^ NGMtNCliuGS DdNG LUC VA CAC GlAl P H A P T A N G CUdNG DdNG LUC HOC T A P CHO HOC SINH PHO THdNG TS Il4vifT LUDNG Vifn Khoa hfc Giio dye nft Nam 1 Dit vin d l Dpng lyc cda ngudi hpe ludn ludn la ylu[.]
_ _ ^ NGMtNCliuGS DdNG LUC VA CAC GlAl P H A P T A N G CUdNG DdNG LUC HOC T A P CHO HOC SINH PHO THdNG TS.Il4vifT LUDNG Vifn Khoa hfc Giio dye nft Nam Dit vin d l vdi trinh dd phit triin tim li hiln tfi cda tri Dpng lyc cda ngudi hpe ludn ludn la ylu tf hing -I-Trong hoft dfng nhin thdc thl la mau thuan diu tic dfng tn/c tilp tdi chit lupng hpc tip Ning cao gida dc nhilm vu vl li thuylt vi thyc hanh nfi dfng lye hpe li mft bfn giii phip eo bin dl nang dung chuong trinh vdi trinh dd kiln thde ki ning hifn eao chit luong giio duc di dUoc ghi Van kiln Hdi ed eda ngudi hpc (Tddiin Bich khoa Vift Nam, tr885) nghj BCHTW Ding khoi VllI 13 Odng li/c hgc tdp Trong qui trinh phit triln tim sinh II cda hpc sinh Td eic djnh nghia trin cho thiy ring thuft ngd (HS) phf thdng, td d p Tliu hpc din dpTmng hpc co sd (THCS), Tmng hpc phf thdng (THPT), ngudi HScii nhHu 'ddng lyc' dupc sd dung mpi linh vyc ddi sf ng bUn dii vl sinh II thi chit vl qui trinh nhin thdc-tu kinh t l x i hf i vi tim ligUo ducOdnglgehgctipdaHS dilu ehinh hinh vi hpe tip mi ey thl li ddng lUe hpc bic phd thdng bao gdm: thO nhdt Id cdi Igc diy, Igelu tfp dTliu hpe vifc hpc tip eda HS dupc thUc hlfn hiu sOcmgnhbintronghaynditgidacdnhdrvThOhalldcd nhu nhd cic ngudn ddng lyc td bin ngoii tdc sy co vu nhdn td vd diiu kifn bdn ngodi tgo nin sg chuyin ddn hay ip lyc cda nhCmg ngudi xung quanh nhu bf me, kleh thich su hogt ddng hgc tdp tgo sg thay ddi, thd tiily ed giio Trong dd, d THCS di cd thinh tkh hpe diy SUphdt triin linh vgc nhdn thOc, phit triin tip eao, HS phii bllt ty bin thin cf ging tdc nhd ed thiit vd kindng tg nhien - xd hdi dfng lyc nfi tfi Do dd, nghiln cdu ddng lye hpc tfp TroQg linh vyc tim If giio dye dfng lyc hpc tfp vi de giii phip ting cUdng vfn rit quan trpng khdng phii'nhltthinh bit biln'mi cd sy thay df L chju nghiln cdu tim li giio due nhim ning cao kit qui hpc su chi phdi cda cic ylu tf ehd quan, khich quan Dfng tfp cda ngudi hpe khdng nhdng ehi d Vift Nam mi cl lye hpc tfp ludn gin vdi ci nhin, gin vdi hoat dfng vi nhdng qufc gia ed nin kinh tf vi gilo due phit triin die tn/ng eda dc lof i hoft dfng khie nhim thda Khii nlfm dfng ^ v i dfng lyc hpc tip man nhdng nhu d u cy thi NgUdi Idn (cha m^, thiy cd I.I.Khilnlfm^nglgt giio) cd thi tao ra, nudi dUdng vi ting eUdng dfng lyc Thuft ngd'dfng lye" (motivation) ddi sf ng hpe tfp cho HS bing cic phuong phip khic khau tdy xl hfi nude ta dupe ddng rit phf biln nhilu linh thude vio die diim d nhin