Phong tục các dân tộc đông nam á phần 2

XIII Dir DOAN C A T H U N G Den nhieu dkn t6c a D o n g N a m A l u u truyi&n nhi'^u each boi toan, xem tvfdng s6', xem lanh, d i ! , giai t i , xet xuf N h i n chung, cae phacfng thuat d&u i t n h i ^ u mang s^c t h a i t h ^ n b i va dxxgc thxXc hien bdi n h i f n g ngiTcfi dSc bi&t - vtfe Cac each t h i i c dkn toe thUe hanh, quan ni§m t h i r&'t da dang Difdi dSy chi la m6t vai v i du doan Not rubi bao gi? O nhi"&u dan toe i t ngUdi tai In-d6-n&-xi-a, ngifcfi ta CO tuc doan s6' phSn cai qua cae dS'u vet, dSe bi&t la nhiJng n6't nioi, t r e n ecf the c h i i n g K h i diJa tre vufa ddi, o n g b6', ba me va nhiJng ngifcfi th&n t r o n g gia d i n h da qufiy quanh de t i m nhiJng da'u hieu t6't, xKu t r e n ccf th^ no Ba't ciJ t r o n g lang xdm, gia d i n h xay chuyen gi, dia Idn hay nho, ngirdi Ba-tac d In-db-nS-xi-a va Ma-lai-xi-a deu mdi da-tu den xem boi Ngay ca trifdc k h i bat tay vao vi§c gi, nhif chu^n bj chi^'n t r a n h vdi doan d i n h s6 lang khae, lam nha, dong thuyen di xa , ngifdi ta eung phkn tifcfng lai d\ia tre Ngi/di ta ph&n biet ba loai n6't rudi: not rubi do, nb't rubi den, n b t rubi trSng N6'u 230 Boi theo sach n6't rubi Theo quan ni&m cua ho v j t r i va mau s^e la n h i i n g dS'u hiSu r^'t quan t r o n g di di?a tre cd n5t rubi trSng t h i cu6c dcfi no kh6ng diidc hanh phue cho Ifim N6't rubi cho biet diJa tre se la ngtfdi dung cam Nhvftig, neu n h u cac n6't rubi nhm ^ n t h a n h mbt cum t h i lai bao trudc diJa be sau hoac b i ch&'t t r o n g t r a n mac, hoac bi nga cay, hoac bi t r a u , bo hiie, hoac b i n h t f n g vet thiWng nguy hiem Nb't rubi den d dvfdi m^t hay tr§n ma, la h i n h anh cua nvrde mat, va la da'u hi&u bao trude ngu&i mang not rubi se ma't nhieu ngirdi t h a n (vi the, cae nbt rubi den d dxldi mat hay d ma dUcfe goi la "con dirdng nirdc mat") Neu nbt rubi den xua't hi§n d tay t h i lai la diem bao v§ sU giau cd, phong IiJu NgUcfi dan vung Ba-da cho rang, d\ia tre nao cd nbt rubi of m6ng, sau se dl t h a n h dat t r e n dirdng lam quan Ngtfcfi vung N a - r i quan niem: c6 nb't rubi a ngUe t h i hay bj ma ac tifn eong vao lue trcfi t b i Hai not rubi ma xep thang, db'i vdi be gai, la diim bao no se bi bat coe sau k h i My chbng hoac bi b^t lam vcf le, cho mbt ngirbi dan 6ng da c6 va, eon db'i vdi be t r a i , t h i t r o n g tiicftig lai no se cd hai vcf mdi da-tu den xem trvfdc T^t nhign, v i da-tu phai lam 11 hi§'n te d l cac than 231 phai "xua't th^n", rbi mdi phan Nhvfng khdng phan" bCfa, ma phan thec.sach Do la tap hcfp nhvJng bai phu chii, nhiTng cau hat th^n bi ma chi cac da-tu mdi hiiu difdc Ngirdi Ba-tdc goi la "sach boi" (pu-sta-ka) N6i dung sach gbm nhi^u llnh v\Xc: tit chi?a bgnh d§'n ma thuat quAn sU, tOf cHu dao dfin xem sao, tOf viec boi chan ga d&'n boi gan triu Sach vi§'t b^ng thi? chiJ dac bi^t - goi la ha-ta p6-da, chiJ cua rieng cac da-tu Do do, chi cac da-tu dxxac hoc hanh tur te mdi doc difdc sach Trong sach, m6i cau, tham chi m6i chil, deu chi m6t da'u hi§u, m6t hinh anh gi da'y M6i da'u hi§u, m6i hinh anh lai tUdng ling vdi m6t vi th'an, m6t hbn ma hay m6t dibm bao Sau doc iSn nhOTng cau, nhilng chOT da tim ra, bang ngh"^ nghi^p riSng cua minh, da-tu giai cac ma nhiT th^y s6' giai bang tvC vi Chil sach cua cac da-tu c6 nghia rieng Vi du: cha bi-sa-ra, theo ng6n ngi3 thdng thifdng, nghIa la "y nghi", nhung sach cua cac da-tu lai la "quan d6i", la "oan thu"; chil ba-nu-a la "da't lien" ng6n ngiJ th6ng thifdng, lai la "the gidi cac linh hbn" sach cua cac da-tu Hinh thdc cac bai pu-sta-ka cung ra't khac nhau: CO bai chi la nhOfng am dieu ghep canh nhau, chit hoan toan khong c6 noi dung; c6 bai lai diTdi dang thd Th6ng thirdng, nhOfng bai chi cd am digu difdc dung de doan va chila benh, nhiJng bai difdi dang thd thi dung cho ma thuat quan stf Cac bai phu chii sach pu-sta-ka chi cd y nghia doi vdi cac da-tu va cung chi cd ho mdi doc, hieu va 232 giai dUdc NSu nhxX djch bai phu chii nghIa den thi ngtfdi binh thifdng khbng th§' nao hi§'u difdc Vi du: "di ngai! cha noi Hay phd tan cac mdu!" "Ngay thii hai ke thu den Ngay thii ba ta thdng Ngay thii ba ke thu den Ngay thit tie thu linh xuat hien " B o i g a n lorn, chkn ga Dbi vdi nhilu dan toe d Dbng Nam A, tien hanh ba't ky nghi 11 gi - du la dam cJdi, cau dao, chiJa benh hay xua't quan di danh - ngiTdi ta giet mbt vat de tg" (thifdng la ga, Idn, trau) rbi nhd th^y xem cac da'u hi§u tr§n vat te dd, bdi lanh, dOT Trifdc lam li c^u dao, ngifdi Kai-an mot nhilng cif dan c6 xifa nha't d ICa-li-man-tan phai giet Idn te de t h V da-bng ISy gan bdi Difa vao mau gan, da-6ng phan la cd nen lam li vao djp mubn djnh hay phai ddi, hay kh6ng lam le niJa N&'u gan Idn mau sang thi le phai chd den khac thuan Idi hdn; neu gan den xi thi lam 11 c^u dao cung v6 ich; neu gan m'^u tim tifdi thi n&n lam II Cac da-6ng khong chi la cac th^y cung ma la cac thay lang Phifdng phap chi?a benh cua cac thay la goi hbn, cac thay phai doan xem hbn ngifdi b'm di dau, hi ma gi bat Va, de "ch^n doan benh", cac 233 t h ^ y thtfcrng dxla vao di&u ga, l a l a c h Icfn, gan Icfn, tiii n g h i thi?c dau ti6n: thfim k h u ^ n s a m v a n K h i tre t r ^ j ^ m^t Icfn T u y theo dSu v§'t, m a u s^c hay c a c dif&ng md t h a n g , b6' me lai tS chiJc t h a m k h u ^ n duan T h a n g t r ^ n cac vat the thg" nao m a th'&y c6 thS' t i m r a 30 ncfi d c u a h b n ngifcfi 6'm Mu6n n h a sxX (3 x 3) tdi t u n g k i n h b a n p h i i c doan dvfcfc b§nh qua cac vat t§', c a c da-6ng phai hoc ra't c n g p h u v a lau V i thg' ma c h i c a c t h ^ y mdi doc v a giai dvTcfc c a c da'u h i e u t r e n gan Icfn, t u i mat Icfn, di^u ga - 10 fan V a o l i t h a m k h u i n duan, c6 S6 vTjfa la s6' b6i c u