khdng lya chgn cac chien luge ling phd tap trung vao cam xue hay vin di, ma thay vao dd la cac chien luge taeh khdi Cu thi, thay vi tim each ty can bing lai cam xuc, ty giai quyet TAP CHI TAM Lf HOC, Sd4 (241), 4-2019 vin dl hay tim kilm sy trg giup tu mdt dd, sinh vien thieu ddng lue hgc t^p thudng tim each ne tranh van de, ehdi bd tinh trang thye te hoae mong uo'C ring cd mdt dd se trg giup hay van de se ty bien mit Bdng 2: Tuang quan giira cdc chien luac ting vd dpng lire hge tap (N = 157) Dong lire hoc tap Thieu (tong lire Dong lire bi kiem soat Dong lire tu-chii Tim kiem trg giiip ve cam xiic va de giai quyet van de -0,18* 0,21" 0,31** Thay doi nhan thiic va giai quyet van de -0,26»* 0,08 0,30*» Ttr dieu chinh cam xiic -0,23** 0,04 0,23** Suy nghl tich circ 0,07 0,16* 0,18* Chap nhan -0,06 -0,10 0,18* Mong uac va ne tranh 0,31** 0,32** 0,03 Choi bo 0,24*ô 0,03 -0,07 Ghi chu: ã p< 0,05; "* p< 0,01 Theo Ly thuyit Ty quylt, thilu ddng lye hge tap, sinh vien se cam thay khdng himg thu, khdng mong mudn va cung khdng sin sang di tham gia vao eae boat ddng hge tap (Deci va Ryan, 1985; Vallerand vi cdng sy, 1992) Tii dd dan tdi viec sinh vien ed xu hudng tim each tach khdi khd klian hgc tap thay vi lua ebon duong diu vdi ehung Nghien cuu cua Legault GreenDemers va Pelletier (2006) cho thiy, nhirng sinh vien thilu ddng luc'hgc tap thudng danh it thdi gian cho viec hgc, kit qua hgc tap khdng cao va thudng ed xu hudng bd bgc Nghien cuu trudc day cung ehi ring, thilu dgng luc hge tap ed mdi lien be nghich chieu vdi niim tin vao nang lyc ban than d sinh vidn (Cerino, 2014) Trong do, theo Ly thuyit Hge tap xa hgi, thilu tin tudna vao kha nang eua ban than la mdt nhung nguyen nhan khiln eho ea nhan 90 TAP CHiTAM Ly HOC, Sd4 (241), - 2019 nhanh ehdng bd cuge gap phai khd khan cung nhu ngan can ea nhan thye hien eac boat ddng hudng tdi viee dat dugc cac tuu Them vao do, mgt songhien citu trudc day cung ehi ring, nhan thile cua ea nhan ve kha nang kiem sgat tinh hinh eung cd lien he tdi nd luc ung phd tap trung vao vin di (Compas, Banez, Malearne va Worsham, 1991; Folkman va Lazarus, 1985) Cy, thi, eae ea nhan ehi nd lue giai quylt vin di chung nao ho cdn nhan dinh ring minh cd du kha nang va nang lyc di thay ddi dugc vin dl dd NhQng sinh vien thilu ddng lye hge tap, re rang, it ed thai ddi vdi cac khd khan hgc tap Phan tich tugng quan cung chi mdi quan he thuan ehilu gitta dgng lyc hi kiim sgat vdi cac chien luge ung phd tim kiem sy trg giup vi cam xue va van de, suy nghi tieh eye, mong udc va ne tranh Ndi each khae, nhttng sinh vien cd ddng lyc hgc tap bj kiem soat ed xu hudng ung phd vdi stress hge tap bang each tim kiem ehd dya xa hdi de dugc hd trg ve cam xue hoae giiip giai quyet van dl, suy nghi theo chieu hudng tich cue hoae ne tranh vin dl va hy vgng mdt dd se giup giai quyit vin de bay van de se ty qua di So vdi sinh vien thieu ddng lyc hgc tap, sinh vien cd ddng luc hgc tap bi kiim soat cd mue dich ro rang hon ddi vdi viee hgc tap d bac dai bgc Nhung sinh vien hge dai hge vdi mong mudn tbi bien nang luc bay gitt the dien eua ban than (ddng luc dieu chinh nhap ndi) hoae tham gia hgc tap d bae dai hgc vdi mgng mudn sau cd dugc mgt tam bang cu nhan, ed edng viee dugc coi trgng va thu nhap lit (ddng luc diiu chinh ben ngoai) Theo Ly thuyit Ty quyet, nhung mue tieu la nhttng gia trj hay nhung chuiin mye ma sinh vien da dugc ngi hda tir xa hdi (Deei va Ryan, 2008; Vallerand va cdng sy, 1992) va dd mang tinh chit kiim soat, ed anh hudng thdi thue ca nhan tham gia va dat tieh eac hoat ddng hgc tap Mac dii vay, vdi tinh t r p g thiiu ty chu, bj thuc ep bdi ap lye tieh, cung nhu khdng tim thiy niim