vi hoin cinh nhdm xa hfi vyc khie Trong d e til lifu kinh diin duong dfi vf xung quanh ngdn ngd, bich khoa, thuft ngd'df ng lyc'dupc nhilu Dpng lyc hpe tip ed mfi quan hf chat chl vdi dpng tie gil djnh nghTa theo nhCmg hinh thii tit ngd khie CO vl xlt cho cdng ddng eo bilu hif n nguyin nhin, eo nhau, nhungti/Uchung li phin inh dugc bin chit ty sd tao nin sdc manh, lyc lupng bin thde diy sy nhUn vdn ed eda nd Dudi diy li nhdrig djnh nghia phf hoft ddng (thf m chf ed thi li de ddi tupng thda quit nhlt hf thfng 'nhu d u nin ting') Suy eho cdng dfng co - Theo tCr diin Hin - Vift cda Dio Duy Anh, ddng ehi la mdt ngudn don II tf ng thl eic ngudn (ylu lyc li sdre chuyin dfng lye hay li nhdng lyc lupng tao tf) tao nin sdc diy hay dfng lye (motivational sphere) sy thay dfl, [Hin Vift td diia tr.307 Oio Anh] Die diim nfl tal v i ngoai bUn cfa dfng Itfc - Theo td diin Tifng Vift f f ng lyc li sy thdc diy hpc tfp lim eho biln dfl, phit triia li d i tf o nin vi thde diy sy Mpi hinh vi - hoft dfng cda eon ngudi dope thde phit triin (TCf dlin Tifng Vift Vifn Ngfn ngCr hpc -Vlln diy bdi hai logl ddng luc ndi tgi vd bin ngoiL KHXHVift Nam, trang 351) 2.1.04nglgtn^ltgl - Theo tCr diin Bich khoa Vift Nam, dfng luc li: Dfng luc nfi tfi hay dfng lyc trong, vico bin khie + Nhdng nhin tf tf o nin sdc mfnh bin trong, kkh hin ddng eo ngoii Dfi vdi tdng ci nhin, ddng lye bin thich sy hoat dfng, li toin bf cic yfu tf vi dilu kifn (Intrinsic) li dfng lye thdc diy chd lye dfi vdi sy dim bio sy phit triin phit triln tim If nhin deh, vi tfn tai pham vi ei •I- Qui trinh diu tranh gill quyft mlu thuin giCta nhin Eidng lyc ndi tfl dupe dya trin j ehi chd quan, hay dc mft dfi Ifp, thd dy gida nhdng nhu clu mdl niy sinh sU tyti'nvio chfnh kiln cda tdng d nhfn, thi dy mft tCr hoft dfng phit triln d tri vdi nhdng kiiu quan hf vi hpc sinh nghIo vupt khd hpc gidi li j chi cda bin dfng hoft dfng cO, gida nhdng ylu d u ngiy cing cao thin Ddng lyc ndi tfl di dupe nghiln cdu bdi dc nhi tCr phia xi hfi, tfp thi, ngudi Idn (cha m^ glio vlln,v.v.) tim li hpe xi hfi vi gilo dye ki tddlu nhdng nim 1970 KiN-TttlMIVZflZ.ll QNGMINCCIU d nhilu nude Mi va lay Au Can khing djnh ring, d HS van dl hpe tip Cic kiai ddng lyc khae se tao sy THCS nhd sy thdc diy eda ddng luc bin ma hoed thue day dc lianh vi hifu nang: - Hanh vi tmc tilp hudng tdi muc tilu hoc tap cy nhilu nang tham gia vao cac nhilm vu hpc tap, sin sing vupt khd eung nhu iam vifc cat lyc dl cii thiln ki thf - Chu dpng gia tang no lyc va nang lUpng eho cic ning cda hp dl da trudng thinh Cic td tfo nin dpng lyc npi tai d HS dupe hoat ddng hpc tap - Ludn san sang nhilt huylt khdi ddng, bit diu, vi cic nhi