a s6' 3, vijfa chita dtfng y n g h j a ri&ng T r o n g tieng T h a i , am chi? c h i n c u n g nhif c l ^ j t i e n , h a m n6i dung t6't dep T r o n g dip s i n h nhat diJa M6i k h i c h u ^ n bi r a t r a n hoSc c h u i n bi cho m6t tre d tu6i 12 (3 x 4), ngifcfi n h a mcfi b a n be, ho harig^ cuoc c h i e n t r a n h (chig'n t r a n h lang m a c ) , ngiTdi B a - t ^ c dac biet l a c a c n h a sU tdi d u ti§c K h a c h tdi duf c\i^c phai mcfi m6t da-tu dac biet vui thvfcfng miJfng- tu6i, tranh, d§'n lam le v a p h a n c h u y e n m a thuat chig'n doan dien b i e n , kg't cue ta k h n g cho dda tre bang til&n Ngvj^j mtfng s6' tien c h i n c h u c , c h S n tram, ch§fj cua cuoc c h i e n S a u k h i d a n g ccfm, riTcfu, t r ^ u cau t§' ngan t6 tifen, v| da-tu c a t c6 m6t ga tr6'ng rbi n e m ga v a n u hao phong nCfa, t h i 999 bat h a y 9999 bat xuong dinh da't de bdi: n e u d v§'t cat c6 m6t m ^ u g6 nho vao t h i c a c u a t h u l l n h d6'i phifcfng se l a ngtrdi tu: t r a n trifdc ti§n; n§u ga n a m t h a n g cang, c a c ngon c h a n xoe r a , t h i Icfi nguyen budi t6' se bay t h a n g tdi t h u l l n h c u a d6'i phiTcfng va se p h a t h u y t a c dung; n e u dau ga hifdng ve p h i a vi t h u l l n h quSn s u CO m a t tai buoi l i t h i da-ta phai lam l i giai tai hoa cho vi t h u l l n h ; n e u ga c h a n phai v^t 16n c h a n trai t h i moi s U se t6't l a n h v a da-ta tiS'p t u c l a m l i ma thuat c h i e n t r a n h cho c a l a n g trUdc k h i r a t r a n m a thifcfng k e m 1: hoac bat, hoac 99 bgt, C u o c ddi CO r u i , c6 may N h i f n g n g h l cho cung, t(x[ nhi"feu, chiJ may l a m^y Mu6'n giam riii ro thi di tu, lam dieu c6ng ddc, t h a c h i m c a hoac dang qua ta^g n h a sif M6t so ngifdi V i e t dcfi theo doi T a y hoc, thucfng k i e n g s6' 13, m6t s6' r u i ro, dang ghet Ngu^j V i e t c o n scf cac 5, 14, 23, n h i l n g tham chi c h i "di chai" T h a i , 13 lai cufc k y may m a n c u n g cac li'^r, sau do: 14, Con so may mkn NgiTcfi T h a i d T h a i L a n cho r i n g : c6 n h i i n g so may T n f d c het, la so 3, h a m y T a m Bao - thoi, " c u n g t h i e t " T h e nhifng vdi ngir^ 15 Vao cac n a y moi t h a n g ma b^t d&u vigc I d n , ta't t h a n h m i m a n Dieu hau, r^n bao diem lanh duf tU"c P h a t , P h a p , T a n g c o n la so m a thuat ra't Ngtfcfi T h a i cho r i n g , tha'y dieu hau, hoac tha'y r^n difcfc coi B\ia tre r a dcfi dvfcfc ngay, p h a i c h i u bo n g a n g qua difcfng cai l a n g vao l u c s a n g r a la Hkxa 234 S8S xa'u; vao quang - dil§m bao 10 gicf rS't c6 th§' b i mS't cap hoac t h u a t h i e t t r o n g m o i cu6c chcfi; vao q u a n g gicf - la d i e m ky r u i r o ; vao tfau g i d c h i e u - r a t cd t h I g i p 16i t h i , may m i n ; vao co, t M m cai luc chang bao vang hoang l i i c c h i n h ngo - 11 T h i J b^y: q i i a n ao cUc chuy§n chi d i n tdi danh I o n n h a u ^ vao hon - that hanh phuc Ki&ng mfic Chu nhat: Khong d i chdi, q i i ^ n ao mdi, ki§ng cAt may dao C h i nen mdi t h i J gnam, l a m cac g i a i t r i ; d i e u n a y hcfp v d i n h i J n g a i sud't t u a n lao d d n g va't va D i hirdrng Ngay nao, v i e c a y D§' t r a n h n g u y h i e m , ngircfi T h a i cho r ^ n g m5i n g a y T r o n g tukn, n g a y nao c u n g cd t h e td't, x^'u, t u y t h e o n6i dung cong vi§c rui cua ngi/cfi T h a i cua m6i ngifcfi vS c h u y e n Quan niem ro r a n g may, Mm: vai dep, mang hieu, may mdt sa-rong thi hay nha't Chd ma't N&'u tdc khoe cua c a i v d i ba't tot, h i e u c^t tdc; k y cMt x o n g , - ra't goi de Thi? kien chan Thxi nguy vdi ai, c u n g cao - de k i m long, mang va vao chuygn'ba't dong dijfng d i n n h a u than Ngay nSn vao rOfng, vi r a t nhf&u c h d dcfi; da ISn, hd' sap, r i n c ^ n , cha't s o n g (hay moi T h i ? sau: K h o n g 236 t h i J n a m : h i f d n g bac; h i f d n g tay-b^c vifdn vdi quy d i n h t r e n Nhif vay, gia khuan) d i e u t§ nen yen tam t r o n g than nen md'i hd xac hai la ca chcfi b d i N e n Co'c nha't hudng thU" sau: h U d n g Trong My-an-ma the, nd sdc nhiJng nghi cac h i f d n g sai ta khong ca'p chie'c diing ve may bay t h i J h a i , hoac t h i i bay t h i b a n c h d " d a i " m a l a c o n r b n g t r o n g h u y b n t h o a i cua Na-ga H i e di ngifcfi T h a n h i n h no quai d a n , n i i a r b n g , nuTa r a n la quai vat t h i diing hern) N d trifdn bo gid'ng r a n chi? k h o n g bay N d cd cai t h a n h i n h v i d a i Va t h a t k y l a : n d c h i bo, d i c h u y e n nha't d i n h , d u n g c h i e u Vong quay cua thang mot, mieng cham hudng day suf n g t f d i c h i i t t h d t u hay (vi Khong dang va t r a n h dtfcfc rudng xua't h a n h t h e o m o t d d n g n a m ; t h i ? hiy: d§'n chieu nam: hiem t h i ra't d d Cd dSu v6 C h i n§n t o chiJc bu6c day t h i S n g vao c t a y , khiS'n tinh tay-nam; Sai-Gon - B a n g tiT: G o i Idn) thay hadng dau l u n Ra't hcfp ch6 nen l l q u a n t r o n g , c u n g c h d cd quay m a t T h i J ba: (dSu chi d i n h H i f d n g xua't h a n h td't n h u sau: c h u n h a t : d o n g ; t h i t h a i : hvrdng t a y ; t h i J ba: h t f d n g n a m ; t h i i t U : T h i ? h a i , k h o n g goi d&u, k h o n g cat go l a m n h a ; n ^ u cd tii&n Ngifdi k i m dong Na-gia Hie Na-gia Hie t a c h i cd t h d i n g a n g , theo m d t hifdng hb diing mot nam l a i ngoac ve mot Ci? ba htfdng hoac t h e o c h i e u tOf d u o i l&n dau N a - g a H i e dUcfc t h d i N6'u d i t h e o c h i e u tiJf dau 237 d§'n du6i no, se gSp nguy hiim, c6 th§' t o i mang, v i nhtr t M la txX dkn t h a n vao mifing rbng Ngifcfi ta 06 thi lay d u n g mon tdc cua em t r a i anh t r a i c^t k h i vao chu^ Mdn tdc cua ngifdi My-an-ma dxxac tS't dan, t r a n g Mu6'n t r a n h - n g u y