vui thye su hgc tap, sinh vien vdi ddng luc hge tap bj kiim soat cd the phai doi dien vdi finh trang stress thudng xuyen hon gap khd khan, vudng mac trgng qua trinh hgc tap Trong qua trinh thim dinh nhan thiie cila nhung sinh vien nay, nhung khd khan hge tap la nhQng moi de dga ddi vdi mue tieu diu ma ho ky vgng (Bonneville-Roussy va cdng sy, 2017) va dd gay miic stress eao hon so vdi nhttng sinh vien coi khd khan la cae eo hdi hay thu thach di hgc hdi (Lazarus va Folkman, 1984) Nhu vay, mdt mat, nhttng mue tieu duge ngi hda tu xa hgi ed tbi thilc diy cho nhdm sinh vien tieh cue hgc tap, giai quylt khd khan hoc tap, nhung mat khae, eung cd the lam nhttng sinh vien roi vao tinh trang kiet sue stress Ndi each khae, cd nhung thdi diim, nhung sinh vien ed dgng luc bi kilm soat lya chgn nd lye giai quyit vin di va eung ed nhttng thdi dilm, nhdm sinh vien chgn each tranh ne Day ed thi la ly giai thieh vi ddng lyc hgc tap bi kiem soat TAP CHI' TAM Ly HOC, Sfi (241), - 2019 91 khdng ed tuong quan thuan ehilu hoac nghjeh chieu ro rang vdi chien luge ung phd thay ddi nhan thitc va giai quyit van di Ben eanh dd, tucmg quan yeu gitta ddng lye bi kiim soat vdi suy nghl tieh eye chg thay, thye te khdng phai lue nao sinli vien ed ddng luc bi kiim soat eung su dung chien luge ttng Trong dd, tugng quan giQa ddng luc bj kiim soat vdi chien luge mong udc va tranh ne ed mue manh hon, phan anh thuc te sinh vien ed ddng lyc bj kiem soat ed xu hudng chung la tach khdi van de Vdi nhdm sinh vien ed dgng luc hgc tap tu chu, ket qua phan tich cd sy nhit quan vdi nhiiu nghien cuu trudc day (Bonneville-Roussy va cdng su, 2017; Thompson va Gaudreau, 2008) cho thiy, nhQng sinh vien thudng ddi mat vdi stress hge tap bing cac ehiin luge ung phd tich eye, bag gdm thay ddi nhan thuc va giai quyit vin di, ty diiu ehinh cam xuc, tini kiem sy trg giiip vi cam xue va di giai quylt vin dl, suy nght tieh eye va chap nhan thay vi ne tranh va meng udc hay ehdi bd Nhttng sinh vien tham gia vao hgat ddng hge tap vdi mue dieb chuin bj cho nghi nghiep ma hg mong mudn theo dudi (dgng lyc xac nhan), kham pha tri thilc (ddng lyc ben hudng den hieu biet), triii nghiem nhQng dieu mdi me qua trinh hgc (dgng lye ben hudng den trai nghiem) va cai thien nang luc cua ban than (ddng lye ben hudng den tuu) Khae vdi sinh vien cd ddng luc dilu chinh ben ngoai, nhdm sinh vien deu ed nhttng mue tieu xuat phat tu chinh boat ddng hge tap Theo Vallerand va cdng sy (1992), ddi vdi nhttng sinh vien ed dgng luc bgc tap tu chu, boat dgng hgc tap chinh la mue tieu hay dich din (dgng lyc ben trong), thay vi la mdt edng cu de dat dugc mdt mue dich nao vl sau (ddng lue ben ngoai) Nhirng sinh vien hgc tap vdi su thieh thu, dam me va mong mudn tim tdi, kham pha tri thuc de qua dd lien tue hoan thien ehinh minh (Deci va Ryan, 2008; Thompson va Gaudreau, 2008) Nghien cuu chi nhttng sinh vien cd ddng lue hgc tap ty chu cang eao thi cang cd nhilu niim tin vao nang lye ban than (Cerino, 2014), danh nhiiu thdi gian eho viee hge tap, it cd xu budng tri hoan va ed hieu qua bgc tap eao hon (Legault va edng sy, 2006) Do dd, ddi vdi nhdm sinh vien nay, nhung khd khan hge tjp se ia nhQng thu thach di hg trai nghiem, thu sue va hge hdi thay vi la nhttng mdi de dga ddi vdi mdt mue tieu nao dd nhu kit qua bgc tap hay xip Igai bing tdt nghiep (Bonneville-Roussy va cdng sy, 2017) Day la ly vi sinh vien cd dong luc hgc tap tu ehu lya chgn eac chiin luge ung phd dilu chinh earn xiie va nhan thue di duong diu vdi vin di thay vi tim each tach khdi khd khan hoc tap Tuong quan giQa ddng lye hgc tap tu chu vdi suy nght tich cue va chip nhan cung eho thay, nhQng sinh vien sin Idng chip