nghiln cdu Au - Ml xac dmh nhU li ylu td'thiln kiln tri, hoat dpng bIm': - Ludn gid dupc trang thii hUng phan vda dd dl xd - Tn/dc hit la nhu d u vl quyln tu chd Nhu du quyln ty chd d hpc sinh la mdt thupc tfnh "quy hilm" cdii cic thdngtintrong qui trinh nhin thdc - Xic djnh vi cdng cf nhdng thdngtinda dft dupc liln quan din dc ylu td tiam sinh di tmyln cda tdng ca - Ludn ehd ddng eii thiln hllu suit dc hinh vi cOa thl.Trin thyc tl, d df tuoi HStiluhpc viTHCS, nhu du ty chd chUa xuat hiln rd rang Nhdng HS cd nhu cau ty minh Doi vdi HS tilu hpe ddng lyc hpc tfp chd ylu dupc ciid diu ii cie HS ed kit qui hpe tap kha gidi Cic cdng trtnh nghiln cdu qudcti eho thiy nhdng HS cd nhu cauhinh thinh nhd tic ddng hay ap lye td bin ngoii: bf ty chd eao thl hpc tfp ed trach nhifm vi ludn kilm soat me, thay cd giio tilp sdc Lln d p THCS vi THPT, dfng lyc hpc tap cda HS da mang nhilu ylu td nfi tfi hay t^ dupc dc hinh vl hpc tip cda minh - Nhu clu hay mong mudn dft dUpc muc tilu dl bin thin Tuy nhiln, sy inh hudng cda dpng lyc nfi tfi theo eieh cda minh Nhu d u thinh dat bilu hiln d cdn chUa 6n djnh, do can sy tilp sde nudi dUdng vi dc d nhin d chf: hptinring cd ki nang cho phip dft ting eudng td d c ngudn dpng lyc bin ngoii nhU sy dupc muc tilu mong mudn (tdc la kit qui khdng phii quan tim eda thiy ed giio vi cha m^HS Nlu giio viin may dUa lfi) Dd li nhdng ngUdi cd chfnh kiln quylt djnh thudng cho nhdng hinh vl hpc tfp xuit sic, vi ludn ty tin mft deh cd co sd, ty tin d ning lyc cda thl HS si cd nhilu dpng lye hpe tfp han Do dd, kit qui hpc tap eda HS THCS va THPT phu thufc vio de phin minh - Mdt'tf chit" bin khic ii cd mft sy'thudng thudng bin ngoiL tdc nhdng tic dfng khich If td giio tn/c" cda y thdc vl sy quan tim din nhdng ehd dl liln viln, t>f n bl, cha me quan din kit qui hpc tfp, hon li ehi hpc vet li Ung dung Ifthuyit khuyin khfch (incentive theory) nhdng HS ludn biit hoc tip di dat dupe diim t f t la hinh thdc khen thudng hdu hinh hole vd hinh, dUpc 2.2 Bing luc bin ngoii hay ngogi blin dua sau sy xuat hlfn eda mft hinh dfng (hinh Dfng lyc bin ngoii hay ngof i biln ed ngudn gfc vi) hifu qui vdi y djnh giy hifu dng 'dd ml nd" hinh vi td sy inh hudng cda d c ylu tf xa hdi vi bilu hlfn tuong ty xiy mpt lan nda Dilu niy dupc thyc hifn biln d hiu hit dc HStiiuhpc vi mft sd HSTHCS cd kit bing cich kit hop •} nghia tfch cyc din hinh vL Nghlin qui hpc tfptiungbinh trd xudng Cic HS dd ludn quan cdu cho thiy ring nfu ngUdI nhin dupe phin thudng nlfm vifc hpc tfp, thyc hifn nhifm vy hpc tfp li sdc lip tde ed hifu lUc li rit Idn, vi giim hifu lyc Ip eda ngUdI ktilc (ciia m^ thiy cd giio) Ddng lyc bin thdi gian chd dpi khen thudng klo