hi&m, dan thu6c bai thcf sau: t r f t i m i , t i n h tg" V i thi Thdng ba, thdng tiC, thdng nam gd bo tdc di gdi thifdng xuy§n la df§u e^n phai can nMc ky NgUdi My-an-ma Na ga Hie nhin ve My-in-mo ndi chung, dSe bi&t la ngifdi Mon s6ng quanh k h u vifc Phia nam, duoi no lu lu Pe-gu, cho rang t r o n g dau ed mdt vj t h ^ n t r i i ngu Vj Phia Bdc, mieng no ngoac chd moi ngon t h ^ n bao vg ngifdi Neu ta ci? thifdng xuy§n x6i ntrdc iSn d^u, se gay phi^n toai cho t h ^ n V i nhiJng Ai xin chd khinh thudng Nhif hay vay, t r o n g thang ba, t h a n g tvf, t h a n g le ma dan My-an-ma i t goi d^u V d i ho, gdi dau la nSm, vi§c tii&n, vi§c thang, chit khong phai vi§c hang k h o n g n6n h a n h t r i n h theo hifdng tCf Mc xu6'ng nam, ma ngn d i sang hifdng d6ng TOf t h a n g sau d6'n t h a n g tam Na-ga Hie quay delu vfe hifdng d6ng Vao nhiJng t h a n g nay, ta k h o n g n&n di v§ phia tay G6i dau ma k h d n g dung ngay, se gap r u i ro N h i l n g kigng goi d&u l a t h i t hai, thiJ sau, t h i i bay Tre cung k h d n g e^t tdc di t u vao th\i hai, t h i i bay va sinh ciia nd V d i cac ong vua t h i gdi dau qua la qude gia dai sif, ed n g h i I I han hoi Le gdi d&u vao thifdng ciia vua My-an-ma cd tSn ri§ng, vao G6i dku cung phai theo tit Toe gop ph^n lam tang ve dep eiia eon ngifdi Viee chan c h i i t cho mai toe la m6'i ban tam dang ki cd t§n rieng Bi cd nifdc goi dau cho vua, ngifdi ta phai tifin h a n h cuoe hanh t r i n h tOf Man-da-lay xudng eua t a n Mun-me-in Sau dd, "Dao goi d&u", ddi di§n vdi ngifdi My-an-ma, ba't lukn dan ong hay dan ba Ngifcfi Mun-me-in T r o n g quan ni&m eiia moi ngifdi, "Dao goi ta la'y nifdc gao cho len toe hang di toe mifcft ma, va ehdng dai D'&u dtfa cung difcfe ifa dung d§' lam dep mai toe Ngay xifa, ca nam iSn n i l dfeu de toe dai Dan ong b u i toe lai t h a n h eu6n to t r g n d i n h d&u Dan ba b i i i dSng sau gay A i cung t h i e h ed nhiJng biii toe to NhiJng ngifdi toe t d t , k h i buong, toe ehay xud'ng qua gdt, t h i i t lo N h i f n g ngifdi tdc xcf, ngan, t h i phien muon NhiJng md toe gia cung k h o n g phai hiem hoi 238 d&u" khdng phai la dao b i n h thifdng Nd difcfe budc vao n h i l n g scri day vd h i n h , treo len t r d i Chae la n h i f n g scfi day vd h i n h dan truyen cac cha't l i n h t h i e n g quy hda t i f t r e n t r d i xudng, va cac eha't l i n h t h i e n g a'y lam t h i e n g hda nifdc ntfi dao Tif dau the ky X I X , v i mi^n Ha Myanma b i de qud'e A n h chiem, nen cac vua My-an-ma danh cur vien bd 239 triforng dSc bi§t, tiTdc Y e k y i n - w u n , dap thuyfen giiJa Chd Idy chong dong s6ng I-ra-oa-di l&y n\Xdc g6i d^u Sinh Neu lam sai Chu" chtta M n h Dveng CO trach Ddi se d My-an-ma c6 m6t loai tH^y thua'c goi la dat sai-a Can thit hai Den cit vao s i n h cua b&nh nhSn, t\iky bat b&nh nhan ki&ng moi thi? rau, t h j t ma t e n b ^ t dau bang .tdch td tai X i n chii y nhiJng vSt c'^m t i n h : thiJ sau: chu6t cua bach, th\i hai: h6 C h ^ n g h6, vcf chuot bach, xem benh nhan Cxi theo each thiJc ma suy t h i c6 kh6ng can d6'i Ngifcfi s i n h vao chu nhat ISy ngo&i n a n g s i n h vao thU' nam, b i hac lao c h ^ n g b a n , sinh vao t h i f tif, hofic ngvfdi sinh vao thi? ba ISy se ngUcfi s i n h vao "ngay" Ya-hu t h i m6t t r o n g hai ngiTcfi chi? cai t r o n g n h d m chiJ cai thu6c k h f i n g difcfc phep fin bi ng6 sinh p a y - o n - t h i (chuT p thuoc n h d m c h i l t h i f nfim); anh chang s i n h vao hofic ca hai ngifdi se sdm "quy ti§n" thxi bay b i dau dau k h f i n g dxxqc an cam -tam i n ; ba gia s i n h vao t h i i sau b i dau liTng k h n g NhiJng chtia suTng dvfcfc an canh b i n "NhiJng chiia sCfng" ti&'ng M i ^ n la Yel Ya-za Do Lay ngiTcfi cung cfip Can dan cxi vao s i n h cua ngifdi dan ong va ngiTcfi ba, ngifcri My-an-ma c6 the nhan cfip thuSn, cap n g h i c h t r o n g hon nhan Neu thuoc cap n g h i c h , ma ngifdi dan ong va ngiicfi dan ba co t i n h la'y nhau, t h i gia d i n h tUcfng lai cua ho, hoac c h i n h ho se gap nhieu dieu ngang trcr, bat hanh Ngirdi M i e n co cSu: Thit bay, tM Rdn 240 ndm ndm vdi chugt la n h a n g ciic k y dep Nhvfng nhOfng "hanh phiic", may m ^ n c h i danh cho s i n h vao p h u hcfp ma t h i V i the, khd cd ti§u c h i chung ve may (va k h d n g may) t r g n quy m6 toan xa h o i Y-et Ya-za d My-an-ma nhtf sau: t h i i sau va thi? hai t r o n g t h a n g t i f ( x i n liTu y : dieu cd nghia s i n h vao thiJ sau hoac thiJ hai t h i t r o n g t h a n g t i f hoan toan txi k i n h doanh, k h d n g lo pha san); thi? b^y va thit nfim t r o n g t h a n g nfim; thi? ba t r o n g t h a n g sau; That la dai dot chia n h a t va thi? tir t r o n g t h a n g bay; thi? sau va thi? Chugt sdm tong ddi tvf t r o n g t h a n g tam; thi? h§ty va thi? nfim t r o n g t h a n g .Gdi chin; thit sau thi? bay t r o n g t h a n g mifcfi; thi? ba va Y-a-hu 241 t r o n g thang mtfdi m6t; thvJ sau va thiJ t i f t r o n g t h a n g chap; thvi nam va t h i i biy t r o n g thang gieng; thii Ka-xon, nam Ba va t h i t ba t r o n g t h a n g hai; t h i i sau va thi? t\i t r o n g d M d i doc qua "bang" t r e n , ta thay c6 ve hcfi 16i t h i , s i n h vao t h i i n i m se may man t r o n g t h a n g nam, t h a n g c h i n , t h a n g gieng, t h a n g hai nha Td-tha-lin ay rdt khong thii sou, la hem, neu t h i i bay hoac t h i i nam khong nen lam bat ky xom, luan ban the s\I, hoac - neu khong mu6'n lac hau - l u i t d i nhi3ng cuTa hang, vOfa md rong von hieu biet, vOfa nam ddtfc gia ca t h j t r i f d n g NgUdi cam t i n h Va day 242 trdi chupt - cd hai, lai dm ddt am T6'i (Ha-ing), khong "hcfp" vdi va co nhiim, d nha, dd lu cac Ta-boong an chai, dam tieu - viifa nhan, lai t r a n h ddcfc r u i ro /in, Nvfdrc thuf ngtfofi d u