- B6i vdi ngirdi Idn ch^'t ba't dAc ky td (nhvf chet
Con dao thieng Kri s^
Hi&n nay kris la m6t loai vu k h i n6i ti§ng va mang sSc thai dan t6c nha't cua ngifdi In-d6-nd-xi-a. Ta c6
the tha'y kris tren khap cac vung cua da't nifdc- ngan
hon dao nay. TOf xifa, kris, cung vdi r6'i bong, vai ba
tich va dan nhac gamelang la nhiing bieu txxang tieu
bi§'u cho n l n vSn hda truy§n th6'ng doc dao cua In-d6-n&-xi-a.
Ve ngu&n goc va chi?c n&ng, kris trifdc M t la m6t vat thi&ng lieng, va c6 lien quan mat thid't vdi phong tuc thcf phung nguy§n thuy. NgUcfi dan In-d6-ne-xi-a t i n r k n g nhiJng chig'c kris cua dong ho la qua tang cua t h ^ n l i n h , la chig'c bua h6 m6nh hung manh ch6'ng
lai ba't hanh. N h i l n g chid'c kris dixac truyen tCf the h§
nay sang thS' he khac nhvT bao vat cua gia dinh va
dong ho. No duac thcf p h u n g nhvr vj than Ba-ta-ra
Ka-vi-tan cua cac dong ho, duTtfc coi nhir la vat tang
t i c h sifc manh t h ^ n b i cua t6 tien tiep tuc Itfu ton, la bo phan ca'u thanh quan t r o n g nha't, la bieu txxgng
cua c h i n h ngtfdi diJng d&u gia d i n h . Hien nay, t a i cac
vung que d dao Gia-va, Ba-li..., ngtfcfi dan ong k h i di
hop c6ng dong, bao gid cung deo kris ben nguTdi (neu vi mot ly do gi do, phai vang mat, cd the guri kris den cu6c hop thay minh). Xtfa kia, neu mot hoang tuf hay m6t chang trai nao do lay vcf thu6c dang ca'p dvrdi, t h i , vao ngay cifdi, chiec kris se difgc suT dung de di don dau thay cho chu re. NhiJng chiec kris cd cua gia d i n h hay dong ho dtfcfc bao ve nhif nhijfng vat to "song", va thtfdng xuyen diTdc cung te bang boa, qua, tram hifcfng. N§u b i han gi t h i knis h i coi nhif da "chet". V i the nen.ngirdi ta luon lu6n lau chui kris bang cac loai dau dOfa.
Thdi ma or In-do-ne-xi-a t b n tai nhiJng qudc gia h u n g manh, kris t r d thanh mot loai vu k h i d a n toe. Trong
su6't nhieu thg' ky, kris la bieu tvfgng cho uy IxXc va
siic manh cua cac hoang tvjT, ve dep cua kris la hi§n
than cho s\i hung t r a n g cua vj t h u l i n h . Nhil^u truyfen
thuyet noi ve siic manh ma thuat dac bi§t cua mot s6' kris trong viec bao ve va t h i e t lap quy"i&n lilc cho cac hoang tuf.
Hien nay kris la m6t trong nhiJng yg'u t6' kh6ng th§' t h i ^ ' u difcfc t r o n g b6 y p h u c d a n t 6 c ciia ngi:fdi In-do-ne-xi-a. Den dvf cac nghi 11 trang trong, ngir&i
ta deo kris, nhxl m6t bieu tifcfng hay do trang siJc. d
kich hay miia c6 de t a i cd dien, cac dien vien - nhan vat - deu mang k r i s . K r i s cung dvfdc ngodi ta deo den
d\i dam ctfdi. Co thi noi, thig'u kris, b6 y phuc dan
toe cua ngiTdi In-d6-n§-xi-a chxXa hoan c h i n h .
Ky thuat ren kris ra't phdc tap. Ngifdi thcf ren kris phai gidi va c6 nhieu k i n h nghifem nghe nghi§p. Thcf ren kris thuoc dang cap dac biet- Pan-da, mot trong n h i i n g dang ca'p difcfc k i n h t r o n g nha't d In-do-ne-xi-a. Ho t h d t h a n n u i Ivla Ba-tun, dvTcfc xem la nhi3ng thay
phu t h u y day uy liJfc, cd thi tiep xiic dxXgc vdi luTa va sat - hai thiJ von difcfc t o n t h d tiif t h d i cd xxXa. Ren
kris difcfc tien hanh kem nghi thiic. Trong k h i ren, phai cd tKay te diJng ben doc k i n h , lam le va dang dd te. Xifdng ren dvfcfc coi la chdn l i n h thi6ng.
Kris khdng chi la vat thieng ma con la nhi?ng tac ph^m nghe thuat ddc dao. Chi§'c kris cd dien cua dan dao Gia-va dai tCf 35 den 45 cm, cd lifdi h i n h ngon lufa vdi cac chan toe rdng ra, cd chuoi gd theo m6t kieu dang nhat d i n h . K r i s cua dan dao Ba-li dai hcfn
(Itfdi dai tCf 50 den 60 cm), nhtftig h i n h dang tifcmg
t\X nhif kris cua dkn dao Gia-va.