dii Kit hpp khen ngoii biiu hlfn id nhlt d nhdng d nhin ludn hpc tip thudng hinh dfng Ifp di lip lfi cd thl tao la dc hinh mft deh thy dfng, cic nhifm vy dupc thyc hlfn theo ddng hpc tip hifu qui kilu dfi phd, thf m ehi miu thuin vdi bin thin Do tic 33 Tim hiiu nguyin nhin hgc kim OHS bing cdc dfng eda dfng co bin ngoiL eic d nhin HS ludn eho phuang phip Uim soit ddng lUe hgc tip ring thyc hlfn nhifm vy hpc tfp chi vl eic II do: Phin Vifc kilm soat ddng lye hpc tip d HS li mft vin thudng nhu tiln vi dilm sf; Do cudng chl, Ip bude dl rit khd nghiln cdu Vife kilm soit ddng lyc HS d dp Do mfi de dpa tKnig phft Do cf nh tranh vdi ban bl vl THCS vi THPT chi dit vdi cic giio viin vi cha m? HS 'bfnh sjr'; Do sy cf vu cda dc nhdm xi hfi khie Vifc kilm soit dpng lyc hpe tip d HS die bift dn thUt nhu gia dinh bfn bl v.v„ ddi vdi nhdng HS thilu dpng lye hpc tip dupe bilu hlfn Mft sf blfn phip ting ctfdng dfng lyc hpc d cho kit qui hpc tfp qui kim, ludi bilng, khdng hoin tfpfHS thinh dc nhifm vu hpe tfp, bd hpc khdng cd lido W 3,1.SOdgngdchinhthOeUiald4ydclogld^ng Cd rit nhilu tilp cich cin kilm soit dfng co hpc igtkhicnhaudHSbingkhkhlfhaykhenthuingkjp tip Nhung phf bHn nhat ngudi ta thudng ditiieo2 thU hudng chinh: Kiim soit d c lof I dfng co bin ngoii (tic iJ nhHu nude trin thf gfcSri vifc nghiln cdu dng dfng cda ylu tf xa hfi nhu nhdm ban bl, gia dinh ); dyng dfng lyc hpc tfp d HS dUpc trt vi cip nhft Kilm soit dpng co ndi tai thdng qua cic tests xa hfL thudng xuyln Tuy nhila dc lof I cy thi eda dpng lyc 33.50 dung hiiu Ong da tic d^g qua tal ^Sa dupe nghlin cdu dc co ciu nfi dung giio dye kitifiiihgctipvUddnglifihgctipdHS chuyin nginh Ofng lyc gHo dye cd thi cd tie Trintiiuct f nhdng HS cd thinhtfchhpe tfp cao dyng khic dfi vdi d c HS vi deh hp ddi xd vdi cic till diu cd dfng lyc hpe tip phong phd (npi tai vi bin 2l«nmmcaAiive NGHieNCAlGQl ngoii), dd vai trd dfng lyc nfi tai dupc xem la chd 14 Dja vj xa hpL sy d n thUt eho tam quan trpng dfo Nhuvly, nhd ddng lye ndi tfi mi HS ed thinh tfch dja vj xa hdi hpe tfp eao, din lupt mlnli bin tiiln thinh tkh hpc tap 15 An sinh mpi mat can phii dupe an toin lai cd tie dyng nhu mdt ngudn ddng lUc mdi Do dd, 16 Tinh tao vi hinh tiln, sy d n thilt phii tan thinh tich hpc tip nhilu tmdng hpp da trd cdng trd lai dl giinh chiln thing dfng lyc eho HS Nhdng mong muon co bin dfi diln cho mong v i tic dfng cda ddng luc din thinh thich hpc tip mudn npi tai tn/c tilp thde diy hanh vi cda mdt ngUdi dc ldp hpc THCS viTHCS nhilu tic gii khic Hanh vi ngUdi cdng cd thi dupe thdc diy bdi mong nhu Stemberg (1994) vi Stipek (1988) da khing dmh mudn khdng co bin, nhung ed thi khdng liln quan din HS