My-an-ma cd mot loai p h u t h u y goi la s6n, ra't doc ac, hay dung phap thuat hai ngiidi V d i mot ngddi du nao dd, ban dau son lam ngcf ngan sau phien nao, thiet la cau thcf khuyen n h i l n g ngiTdi sinh t h d tif va t h i i sau: hay ( t h i i nam) nen t r a n h "lam Oa-goong thi Trong ngdi "hap phap" ba t h a n g t r o n g mot nam N g h i ngdi; loai vat a'y; va hay n h d cau thcf sau: nao cua chu nhat N h i r vay, m5i ngirdi dan My-an-ma difcfc phep n g h i an" vao cac t h a n g ma k h i hau k h o n g p h u hap vdi hai Ddu the hong Ngifdi cam t i n h sd tur ( t h i i ba) hay voi kh6ng nga t h a n g Oa-x6, Ta-doong-m6n het la ngbi cr nha hoc bai, pha tra, h i i t thu6'c hay t d i chcri hang Rdn, sdm m i t siTcfng, gay t r d ngai cho viec san mbi (Y-a-hu) t r a n h r u i ro, t r a n h van han, tot hdn lung, ddi khong, k h i do, V I du, vao thang Ta-bo-doe, dat t r d i thiTdng md Bi Na-do lanh tu nhat, nen nghi ngdi, difdng siic, khdng nen "lam an" vi§c Idn nao t r o n g cac t h a n g Ta-gu, Oa-goong va Na-do Ta-gu nong, thii Tiicfng tvf, ngirdi sinh vao t h i i hai, fioic chii (hay chim) la bieu tmng gicf cung quan he k h a n g k h i t vdi M o t s i n h vign, chu6t mdn vay? Ho la vat b i l u tu-cfng ciia t h i i hai, Ga-lon My-an-ma, s i n h , c6ng viec va t h d i gian bao r a n ( t h i i hiy), may vao t h a n g Na-gon, Tha-din-gi- u t va Ta-bo-doe V i Nghi ngcfi vao thang nao thi tot ? d thang Vdi sinh t h a n g ba song, neu xep lai, thay k h o n g phiic tap V i d u : ngtfcfi Pi-a-tho, vao dm dau, roi cuo'i cung hda dd va chet C h i mot phap sir cao tay mdi t r i noi son Tuy nhi§n, ,phat hien 243 t r o n g thang mifcfi m6t; thxi sau va thi? t t f t r o n g t h a n g Ka-x6n, chap; thi? nam va thxi b^y t r o n g thang gieng; thiJ nSm va thi? ba t r o n g t h a n g hai; thxi sau va thxi Ba thang t\i t r o n g O nha M d i doc qua "bang" t r e n , ta thay c6 ve hcfi 16i t h i , song, neu xS'p lai, tha'y k h o n g phiJc tap V i du: ngiTcfi s i n h vao thiJ nam se may man t r o n g t h a n g nam, t h a n g c h i n , thang gieng, t h a n g hai la han, may mdn thit sou, thii neu khong, tie ddi sdm sinh, c6ng viec va t h d i gian bao gicf cung quan he k h a n g k h i t vdi Mot s i n h vi§n, Tifcfng txx, ngirdi sinh vao thi? hai, hoac chu nhat, nen n g h i ngcfi, dxidng si?c, khong ngn "lam an" bay hoac thd" nam khong nen lam ba't ky Ga-lon (hay Trong chim) la bieu tUtfng ciia chu nhat k h i do, V I du, vao t h a n g Ta-bo-doe, dat t r d i thuTcfng mcf m i t sifcfng, gay trof ngai cho vi$c san mbi Ngtfcfi cam t i n h sxi tuf (thxi ba) hay voi kh6ng nga (Y-a-hu) hay De t r a n h r u i ro, t r a n h van han, tot hcfn het la ngbi t h a n g Oa-x6, Ta-doong-mon va Ta-boong cr nha hoc bai, pha tra, h u t thu6'c hay t d i chai hang xom, luan ban the sxi, ho&c - neu khSng mu6n lac hau - l u i t d i nhi3ng cuTa hang, vijTa md r6ng von h i l ' u biet, vijfa n i m dUdc gia ca t h i trifcfng NgiTdi cam t i n h bay), chuot (thxi vay? Ho la vat bigu tifong cua thd' hai, viec Idn nao t r o n g cac t h a n g Ta-gu, Oa-goong va Na-do r a n (thxi hong vao t h a n g Na-g6n, Tha-din-gi- u t va Ta-bo-doe V i N g h i ngori vao t h a n g nao t h i tot ? d My-an-ma, T6-tha-lin ay rat khong Vdi sinh t h a n g ba thxi Pi-a-tho, T6'i (Ha-ing), khong N h i f vay, m6i ngifdi dan My-an-ma "hop" vdi cac difcfc phep n g h i ngai "hap phap" ba thang t r o n g mot nam Nghi ngai; an chai, dam tieu - vOfa n h a n , lai t r a n h dugc r u i ro nen t r a n h "lam nam) an" vao cac t h a n g ma k h i hau khong p h u hap vdi hai loai vat a'y; va hay n h d cau thcf sau: Ta-gu nong, Na-do lanh Rdn, Oa-goong lung, day O My-an-ma ddt am u d nha, dd lu c6 m6t loai p h u t h u y goi la s6n, ra't doc ac, hay dung phap t h u a t hai ngifdi Vdi mot ngifcfi du nao do, ban dau son lam nga ngan sau dd phi6n nao, thiet la cau thcf khuyen nhiJng ngiXcfi s i n h t h i i txl va thiJ sau: 242 dm chuot - ca hai, co nhum, D&u the nao thi Va trdi lai Ntfdc thu* ngtfori vao 6'm dau, r b i cuoi cung hoa dd va chet Chi mot phap sir cao tay mdi t r i noi son Tuy nhien, ,phat hien 243 s6n la dfeu cxXc ky kho khSn d6i vdi nhiing ngifcfi binh thifcfng: chi c6 th§' nghi la s6n, chvt kh6ng thi tim hkng chiJng kS't t6i M6t phu ntl nao bi dkn lang nghi la s6n t h i chi ta that kho c6 th&' minh cho minh Ky thuc dSn lang cung ching dam chAc "tr&m ph^n tr&m" chi ta la phu thuy V i th^, chi CO m6t each nha't la thu: b i n g ntfdc Ngvfcfi ta troi chat chSn tay ngiTdi phu niJ bi nghi la phu thuy lai, dat chi ta giiJa hai man cua hai t h u y l n n^m song song canh nhau, rbi dvfa hai thuyen tdi giiJa s6ng Ba't th'Sn, ngUdi ta lai thuyen re ngoat, hai thuyen tach Ngifcfi phu niJ bi rcfi xuong nifdc Cu6c thur thach b^t d^u Ke bj troi nhao 16n, bcti nhdn nha, v6 sLf, thi dich thUc la phu thuy M6t sgi day lam hkng v6 cay xanh bu6c ngang limg "mu phu thuy" dvrgc c6t d bd sSn tiif trifdc, se keo "phu thuy" l&n "Phu thuy" phai ch^u am phu! N§u ke bi troi a'y c\i chim d^n, sau "bigt v6 am tin", thi chi ta v6 t6i NgiTcfi ta v6i keo chi ta l&n, rbi lao vao cihi s6'ng Tuc chi t h i hanh d m6t s6' vung xa xoi heo lanh 244 XIV DO AN UONG Khi hau nhigt ddi nong, I m , miTa nhieu, dia hinh da dang (c6 nui, c6 s6ng, cd bi§'n, cd d6ng hkng ), tao cho Dong Nam A qu&n thi d6ng, thtfc vat v6 cung phong phu S6'ng m6i trvfcfng thuan Icfi, ngii&i D6ng Nam A kh6ng den n&i phai va't va Mm vi§c t i m kiem thifc an: rau sSn ngoai ru6ng, ca t6m sSn d s6ng, hb, ao, hiin, chim thii, hoa qua sSn rOfng Hdn niJa, Dong Nam A khong c6 nhilng mua, nhting thcfi gian thien nhi§n chet Quanh nam liic nao cay c6'i cung tot tiTcfi, mubng thii, ca t6m cung sinh sbi niy nd V i the, ngifcfi D6ng Nam A khong quen chg" big'n va tich t r