nhan thit bai bay nhQng tinh hudng khdng the thay ddi dugc 92 TAPCHITAM LyHOC, Sd4 (241), - 2019 Nhu vay, mue tieu cua cac chuong trinh can thiep va hd trg sinh vien ung phd hieu qua vdi stress la tim each tang cudng dgng lye hgc tap ty chu d sinh vien Ndi each khae, la tim each tang cudng y thuc vl tim quan trgng cila viee hge dai hge ddi vdi nghe nghiep ma sinh vien theg dudi (ddng lye diiu ehinh xac nhan) ciing nhu gay dugc sy thu, yeu thich eua sinh vien doi vdi cac mdn hge, tir dd lam tang ddng luc hgc tap ty chu eua sinh vien Ben eanh dd, dya tren ket qua eua nhieu nghien cuu trudc day tren tbi gidi cung nhu Ly thuyit Ty quylt (Deci va Ryan, 2008; Reeve va Jang, 2006), di cd tbi thue diy ddng luc hgc tap tu chd d ngudi hge, ein phai ed mdt mdi trudng hge tap dd dam bao thda man duge cae nhu eiu tam ly co ban eua ngudi hgc, bao gom nhu cau gan kit (cam thay ket ndi vdi giang vien va ban hgc), nhu eau tu ehu (cam thay duge ty minh quyet djnh cac beat ddng hge tap) va nhu cau nang lyc (cam thay ban than cd kha nang thye hien hieu qua boat ddng bgc tap) (Burt, Young-Jones, Yadon va Carr, 2013) Trong dd, su thda man nhu cau gan ket va nhu cau nang luc d ngudi bgc la co sd de mdi trudng hgc tap tu chu thuc day ddng lye dieu ehinh xae nhSn va eac loai ddng lue hgc tap ben d sinh vien Nghien euu da cung cap bang chung ban dau eho mdi lien be gitta ddng lye hgc tap va each ung phd vdi stress hgc tap eua sinh vien Viet Nam Kit qua phii hgp vdi Ly thuyet Tu quyet, de tu dd kien nghj viee tang cudng ddng luc hgc tap ty chu, lam giam tinh trang thieu ddng lyc va dgng lyc bi kiim soat Tuy nhiSn, nghien ettu vin cdn mgt sd han che Thu nhat, kich thudc miu ban ehi va tinh ddng nhit giQa cae khach thi lam giam kha nang phan tich va suy rdng tdng thi (Bomstein, Jager va Putniek, 2013) Thu hai, nghien euu dugc thiit kl cit ngang, mil quan be nhan qua giQa dgng luc hge tap va ung phd vdi stress hge tap la chua the khing dinh Cac nghien citu treng tugng lai ein khie phuc nhttng ban che ve kich thude va tinh ddng nhit ciia miu nghien eilu; thiit ki theo hudng xae nhan dugc mdi quan he nhan qua gitta stress va cae biln sd khae ben canh ddng lye hgc tap Ket luan So vdi eae chiin luge ung phd mong udc, ne tranh va ehiin luge ung phd choi bd, cac chiin luge ung phd tap trung vao vin de va cam xuc dugc sinh vien su dyng thudng xuyen hon Nhttng sinh vien thieu dgng lye cd xu hudng ung phd bing cac chiin luge tach khdi thay vi tim each dieu hda cam xiic, thay ddi nhan thue, hay giai quyit vin di Sinh vien ed ddng lyc hgc tap bi kilm sgat cd xu hudng ung phd bing each mong udc va ne tranh Trong do, sinh vien cd ddng luc hge tap ty ehu thudng su dung cac chien luge ilng phd tich cue nhu tu diiu chinh cam xue, thay ddi nhan thuc va giai quyet van de, tim kiim tro giiip vi cam xuc va di giai quyet van de Cac ket qua cho TAP CHfTAM Ly HOC, Sd4 (241), - 2019 93 thiy vai trd quan trgng cua ddng lye hgc tap, dac biet la dgng lyc hgc tap ty ehu, ddi vdi viee giai quyit eae nhiem vu hgc tap ciia sinh vien, co viec phai ung phd vdi cac tinh hudng gay stress hge tap Dg do, cac chuong trinh can thiep va hd trg sinh vien ung phd hieu qua vdi stress can phai tim each tang cudng ddng lyc hgc tap ty chii, ddng thdi giam thieu tinh trang thieu ddng lyc hgc tap d sinh vien Ldi cam gn: Nghien cuu dugc tai trg bdi Quy Giao due Thai Lan (Thai Education Foundation) Tai lieu tham khao Abraham C, Conner M., Jones F & O'Connor D (2016) Health Psychology Taylor & Francis Bonneville-Roussy A., Evans P., Vemer-Filion J., Vallerand R.J & Bouffard T (2017) Motivation and coping with the stress of assessment: Gender differences in outcomes for