d bfc THCS vi THPT li Ida tuf i cd sy phit triln dpng luc sau xa, hoac chi nhU mft phUong tifn di dat chin mudi cda dc tf chit bIm sinh Nhilu tie gii cho dupc mong mudn co bin cy thl mi thdi ring thinh tkh hpe tip cda HS THCS vi THPT da hoin 3S Cic glil phip cu thi tmng Idp hgc giup gUo toin phy thufc vio ning lyc bIm sinh (conative), cu thi vlin ting aidng dgng luc hgc tip ngi tgi dHS THCS vi li ning lye ty dilu ehinh (Self regulation) vi qui trinh THPT tim II, dd tn/c tilp nhlt la nang lye ty diiu chinh • Giii thfch cho thiy li tfi vifc hpe mdt nfl hinhvl (Self control) dung hoac ki nang eu thi li quan tnpng Nhilu HSTHCS ViTHPT da tynhan bllt dupe ring • Cho phip HS mft sf eo hfi dl lya chpn myc tilu tuong lai cda hp phin idn gin vdi thinh tich hpe tfp hpc tip vi nhifm vy cda hp, dd HS bllt ty dilu ehinh hinh vi eda hp • Tforaviduytrtsytdmd hoft dfng hpc tfp • Cung d p mft loft cic hinh vi, hof t dfng vi ylu Khi ndi din mfi liln hi qua lai gida ddng lue vi td kich hoft (stimulations) d m giic thinh tkh hpc tip eda HS THCS vi THPT, tlil dd li sy • Cung d p trd choi vimd phdng khing djnh vai trd cda ddng lye nfl tfL hon li dfng luc • Oft muc tilu eho vifc hpc tip bin ngoii Tuy nhila bit diu tCr d p THCS trd lln din • LUn kit kit ndi vifc hpc tip voi dc nhu cau cda dc bfc cao hon, eic ci nhin thyc hifn dc hinh vi hpe HS tfp, lao dfng diu nhd cd vai trd cda dfng lye bin • Trp gidp HS phit triin kl hof eh hinh dfng ngoii, nhung ehi d mdc "khoi mio", khdi ddng, nhtmg 3.6 Cdc glil phip eg thi Up hgc gUp gido di ed kit qui cao thl phy thufc vio ning lye ty dilu vlin ting eUdhg d^ng Igc bin ngoU iHS THCS • Cung d p kl vpng rd ring I chinh, vi ty kilm tratiielyc lye nfi tai • Cho ]^ kiin phin hfi sda chda 3.4 Ting cUdng d^ng lg< hgc tip OHS Tliu hgc • Cung d p dc phin thudng cd gii trj cho dc THCS vi THPT dga vio dc nhu du - mong muin eg nhifm vy hpc tfp don giin thi • Hay cdng khai dc phin thudng ed sin Diy li mft dl xuit bit nguf n td eic dd lifu cda • Cho phip CO hfi di HS quan sit hinh miu ehlnh mft edng trtnh ngUdi Mi Td dc nghiln cdu dpng co d hon 6.000 ngUdI, Steven Reiss di dl xuit mdt If thuylt xie hon • Cho phip nhdng eo hfi dl tham gia vio de "16 mong muf n co bin", theo dd tit ci hinh vi cda ' ngudi diu 16 mong mudn eo bin thde diy thyc hlfn hoft dpng xa hfi hpe tip • Cung d p cic Iilnh mSu tilp thu sda chda de I Tdmd,sycln thilt phii tim hiiu I An ufng,cln eho sycung d p ning lupng cothf khuyit diim dupe gdp y Theo nguyin tic chung, glio viln d n sd dyng I Gia dinh, d n phii nudi dfy cIL cing nhilu cing tdt dc giii phip tang eudng dpng lyc Chip nhfn, sy d n thilt phii Ung thufn Danh dy, d n phll tmng thinh vdi