i l an quy mo Idn Ho thiTcfng dung db an tUcfi song Thien nhien Dbng Nam A khdng thuan Icfi cho chan nu6i dai gia siic V i the, siJa, t h i t kh6ng CO vai tro quan trong bifa an thifcfng cua ngifdi dan A Ngubn dam chinh la ca va cac loai thifc vat Cac nha khoa hoc thifcfng goi Dong Nam A la vung van hoa thUc vat Phong tuc an cua Dong Nam A the hien kha ro dieu Tuy moi nai, m6i dan t6c CO nhiJng kh^u vi va each an rieng, cong thiic bao 245 t r u m la ccfm -rau-ca C h i vao dip tfi't, h6i he, ngifcfi Dong Nam A mdi m6 t r u , mS bo, giS't ga, t h i t Itfn an va m6t bat nvfdc di " t r ^ n g " cac ngon tay m6i k h i hoc t h d c an difa len mi§ng NgUcfi Khct-me an b6'c M d n t h i t t r u y e n th6'ng ph6 bien la t h j t niTdng - chi?ng Ngoai mam ca, rau (lu6c hoac ha'p), ngifcfi Khcf-me to ngixdi D6ng Nam A kh6ng c6 sd triTcfng chg" bien dac biet t h i c h an cac loai gia vj n h i f rau thcTm, hanh, t h i t Nhvfng tOf gao, rau, ca, ho lam ra't n h i ^ u mon toi, d t Pho bien nha't va cung difcfc ifa t h i c h nha't Gao t h i t h a n h ccfm n^'u, ccmi db, ccfm lam, cam dbi vdi bila ccfm thvfcfng la cac loai canh ca na'u rang ; ca t h i lu6c, r a n , nifcJng, kho, rbi ca kh6, ca na'u ; rau: vdi cac §n song, lu6c, na'u, mu6'i chua Tuy n h i e n , cac dvfdi nhieu dang: na'u, ran, lam cha mdn an thiTcfng dcm chat va th6 chit kh6ng pha tap Cach loai rau qua chua, nhvf doc Ca dvfcfc ch§' bien che bien va cac p h u gia k h o n g tao nen mdn mdi hon tap va t i n h te, vay ma k h i an mdn vdi mdn ngLfdi an se cd dirge n h i l n g v i ngon khac nhau: v i ngon cua ccJm vdi ca kho khac v i ngon cua ccfm vdi canh ca nau chua Dirdi day, c h i i n g toi gidi thieu phong tuc an cua m6t s6' dan t6c d Dong Nam A gicf cung cd i t ca kh6, m ^ m ca (pra-h6'c), va rau NgUcfi KhcT-me an t h i t Icfn, bo, ga, t r i t n g ga, nhvfng i t k h i an t r o n g biJa an thvfcfng ngay, dac vjt biet la dd'i vdi ngifcfi lao d6ng Trifdc k h i an, moi ngvfcfi ruTa tay chan hoac t ^ m ruTa, Tbi ngoi tr&n chieu, quanh chiec mam to bang g6 hoac 246 k h i vdi t h i t Cam dvfcfc do, nhvfng vfa t h i c h nha't la com lam - thvJ ccfm na'u t r o n g nhvfng bng tre non D6i k h i ccfm lam na'u lan vdi dau Ngvfdi Lao an gao nep thit ga Chi t r o n g nhiJng 11 tiet Idn, ngvfdi ta mdi t h i t bo, t r o n g nbi k i n , k h o n g he kem phu gia, ke ca mud'i A n bang dbng T r e n mam bay l i l n cam c h i n h Ngvfdi Lao thvfdng an ccfm vdi ca, rau, va ddi Ngvfdi Lao an t h i t k h d n g nhieu va thvfdng an Thitc an c h i n h cua ngiTdi Khcf-me la ccfm Ccfm na'u bao T r o n g bila an cua ngvfcfi Lao, ccJm bao gicf cung la la c h i n h C u a ngifcri Khcf-me cung vdi cam, Cua ngiTcfi Lao to, mSy bat t h i t c Icfn Ngvfdi v u n g n i i i an t h i t cac loai c h i m , thvi ThiJ an bi§'n nha't la ca Ca difcfc na'u, lu6c hoac lam cha nhvfng vfa t h i c h nha't, va bien nha't, la ca mam Ngifdi Lao an rau kha n h i ^ u Ho t h i c h uong cac loai ntfdc na'u vdi la cay hay nifdc qua Cua ngircfi T h a i Nhvfng d& an c h i n h cua ngvfdi T h a i la ccfm, rau, ca Cam na'u hoac db Rau gbm ca chua, Kau, b i , d\ia chu6t, 247 thiJc B la t r a i cua C va ba vcf E Nhvfng, nfeu thi/cfng, n h i l n g ngUcfi gia dan xg'p, nhiAig bao gicf quan h& giiTa C va E k h d n g t h d n g qua nghi l i cUdi cung nhi'gu hcfn so vdi trtf&ng hcfp bi tai nan chinh t h i B bi coi la hoang K h i C chet, A ngirdi lam thug bj sat hai, ngiTdi chii di t i m va t r i i n g thay b6' lam t h u l i n h NhUng A c6 the tri§u tap cac phat ke sat nhan Ke sat nhan phai bbi thu:dng cho ngtfdi gia cung dSn chiing, t6 chiJc hi§'n t§' m6t n h i l n g ngirdi t h a n cua ngifdi bi chg't Ng'u k h d n g t i m trSu va n^ng B l&n vi t r i t h u l i n h bkng each thay d6i difpc ke sat n h a n , t h i ngtfcfi t h a n ciia ngiTdi b i chg't cai ten thifdng dan cua B dvTtfc bbi thifdng, i t hay n h i b u t u y theo quyg't d i n h cua thvCc, - A la vcf gda cua m6t t h u l i n h , t^ng t i u vdi m6t Neu cac ngtfdi gia "che di noi T r a c h n h i e m c u a c h u n h a doi v d i h a n h v i , tu* each cua khach nhuc" nay, t h i m6t t r ^ u phai diTcfc hien tg", va t n Chu nha c h i u t r a c h nhiem dd'i vdi hanh v i , t t f each ngUc;i dan 6ng Gu6'c-kha Chuyen khig'n gia d i n h t h u l i n h va cac xa-lang b i xiic pham Bi dia vi ngifcfi dan 6ng Gu6'c-kha l§n Tuy nhi§n, ngifcfi dan ong a'y kh6ng c6 quyen hanh thuc tg" Mot cSp va chbng k h n g c6 con, c6 the nhSn nu6i Bxia nu6i dxSac dat lai ten va ho Con nuoi Cling dvTcfc htfcrng moi quy§n Icfi nhvf de, ngoai trCf mot dieu la doi vdi m6t gia d i n h t h u l i n h , nu6i T r a c h n h i e m c u a ngtfcfi c h u doi v d i ngiTcri l a m thue Ngtrdi chu cd trach n h i e m phap ly Neu ngifcfi lam thue bdng dtmg chet t h i ngufcfi chu phai chon cat va mot manh vai diang t r o n g cac n g h i thdc tang l i Neu ngiTcri lam thug gap tai nan, ngirdi chu phai bbi thifcfng, qua sU dan xg'p cua nhiJng ngiTcfi gia Neu ngifcfi lam thug bi chg't k h i lam viec cho chu, chu phai bbi thvfcfng cho n h i l n g ngirdi t h a n cua ngUcfi lam thug Mii'c dp bbi 462 dxxgc kha nang cd thi xay ra, v i du, mdt ngifdi khach la, pham tbi ngoai t i n h hoac ciTdng dam, rbi tro'n thoat C o t h e durgfc XTJ* q u a thu" toi Bat ky s\X bat dbng nao, bat ky vu kien cao nao, dfeu cd the difpc pKan xur t h o n g qua thuf t p i Bgn thua se khong difcfc thOfa hvrcrng dia v i c h i u mot vat d§ hien s i n h , mdt cai chieng, ciia khach, ng'u chu nha k h d n g chi pham tpi ciia ngirdi khach dd cho ngiTdi bi hai Dibu t r o n g cudc thilf t d i se la bgn thua vu k i e n DiTofc t h u e k e bao K h i mot ngLfdi thu quyg't d i n h giet ke nao dd de bao t h u t h i can hoi y kig'n mot thay tg' Thay tg' se xac d j n h ngirdi t h