Phong tục các dân tộc đông nam á phần 1

NGO VAN DOANH - VU QUANG THBEN PHONG T U C CAC DAN T C DONG NAM A NHA XUAT BAN VAN Ha N6i- HOA 1997 DAN TOC CUNG BAN DOC TO nhi§u nam chung t6i da quan t4m t6i vi^c siTu t ^ m nhiing tU li§u viet v§ phong tyc tniyfen th6'ng cua cac dfin t^c Dong Nam A Chiing t6i da it nhifeu c6ng b6' trfen bao chi va m6t s6' cu6'n sach da xui't ban v§ cac nUdc D6ng Nam A Cu6'n sach "Phong tuc cac ddn tdc Ddng Nam A", dang c6 tay ban, la k§'t qua cua m6t qua trinh gom g6p thu nhSt ma chiing t6i da ti§'n hanh m6i c6 djp ti§p xiic vdi cac c6ng trinh nghi&n ciiu, khao ta cac th&' h6 hpc gia, cac nha chiic trach va cac khach du Ijch Au chau va ban dja c6ng b6' tiJt dJIu th&' ky 19 den Thu luqJm, gom gop nhung chac c h i n day mdi chi la m6t ph^an it 61 v6 van nhiing phong tuc la ky ha'p dan ciia cac dan t6c song tren manh da't Ddng Nam A MOt cuc t|lp hdp day du, chiing toi nghi, la khdng the thUc hi§n dUdc Bcii vi, nhu ban thay, Dong Nam A la mpt the gidi r6ng Idn trai tic cac dudng bi§n gidi An Do, Trung Quoc xuong mai cac hon dao thuOc New Zealand va can ke vdi Australia D6ng Nam A bao gom 10 qu6'c gia M6i quS'c gia lai la dia ban sinh ty ciia nhieu dan tdc, c6 vUdt so 100 M6i dan t6c lai thUc hanh he phong tuc truyen th6ng ri&ng Co hi&n tudng nhu vay bcfi vi m6i dan t6c chi§'m m6t vung lanh t h ^ ri§ng - hoac ben sUcJn niii Himalaya, hoac tr§n mOt hon dao gitfa dai dUdng bon bfe song v6, hoac giila vung cao nguy§n bat ngat, hoac giila vung chau thS chkng chjt k&nh KV - K V l VHDT - 97 r^ch m6i dan tOc c6 nhdng phi/dng thifc sinh hoat kinh t§' ri§ng, tife'n hoa nhiing hoan canh rifeng, va v|ly d nhting thang Mc nha't djnh tr&n nhiing neo dudng ti§n hoa da dang nhfeu ph^n doan cua nhSn loai Trong hoan canh thi khac bifet, hay noi each khac, s\i phong phvi da dang la m^t dac trUng nd'i bat vSn hoa D6ng Nam A n6i chung va phong tuc D6ng Nam A noi ri§ng Co nhiing din t^c theo Phat giao t6n thd Tam Bao, thang nam ngUcJi ngiTdi lo tu nhan tich ditc Co dan tdc theo Hbi giao t6n thcJ da'ng Alia md ca dcJi CO chuyS'n di tham La Mec Lai c6 nhii&u din t6c chim nhilng tin ngudng nguy§n thuy, tin vao site manh v6 bifen cua mudn loai h"6n qui tKan ma Phong tuc D6ng Nam A mu6n mau mu6n sic No khac bi^t tur t6c ngucJi sang tdc ngudi khac No khac bi^t tijf 16'i thi^c hanh, d§'n each If giai, bi§'u tUdng va muc dich C6 dan t^c t6 chU'c nhiing cu6c d6t kich sang cac lang b§n canh d^ san d&u ngudi va nhdng chife'c rfau lau "san du^c" dUdc d^t hang tr§n nhiing chi§'c coc d goc rufng ; c6 dan t6c giS't cho de nla t6i loan luan; c6 dan tOc thvCa nh^n hanh d^ng bao thu den ddi thii ba'y, c6 dan t^c chu kifeng khem ngUcJi phu na mang thai, dat t&n theo nhang each thilc la ky, CO dan t6c coi sinh d6i la dffeu dang sd, sinh mOt trai mOt gai lai dang sd hdn vi ho cho rang hai tre da "k^t hdn" (va do mac t6i loan luan) tiif long me, c6 dan t^c ca rang, xam minh; c6 dan t6c d trkn, dong kh6'; c6 dan t6c cao troc d&u, lai CO dan t6c biii toe; ed dan t^e phan x\ dung sai bkng each cho hai b6n tranh kifen cung Ian xu6'ng nUdc xem chju lan lau hdn, hoac cung nhung tay vao chi ndng chay xem khfing bi bong Phong tuc D6ng Nam A, mu6n mau sic Va ban