university students Contemporary Educational Psychology 48 28 - 42 https://doi.Org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2016.08.003 Bomstein M.H., Jager J & Putniek D.L (2013) Sampling In developmental science; 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Toward an understanding of academic amotivation and the role of social support Journal of Educational Psychology 98 (3) 567 - 582 https://doi.Org/10.1037/0022-0663.98.3.567 23 Leong F.T.L., Bonz M.H & Zaehar P (1997) Coping styles as predictors of college adjustment among freshmen Counselling Psychology Quarterly 10 (2) 211220 https://doi.org/10.1080/09515079708254173 24 Lo R (2002) A longitudinal study of perceived level of stress, coping and self-esteem of undergraduate nursing students: An australian case study Joumal of Advanced Nursing 39 (2) 119 - 126 26 Monteiro N.M., Balogun S.K & Oratile K.N (2014) Managing stress; the influence of gender, age and emotion regulation on coping among university students in Botswana Intemational Joumal of Adolescence and Youth 19 (2) 153 - 173 27 Pacheeo B & Kamble S.V (2016) The role of optimism in stress and coping of undergraduate students in Goa The hitemational Joumal of Indian Psychology 60 - 68 28 Park CL & Adler N.E (2003) Coping style as a predictor of health and wellbeing across thefirstyear of medical school Health Psychology 22 (6) 627 - 631 29 Reeve J & Jang H (2006) What teachers say and to support students' autonomy during a learning activity Journal of Educational Psychology 98 (1) 209 218 https://doi.Org/10.1037/0022-0663.98.l.209 30 Renk T & Eskola K.J (2007) Prospects of medium tomography using back-iobackhadron correlations Physical Review C 75 (5) 054910 18 pages 31 Roth S & Cohen L.J (1986) Approach avoidance, and coping with sUess American Psychologist 41 (7) 813-819 32 Shields N (2001) SUess, active coping, and academic performance among persistin and nonperslsttng college students Joumal of Applied Biobehavioial Reseaich (2) 65-81 33 Skinner E.A., Edge K., Altman J & Sherwood H (2003) Searching for the structure of coping: A review and critique of category systems for classifying ways of coping Psychological Bulletin 129 (2) 216 - 269 96 TAPCHiTAM LyHOC, Sfi (241), - 2019 34 SdTithers C.W., Perry R.P & Menec V.H (2000) An examination of the relationship among academic stress, coping, motivation, and performance In college Research in Higher Education 41 (5) 581 - 592 https://doi.org/10.1023/A;1007094931292 35 Thompson A & Gaudreau P (2008) From optimism and pessimism to coping; The mediating role of academic motivation Intemational Joumal of Stress Management 15 (3) 269 - 288 bttps://doi.org/10.1037/a0012941 36 Vallerand R.J., Pelletier L.G., Blais M.R., Briere N.M., Senecal C & Vallieres E.F (1992) The Academic motivation scale: A measure of intrinsic, extrinsic, and amotivat in education Educational and Psychological Measurement 52 (4) 1.003 - 1.017 https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164492052004025 TAP CHI TAM Ly HOC, Sfi (241), 4-2019 97 ... vdi stress hoe tap cua sinh vien Di ludng eae chien luge iing phd vdi stress hge tap eua sinh vien, nghien cim su dung bang hdi gdm 30 item vi img phd thugc bd cau hdi vl eae phan img vdi Stress. .. ehu Trong dd, thiiu dgng luc la tinh trang sinh vien cam thay ban than khdng cd kha nang hgc hoac viec hgc khdng dem lai nhiing ket qua ma sinh vien ky vgng Vdi ddng luc diiu chinh ben ngoai, sinh. .. lue nay, sinh vien cd miic ty chii thap viic hge tap Viec hge tap eua sinh vien cd ddng luc bi kiem soat ehu yeu ap lye tir xa hdi Khae vdi nhirng sinh vien cd ddng lyc bj kilm soat, sinh vien