i c h hcfp nha't t r o n g viec t h i hanh vu gie't ngirdi bao t h u Ngirdi dircfc thug khong chju mpi trach n h i e m dd'i vdi vu gig't ngiTdi cua m i n h C i r d n g bii-c t h i h a n h luat Viec cirdng bite t h i hanh luat dtrpc ap dung t r o n g cac trirdng hpp: 463 - K h n g tufin theo quy§'t d i n h cua c a c xa-lSng tham gia phan xijr vu a n tuc cho phep ngiidi t r a i h a n h d6ng nhvf vSy; h a n h - D u da d\Xac l§nh tri§u, n h i f t i g lai kh6ng chju t d i di cac xa-lSng xuT vu k i g n c6 li&n quan den m i n h ddng k h n g pham phap B e g a i s a u ik ciTdi NgiTofi no le v a d i e u k i e n tror t h a n h ngiTori ttf Cd th§' t d chiic I I ctfdi cho m6t be gai Nhvfng chOfng nao c6 be Ky chiTa du Idn, ch'ua sinh boat t i n h Con cua ngiTcfi dan 6ng ttf vdi vo la ngtfdi n6 1§, se la ngiTcfi t u ch^ng, t u y theo thoa thuSn cua ddi b§n cha me Neu chbng la no le va va la ngirdi t u t h i ho la n6 le M t n6 le chay t r o n hoac diTOc mot ngifdi la t h a n thu6c mua lai tOf ngU'di chu, v^n la no 1§ cho t d i k h i ngUcri dxigc due dvfac, c6 vSn a vdi cha me de, hoSc d vdi cha me tiep n h ^ n theo dung nghi t h i i c vao t r o n g m6t gia d i n h cung dong ho va ducfc t r i n h bao trirdc gia t h a n V i du, mot t h a n h nien no 1§ dong ho N k h u m muon duoc thijfa nhan la ngiTcfi tii t h i phai den vdi mot gia dinh thuoc dong ho N k h u m , chiJ kh6ng P h a i t r a o l l v&t h n l4 Ngifdi t r a i k h d n g cd kha nSng trao du IS vSt theo ygu c^u t h i h6n 11 k h d n e dxXac nhen t/? rhxic Tuv nhi&n, n§u a n h ta trao mot p h ^ n l i vkt dbng t h d i hda se trao n6t ph^n lai vao t h d i gian sau do, va cha me c6 gai cung nha't t r i , se difdc phep c h u n g sdng vdi vg Ve sau, du vcf ch§'t t r o n g k h i s i n h de, t h i cung khdng lam s i n h m6t mdn ncf the den vdi gia d i n h thuoc dong ho Nlaran hay Marap Mot Neu Ngifdi p h u n d da t r a i qua hdn le, n^u bi chfi't t r o n g gia d i n h N k h u m chap nhSn t h i anh t a hien te cho gia than nha De c6 hieu lUc, 11 phai dxsac t i e n hanh trUdc si^ c h d n g k i e n cua c a c xa-lSng nhiJng ngiSbi va Neu khac ngifdi c o n gai p h a n boi ngrfofi y e u Neu ngLfdi gai d a cd ngtfdi yeu m a yeu hoSc di cho ngUdi trai khac d i lai vdi m i n h tin ngtfdi y§u cua CO cd quydn den nha c6, lay d i tai san cua c6 (neu can, cd t h ^ ' dung den sii"c manh) K h i Ay, c6, cha m e t r i r d n g hofp c h e t k h o n g de l a i t h i i h k n luc sinh con, se khdng lam s i n h mdt mdn ng E m t r a i (ho|ic a n h t r a i ) soc va c u a ngirdi a n h ( h a y dvtac l^y ho&c ngiTori e m ) qua ch&m c6 K h i ngurdi chbng chS't t h i mdt ngirdi anh (hoac em) t r a i cua ngifdi chbng l^y hoSc chSm sdc ngifdi vcf gda cua em (anh) t r a i m i n h t r o n g t r i f d n g htfp cac ba ta chifa du kha nang t r d n g nom ba ta l&n ban be c6 deu khong dxxac phep ngan t r d LuSt C o n t r a i c t h e l a y vcf k h a c c u a cha 464 Ngtrdi cha ch6't, t r a i cua mot ngifdi vcf cd thi 465 My m6t ngifdi vd ciia cha, m i l n r i n g ba khdng phai me de Quyi^n cua ngifdi cKbng bi vor b6 N^u m6t ngUdi khSng khang bo chbng, va n§'u cha me c6 ta da dung tdi moi bi§n phap pham vi quy&n hanh cua minh di bu6c c6 ta ti^p tuc chung sfifng vdi chbng, nhifng c6 ta vkn kh6ng chiu, t h i cha m? c6 ta phai tra lai li vat ma chbng c6 ta da n6p h6n \k N6u khSng l^y lai 11 vat, thi ngifdi chbng difcfc phep ISy m6t ngtfcfi chi hay em gai hay m6t ngU&i ho hang c6 vg de' thay th§' Neu bfen nu' pha v6 lu&t tuc A, B va C la anh em trai A la'y D c6 qua li cifdi Sau A chg't, de lai m6t ngiTcfi gai B lay D, theo dung luat tuc Sau B chg't, nhifng khSng di lai ngtfcfi nao C ISy D Theo luat tuc, phai nhtf vay Thg' nhiTng cha me D lai ga D cho m6t ngifcfi dan 6ng khac K h i Sy, C doi tra li vat A da trao cho cha me D budi hfin I I ciia A va D, d6ng thdi doi ca gai cua A D©i hoi cua C la hcfp vdi luat tuc, nhimg dong thc/i C phai hoan tra tSng vat ma cha'me D da trao cho A Quyen lofi mbi ben ly di NSu ngtfdi chbng l i di vg vi loi nao cua vcf, se dxXgc quyen doi lai 11 vat da trao cho cha me vg, vdi dieu ki6n cung phai trao tra mon hbi mon ma cha me vg da cho vg Tuy nhien, neu ngifdi chbng bo vg ngvfdi vg 466 kh6ng hb mAc l6i, phai trao tra cha me vg moi cua hbi mfln cua vg ma kh6ng dugc doi lai l i vat cua minh k h i cifdi Difeu kien de hoang trcf herp phap A an n^m vdi B ma kh6ng hb dvfgc cha me B d&ng y, va A chifa n6p l i vat cvfdi B c6 thai rbi sinh A phai trao nop cho cha me B khoan phat NS'u A chtfa n6p xong khoan phat nay, thi cua A va B vkn bj coi la hoang N^'u A da ndp phat xong, thi di?a (hoac nhiing diia con) Sy cua A va B dagc coi la hgp phap Nhu'ng quy dinh ve quyen kfe' vi, thufa ke -^^ NgUdi k§' vi thu llnh, dugc ggi la u-ma; ngifcfi k&' vi thtfcfng dan, goi la hpung-dum U-ma hay hpung-dum la trai i t tu6i nha't s6'ng k^ vj cha minh Neu u-ma hay hpung-dum nho t h i cac anh trai hoSc m6t ngifcfi hg hang gbn gui la dan 6ng (trong trvfcfng hgp khong c6 nhiJng anh trai) se dieu hanh c6ng \i§c gia dinh cho tdi u-ma hay hpung-dUm fiy den tudi trifdng Tudi trirdng thanh, khong a'n dinh cu th§\i ni^n tudi xa'p xi 21, dirge coi la da trifomg Ngifcfi trai kh6ng hgp phap, khdng bao gid difgc la u-ma hay hpung-dum Mot ngiTcfi dan 6ng Ka-chin lay vg khong phai la ngUcfi Ka-chin, cung khong trai qua nghi l i cifdi Sau lai 1% m6t ngifcfi vg Ka-chin, c6 trai qua le cifdi Con trai l i t cua ngifcfi vg Ka-chin se dugc quyen 467 Ngifcfi dan n g ch§'t, k h d n g cd t r a i , t h i n h a ciia, la u-ma hay hpung-dum, chvf kh6ng phai cua ngu&i vtf ci M6t ngi/cfi CO nhifeu vcf, n h i ^ u t h i trai l i t cua ngirdi vcf ca se la u-ma hay hpung-dum N^u ngiTcfi vd ca k h n g s i n h t r a i , quyfen thu6c vfe t r a i u t