chic se khdng that vpng gid ttfng trang, tifng trang cua eu6'n sach Phong tuc cac d&n tdc Ddng Nam A dliy dan - cho du b^n la ngudi eo tinh hi§'u ky D6ng Nam A la da dang - Van hoa D6ng Nam A la da dangPhong tuc D6ng Nam A la phong phu Nhung D6ng Nam A, van hoa D6ng Nam A, phong tuc D6ng Nam A cung lu6n thd'ng nha't Va "Thong nha't da dang" la ban cha't dac tnrng cua Dong Nam A Co nhif vay bdi vi triTdc h^t D6ng Nam A la m6t khu vUc Ijch sil van hoa No da la m6t khu vUc van hoa va dang phat trien d&' hoan thi§n ki tit hang chuc van nam nay, mac du thuat ngiJ D6ng Nam A (Southeast Asia) chi xua't hien fan rfau chife'n tranh th6' gidi thit hai vdi tu each la m6t thuat ngd quan sU La m6t khu viXc lich sii van hoa, D6ng Nam A CO the dirpc coi nhif mOt "th&' gidi" ri&ng, bfen canh hai "thfe' gidi" Idn Trung Hoa va An D6 No bao ham m6t phiic hdp dja ly gom bi§'n - d6ng bang - rtjfng nhifet ddi, cung m6t chfe' dO gio mua theo t6't tUdi mdt qii^n thi thuc vat va quan tu m6t quan thi ddng vat rifeng No la th&' gidi cua Ida nude, la m6t nhilng trung tarn sinh s6'ng cua ngudi c6, va nhtfng truyfen thong van hoa khao e6 hpc tUdng d6'i nha't quan txl thdi dai da cu qua cac thdi dai kim khi, ma nhang dac tnrng de nhan tha'y la m6t truyfen thd'ng ch6' tac da g6c song song phat tri^n cung "truyfen thong euoi", m^t sU hi^n dien deu khap cua cac cong cu da Hoa Binh, mot s\i lan toa r^ng rai cua d6ng g6'c gac Dong Sdn va m^t n§n Van Minh lua nUdc Khi bade vao ngudng ciJfa van minh, m?)t vai d i n t6c D6ng Nam A ti§p thu van h6a Trung Hoa hHu h§'t cac dan t6c tiip thu cac sic thai ciia van hoa An D^ Va Ijch sd ti&'p dien ngdt hai ngan nam sau dd la Ijch sur cua nhOng sU hoa tr6n nhuan nhj cac tin ngUdng t6n giao ban dja va tin ngUdng t6n giao An - Hoa, Ai d&n hinh n§n nhdng n§n van hoa dan t^c doc l|lp mang sic thai chung cua toan khu vUc Di§u k i ^ n thiSn nhifen vk tife'n t r i n h Ijch suf ro r^ng da hun due nfen ban s^c ehung cua vSn hoa eae dan t6c oi D6ng N a m A - MOt each ehung ehung nh^t, v§ t i n ngudng vat l i n h va tue thd eung t6' ti&n la n h i l n g thd' t n giao ban dja da hoa t r ^ n qua thue hanh nghi l l - vko t r o n g cac t n gido ngoai nh^p t i i An D6 va T r u n g Hoa Chung mOt fan nila lai t r ^ n vdi t i n ngu3ng n6ng nghifep - dSc bi&t cua ngudi t r b n g lua nude - di h i n h thanhrifen m^t chu k i l l h^i Ph^t giao vfe cSn ban phii hQlp vdi chu k i canh tac, tiir dau mua d§'n gieo t r n g va t h u hoach N h i l n g tUdng dbng rifeng giCa m^t vai dan t6c eung c6 t h ^ nhan ra, v l nhtf ddng kh6', x a m m i n h , an trau Rifeng vfe tuc an t r a u t h i c6 ragi ndi Ngudi V i ^ t n6'i tife'ng t r o n g tyc an t r a u Ngudi Myanma kh6ng thua kem Ngay txl thdi Pagan (1044-1287) d Myanma, ngudi ta da d j n h gia qua eau rft cy boi toan, Ifen d6ng Du m6i ndi c6 n h i i n g net rieng, cdc tyc van gdi v& nhUng coi ngudn ehung nao Cac phong tuc dong thdi eung giup cho cac nha khoa hoe thu^c cac l i n h vUc lich sii; van hoa, t n giao, xa hdi hpe, dan t6c hpc k h i ho tien hanh cac c6ng t r i n h nghien ei!u c6 lifen quan Chung eung cap nhOfng h i n h anh c6 th§' la su phan ehifeu CO sai 16ch nhUng sU that l i c h siJ" v6'n khdng tiSn tai n