dc gii tii nfl tfL Tuy nhiln, khdng phii tit d HS si dUpe thde diy hpc tip tft ip dyng de giii phip tila DHu niy truyin thfng eda gia tfe din tfe Chd nghia If tUdng, d n thilt cho cdng bdng xa dupe giii thfch bdi tfnh khic bift gida dc HS cd d e tf chit bim sinh nao vi hoin dnh gia dinh xi hfi hfi khic Dfc Ifp, nhu ciu cho d nhin Kit luin Trinh tg, sy d n thilt cho tf chdefindjnh, mdi Khii nlfm dfng lyc hpc tfp (Motivation to laem) tiudng dy doin Hof t df ng thi chit s y d n thilt phii tfp thi eho phip suy luin mdt deh logic liln hf chit che vdi thyc tfi ddi sdng tim li dang phip triin d Ida tuoi tiiu dye hpc, THCS vi THPT Cic hinh vi hpc tfp tieh eye d HS 10 Quyln lye sy d n thilt inh hUdng cda •f chL 11 Ling mf n, sy d n thiit phii quan h itinhdye dupe thdc diy bdi nfi lye (ddng lyc ndi tal) li ehlnh, nhung d n thilt ed sy"kkh hoft"hay khdi dfng bing 12 Tiit klf m, d n phii dim bio thu thf p f n djnh dfng h/c bin ngoii (khuyf n khfch hay Ip lyc td thiy cd 13 Tiip xde xl hfL sy d n thilt cho tifn bf mfi giiovichameHS) quan hf (Xemtiiptrang 25) S(lH-TlUlM11/ZI12gist 41(10), 1040104a TAILI$UTHAMKHAO Nguyin Nghia Din, Ofng Igc bin da glio dgc Nghiln cdu glio dye 12/1995/, tr.S H f Vift Luong, O f t phd ddi mdi cdn bdn quan nlfm khoa hgc nghlin cOu sgthdc diy hgc tdp dHS THCS: Ddng ll/c thdc diy hgc t^p thay vl ddng ca, Kl yiu Hfi thio khoa hpc cic giii phip d f t p h i dfii mdi can b i n v i toin difn n i n giio dye Vift Nam, Thii Nguyla thing 6/2012 Hf Vift Luong, Ofng Igc hgc tdp vd Cdc gidi phdp tdng cudng ddng Igc hgc tdp da HS THCS, Tf p chi SUMMARY The driving forces for leamers are always the first md foremost factors with direct impacts on leamlng qualify Increasing driving forces for leamlng Is one ofthe fundamental solutions to enhandng education quality The paper has presented 1/ some concepts on driving forces and driving forces for learning; 2/ intrinsic and extrinsic characteristics of driving forces for learning; Some measures suggested for Inaeasing driving forces for learning among students ttfN-nUMii/znz*2S ... thilt cho cdng bdng xa dupe giii thfch bdi tfnh khic bift gida dc HS cd d e tf chit bim sinh nao vi hoin dnh gia dinh xi hfi hfi khic Dfc Ifp, nhu ciu cho d nhin Kit luin Trinh tg, sy d n thilt cho. .. bIm sinh Nhilu tie gii cho dupc mong mudn co bin cy thl mi thdi ring thinh tkh hpe tip cda HS THCS vi THPT da hoin 3S Cic glil phip cu thi tmng Idp hgc giup gUo toin phy thufc vio ning lyc bIm sinh. .. ty diiu chinh • Giii thfch cho thiy li tfi vifc hpe mdt nfl hinhvl (Self control) dung hoac ki nang eu thi li quan tnpng Nhilu HSTHCS ViTHPT da tynhan bllt dupe ring • Cho phip HS mft sf eo hfi