ba v d thi? hai Ba vd th\i hai k h d n g c6 t r a i , quy"&n thu6c t r a i l i t ba vd t h i i ba v.v Ngtr&i h6 ch^t, khfing c6 t r a i hdp phap, t h i ngifdi t r a i nu6i se la ngifcfi k§' thOfa Vi&c nhan nu6i dxxgc hoan t h a n h qua vi§c t r i n h di§n c6ng khai ngifcfi trvfdc cac th^n l i n h va vi§c dat t6n no theo ho b6' me nu6i Di vi§c nhSn nu6i c6 gia t r j , dieu c6't y§'u la phai c6ng khai, nghia la phai CO ngif&i lam chiJng, va phai hi&'n t6' cho gia t h ^ n cua cai ciia n g ta se dUdc thCfa hdi m6t t r o n g cac ngifcfi a n h em t r a i ciia 6ng T h n g thvf&ng, ngifcfi thOfa la ngifcfi chifa vd va chu^n b| tig'p quan ngifcfi dan ba goa lam vd N§u ta't ca cac a n h , em t r a i cua ngifdi dan n g chet k i a dfeu da c6 vd, t h i c h u i n b j la'y ngifcfi dan ba goa nay, hoac t r o n g moi trifcfng hdp, giiip dd ngtfcfi dan ba goa nay, se la ngifcfi thiifa M N6u ngifcfi chg't k h n g c6 t r a i t h i a n h , em t r a i cua ngifcfi ch6't thOfa k§f ThCfa kg' danh ifu t i g n cho ngifcfi a n h , em t r a i nao tOfng c h u n g s6'ng vdi ngifdi qua c6', sau m d i t d i nhiJng ngifcfi a n h em t r a i khac, n h i f n g ngtfcfi c h i i , bac ^ n gui nha't hay n h i i n g ngtfdi la ba con, t h a n t h i c h cua ngtfdi ch6't P h u m l khfing difdc thOfa k ^ d i san T r o n g qua t r i n h dang le phai ndi ro cho thekn v l muc dich vi§c nhan nu6i U-ma hay hpung-dum thilfa kg" t ^ t ca t a i san cua cha, vi t h n g thUcfng, k h i cha qua ddi, ngiTdi trai l i t vSn chUa Ifiy vd, va du t h i cac ngiTcfi anh Idn da l^y vd, d i i n g n h a ri§ng, t r o n g k h i ngtf&i t r a i l i t v i n song cung cha me N§u ngUcfi t r a i l i t da c6 vd trifdc k h i ngi/cfi cha ch&'t va da d ri6ng, t h i van dUdc quy'fen thOfa k§' gia t a i NhCfng ngtfcfi t h a n thu6c nao ciia vhn sfl'ng chung t r o n g nha cha me, se ti§'p tuc dudi stf bao t r d ciia gia t h ^ n D u vay, n h i l n g ngifcfi v i n phai cho phep ngifcfi trai l i t tiS'n h a n h l i hien te gia th'an 468 469 XVI, t6n giao nd r6 cung vdi svi Idn manh cua m6t loat qud'c gia Hbi giao tr§n vung hai dko Bp LUAT HON NHAN VA THlTA K E CUA NGirdl GIA-VA HOI GIAO Ngif&i Vi§t Nam tiif \ku da bi&'t tdi dao Gia-va difdi cai t&n Chh Va Sdm hem ngifcfi Vifet, ngifcfi An da tdi Gia-va,-gieo r^c vSn minh l§n ca m6t vung hai dao ma ho goi la Dao Vang Cach day hang m^y chuc nam, tr§n da't Gia-va da CO gi6'ng wtan ngifdi P§-tg-can-td-r6'p sinh s6'ng NhOTng manh xifcfng hoa thach cua ho d l lai ben bcf s6ng X6-16, tai lang Tri-nin Vao luc giao thcfi cong lich, ctf dan da biet chg' tac cac c6ng cu va vu hkng kim loai Ho tiep thu van minh An, lap n6n qu6'c gia Ha-lin-ga, cung' thcfi vdi m6t loat qu6'c gia khac tr§n dao Ba-li, Xu-ma-tcf-ra, ICa-li-man-tan Tr§n cao nguyen Di6ng, CO do^ cao 2.000 met so vdi mat bifi'n, ngUdi Gia-va da dufng len khu den thd th^n Xi-va ndi tig'ng Cu6'i the ky VIII, difdi virang tri^u Ma-ra-tan, ngadi Gia-va xay dtfng B6-r6-b6-dua, m6t c6ng trinh ki&'n true Phat giao ky vi gii3a mi"ln dbng hkng Ke-du D§'n giiJa th&' ky IX, Phat giao nhifdng UU th^ cho An giao Nhtfng, sau m6t ngan nam tbn tai, vdi s\i sup dS cua wfcmg trieu Ma-gi6-pa-hit, t6n giao An cac loai ditng tnfdc cuoc ta'n c6ng cua Hbi giao H6i giao theo got chan cac lai bu6n A-rap va An D6 tdi vung hai dao da tOf ISu, nhifng mai tdi thg' ky XV mdi CO vi t r i chac ch^n d Gia-va Sang th§' ky 470 Hbi giao gianh th^ng Icfi d vung hai d^o vi An giao khac vdi ti§'u thOfa Phat giao vung Dbng Nam A luc dia, CO ccf sd quian chung kem sau s^c, vi giao ly va cac l i nghi Hbi giao gian dcfn, di ti&'p thu va thufc hanh, va vi Hbi giao cung tu bien cai di hoa vao cac gia trj van hoa truyln thb'ng d mi"6n da't mdi ,' Theo diing Kinh Ko-ran, chuong IV, di^u 38, thi "ngUdi dan bng d vao dia vi cao hem ngifdi dan ba, vi ThiTcmg d&' da phu cho dan bng ph^m cha't cao hcfn so vdi dan ba, va vi dan bng dung cua cai cua minh ban phat cho ngirdi phu ml" Vi th6' phu nvl phai tbn thd, phuc tung va vang Idi chbng Phu nt? d cac xii Hbi giao chinh gb'c tdi tan vSn phai che mat ngoai Ngvfdi dan bng Hbi giao difcfc nha Ti6n tri cho phep lay nhieu vd Nhimg kh^p ndi xi? sd Ma Lai, ngUdi phu nil difdc quy mb'n va kinh trong, khbng bj khinh thifdng hay xur t§; ngtfdi vd an cung mam vdi chbng, va moi mb'i quan hb, dbu binh dang vdi chbng Dac bi§t, d Gia-va, nhiJng ngi/di vd ckn cu, kheo leo mang lai Idi Ibc va danh cho chbng Chinh nhiing ngifdi vd ay cung ca'p du nhu c^u vat cha't cho gia dinh va bi§'t each dieu hanh gia dinh ma khbng e'an tdi SLf giiip dd cua ngifdi chbng Khbng hi^m trtfdng hdp phu nC ngil trbn ngai vang eac qub'c gia d Ma Lai, Su-ma-td-ra, X&-lep-bd, Mb-luc Nhilng tin db Hbi giao Ma Lai rb rang hvfdng quy"&n tijf do, binh dang hdn nhi^u so vdi cac phu nxi Hbi giao d qu§ hifdng cua Hbi giao 471 Bfitt k y t n giao nao, k h i t d i D6ng Nam A, dfeu t i ; tiMc bo d i nhiJng giao l y va thtfc hanh ciJng nhSc, boa vao cac t i n ngifdng t n giao t r u y i n th6'ng, va vfiy, txi b i ^ n d6i di dOtfc cha'p thuSn va tibn t a i V i thg", no CO dircfc si?c s5ng lAu b ^ n t r o n g nhSn dan T h a t vay, cung vdi c6ng cuOc h a n h trirdng thUc dan, cac qu6'c gia H b i giao b i ^ n d&n khoi l i c h sd, n h i f n g H b i giao van t b n t a i No da k h n g chi tibn tai t h n g qua nhiJng I I n g h i , n i ^ m t i n , ma dvTcfc cung c6', t r i t h n g qua cac bi§n phap td chi?c va luat phap B6 luat vg h6n nhan va thijfa k ^ ma chung t6i gidi thi&u dvfdi day la hkng chiJng v& d i ^ u Nhufng d i ^ u luat se cung ca'p cho c h i i n g ta nhOtng va'n dl cu t h i , giiip di sau t i m hi^'u cac mfi'i quan h& xa h6i, gia d i n h cua ngifdi Gia-va H b i giao B6 luat nay, nguy§n la ban chep tay, difcfc sifu t ^ m va t r t f n g bay tai V i d n hko tang Qu6'c gia Pa-ri va dtfcfc Aristide Marre dich i n ti§'ng Phap vao cac nSm 1874, 1889 cung n h t f n g Idi gidi thi&u, b i n h chii rSft t h u v i ^ ^ ^ L U A T HON NHAN D I T(3i H6N NHAN Mu6'n hoi m6t c6 gai lam vd, trifdc t i e n phai difdc sU dbng y cua cha me c6 N6'u cha me c6 da che't, ngUcfi c^u h6n phai t r i n h bay vdi cac t h a n h vi§n khac t r o n g gia d i n h c6, va phai x i n phep ho K h i b^n nha c6 gai da cha'p t h u a n , d6i vg chbng chifa cifdi trao t f i n g vat cho nhau*^* N§u sau k h b n g t6 chxic dirac h6n le, cac tSng vat se tra cho ' Sau do, cha va me hoSc m6t t h a n h vi§n t r o n g gia d i n h nha t r a i cung ban bac vdi ngiTdi chbng chUa cifdi de Ifn d i n h so le vat rbi bao cho ngvfdi vg chifa ciTdi cua K h i sb I I vat da difcfc cung thoa t h u a n , theo y§u c^u ciia ngifdi vg chvfa cvfdi, ngu&i chbng chita ctfdi phai nbp 11 vat (1) Code malais des successions et du mariage en usage dans I'ile de Java, traduit du Manuscrit 12 ter du fonds malais et javanais de la Bibliotheque nationale de Paris par Aristide Marre, Paris, 1889 472 Nfi'u ngtfdi chbng chiTa cifdi k h b n g c6 kha nSng nbp (1) d Gia-va, thdng thudng, la cai n h i n hay manh vm,,A> 473 du l i vat, ngUcfi va chua ciftJi - n§u c6 long t6t - c6 the cho phep dOOc n6p thdi gian sau NgUcfi chbng chifa cifdi nhfi't thi§'t phai thbng bao vfe y dinh hbn IS cho chi huy cua minh hay cho vj quan toa ma minh thu6c quyen ph&n xii Sau do, ngifdi phu trach c6ng vi6c H&i giao xin phep quan tr§n Cac vi i-mam cung phai difOc hi^t viSc ngifdi chbng chtfa cifdi da n6p xong hay vSn chiu no l i vkt Cac i-mam va cac chi huy ghi lai s\X vi&c cung nhif cac tinh tiet khac vao s6 dSng ky Sau la le cifdi theo tuc le ky ch6 nao trfin than thfe' vd manh d^n miJc lam chay mau diTcfc l&y nhieu vcf Ngifdi dan 6ng difdc phep IKy bd'n vd, nhifng, chi nhiJng ngifdi dan bng c6 sif luyen manh me doi vdi phu nOr, cifdng trang, khoe manh, du thoa man difdc ca bb'n ngifdi vd, va, ngoai ra, c6 du tien cua bao dam cu6c sb'ng cho ho, mdi difdc phep Ifiy bb'n vd Ngoai cac vd hdp phap, ngifdi dan bng difdc phep ISy th6m bao nhieu vd cung difdc m i l n la c6 kha n§ng chu ca'p cho ho LY Q U A N Hfi V O C H N G Neu ngifori chbng nifdrc ngoai lam &n Neu nifdc ngoai lam fin, di, ngifdi chbng phai M cua trirdc sijf chiJng kien cua dinh, de vcf t r i cu6c s6'ng di vg d nha, t h i , trifdc cho vg mbt khoan tien nhCfng ngtfdi gia thdi gian xa each N6'u vd khong nghe Idi chong Neu ngifdi vO khong vang Idi, ngUdi chbng nen dung nhiJng Idi le diing d i n , nhe nhang khuyen can vd, nhSm hudng nhijfng tinh cam tot dep ciia vcf ve phia minh Tdi Ian thiJ hai, n§'u ngifdi vd vkn khbng chju vang Idi, ngifdi chbng difdc phep danh don vd, nhifng chi dUdc danh nhe Chd dSp vao mSt vd hay d&p vao ba't 474 DJ Dtfcrc ly di neu vcf hofic cKdng m^c nh nguy hiem Sau l i cifdi, ma phat hi§n ngifdi chbng mSc mot thi? b&nh nSng nhif phong, tlkm th^n hay thxi benh nao khiSn khdng thi an nkm vdi vd difdc, thi viec chung cha vd chbng vhn khdng difdc phep Trong trifdng hdp nhif vay, neu ngifdi vd mub'n difdc chia tay vdi ngifdi chbng, cb ta phai trinh bay ro cho cac i-mam Cac I-mam bao cho cac vj chi huy cua hai vd chbng Sau ho cung hop ban vdi ngifdi phu trach cac cbng viec Hoi giao d§ xem xet Cac chi huy ghi lai moi tinh tiet Tuy nhi&n, phu hdp vdi phong tuc, dbi vd chbng vhn CO thi ti&'p tuc tdi gap cac quan tda ma khdng c^n thifa giJi vdi ba't ky khac, n§'u tha'y cac quyet djnh khbng lam ho thoa man 475 K h i cu6c chia tay dvfac c6ng h6, ngudi p h u nut phai t r a lai IS vSt cho ngifcfi chbng cu Tai cube hop nay, n&'u vhn t b n t a i cac diim bat Ng'u sau m6t thcfi gian chung s5ng, ngtfcfi chbng mdi m^c phai cac thxi bfinh tr§n day, viec ly dj v i n difcfc phep tiS'n hanh, nhiTng^gUdi vcf kh6ng phai hoan t r a 11 vat dbng, t h i phki tib'n hanh cube dibu t r a tig'p theo, rbi Trifcfng hcfp ngircfi vcf m§c phai m6t t r o n g cac bfinh t r g n t h i ngifcfi chbng cung difcfc phep ly d i , va ngifcfi vcf phai hoan t r a le vat n^u nhif ngifcfi vcf m^c b^nh trifdc k h i chung song, n h i f n g khong phai hoan t r a n§u nhif mSc sau m6t thcfi gian chung song dbi vcf chbng v I n k h b n g c h i u t i ^ p tuc sb'ng t h u b n hoa Khi ngirdi \a muon ly di Trong cu6c s6'ng gia dinh, neu vcf chbng lu6n ba't hoa, cai co nhau, va ngifcfi vcf y6u c^u difcfc chia tay vdi chbng, t h i cac v i i-mam va cac c h i huy cua dbi ben phai tig'n hanh mbt cube dibu t r a vb n h i i n g chuygn bat hoa, cai co do, r b i dung moi each dep yen N h i f n g n^u ngifcfi vcf khbng nghe theo bat k y Idi hoa giai nao, ngifcfi chbng lai k h b n g mub'n chia tay, k h i a'y ngifcfi chbng va ngifdi vcf se b| g i i l or nha cha me m i n h Rbi, sau do, cac i-mam va cac quan chitc moi each d§' d i t d i hoa giai giifa dbi vcf chbng N h t f n g ng'u n h i f mSc n h i i n g Icfi khuyfen can hoa giai, vdi nhau, k h i do, di kit thuc, sxX vi&c difcfc difa xem xet tai tba an Trifcfng hcfp ngifcfi vcf khang khSng k h b n g c h i u hoa giai, ngifcfi va phai t r a ga'p doi gia t r j cua l i vat Neu ngifcfi chbng lam vao canh ngheo t i i n g , khbng du kha nang dam bao cube song cua ngifcfi vcf, cSn ciJ vao quy"Sn t b i t h i e u cua m i n h , lai khbng mub'n cho chbng C O thcfi gian vifcft len trfin hoan canh, ngifcfi vcf CO quyen dbi chia tay chbng va hoan t r a le vat cho chbng Khi ngtfdi chong muon ly di Ngifcfi chbng mub'n ly d i , trifdc t i e n phai difa ta-lSc^^*, cua kam-pong^^' cung hop ban xem xet c^n t h a n (1) Tur Ma Lai, "kam-pong" chi khu ph6' rifeng bi^t noi chung g6m nhiing ngUcfi cung m^t dftn t^c Vf diji, mOt pho, CO kam-pong Malai, kam-pong Hoa, kam-pong Thai Ngoai ra, kam-pong ham nghfa mOt ph6' du