Chi pKan Ixidi Kris mdi dvTcfc coi la l i n h thiSng.
Ph'&n chu6i va v6, du dep den mSy, quy d&'n m^y, thSm chi daac lam bang vang, bac, nga voi, dvfcTc kham da
quy..., vkn kh6ng coi la thieng. C h i n h vi th6' ma ngtfdi
ta CO the ban chi§'c chu6i kris di de l^iy tien k h i can thiet. NhiTng, hi&n nay, cac vien bao tang Au, My, cac
nha bu6n ban va sifu tap cac tac ph^m nghe thuat lai
chu yg'u danh gia kris qua chuoi, vi do thxic s\l la
nhi3ng tac phSim nghe thuat doc dao va c6 gia. NhOfng
chiec chuoi kris thu'dng dircrc lam tCf xv/cfng, siifng, go l i m hay cac loai go quy hiem khac. D6i k h i chu6i kris
diTdc lam trcfn t r u nhif h i n h con nhong, con canh cam,
thong thifdng chving dxldc khac got thanh hinh ngiTdi each di^u, ti/cfng trifng cho t6 ti§n. Cung khong thieu
trudng hdp, chu6i kris la h i n h nhv?ng con chim, con
t h i i , that s\X dep m^t.
Cay gay than tung-c6t
N h i i n g nhom ngvf&i Ba-tac d In-d6-n^-xi-a t i n r^ng
moi vat J&u CO l i n h hbn va coi cac l i n h hon, dSc bi&t
l a l i n h hbn t6 tien va l i n h hbn cua ngUcfi dang song,
-la huyen b i , nguy hiem. Cung theo quan niem cua
• ngifcJi Ba-tac, l i n h hbn la cha't song, la ca sdr quyet
d j n h dac t i n h va kha nSng cua tOfng ngUdi. V i the,
k h i l i n h hbn rcfi khoi xac hoac bi cac hbn tS ti§n bat
gill, t h i ngtrdi ta bi om dau hoac chet. Quan niem nhif
vay, nen, k h i gap bat hanh hoSc muon cau x i n dieu
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gi, ngifcri Ba-tac dHu n h d dd'n cac th^y phu thuy, v i chi cac th^y phu t h u y mdi c6 the xua't th'an, tife'p xiic vdi cac hbn ma, cac tKan l i n h .
De xua't th'an, cac th^y phu t h u y phai lam m6t loat nghi t h i i c dbng bong. Vat m6i gidi giiJa thay phu t h u y va the gidi v6 hinh bao gicf cung la cay gay t h ^ n tung-gbt. Doi vdi th^y phu thuy, tung-gbt khong phai
la cay gay dcfn thu^n ma la cay gay ma thuat d&y sxic
manh. N h d no, th'ay phu t h u y doan big't difac vi sao ma xay ra chuyen nay, chuy&n khac de t i m each khac phuc; nhcf no ma cac la thubc, cac bua phep ciia th^y t r d nen l i n h nghiem... Bdi vay, thay phu thuy phai "nubi" cay gay tung-got, va phai "nu6i" bang "thitc an" dac biet goi la pu-puc- lam tCf xac nhvJng ngifdi b| giet trong cac cuoc san d&u hay trong nhiJng cu6c chien t r a n h lang mac. Va, m6i k h i b^t Jau chiJa b$nh hay cau dao, thay phu thuy bao gicf cung phai dung pu-puk de "lam song lai" chiec gay tung-gfi't ciia m i n h .
Ngay h i n h dang cua gay tung-g6't va cac hinh khac tren gay cung phan nao ndi len site manh ma thuat cua gay tung-got. Gay tung-got lam bang gb, cao khoang 2m, difdc phu k i n bang nhiJng h i n h khac t i n h te the hien m6t loat ngifbi ngbi l&n vai nhau va h i n h mot sb. con vat khac. Gay difcfc khoet r&ng ben trong de ca't giOf cac loai la thubc ciia thay phu thuy. H i n h ngifdi
tr§n cung cua gay dxiCc lam t h a n h chiec n&p', c6 th&
md ra, dong vao dUcfc. Dau nSp difcfc trang t r i m6t t i i m long chim hoac long ga t r b n g tet lai, nhif md tdc dai cua h i n h ngUbi tren cung. Thay phu thiiy cai nhiJng
db vat mang t i n h ma thulkt tr§n md toe do. Ph^n difdi cua gay tung-g6't la hinh phu ntf va hinh con r i n . Ph^n gii3a gjly la hinh cac con vat (nhif trau, ca sa'u,
Ign rijfng, chd, Ign nha...).
Ngudi Ba-t^c c6 nhi^u truyfen thuyg't ndi v^ ngubn
g&c cac h i n h tr§n chiec gay tung-gd't, nhtfng nhilng
truyen thuy&'t do lai khdng giai thich difcfc di^u gi v^
y nghia ma thuat cua chung. Sau k h i nghi&n cxhi t6ng
hdp toan b6 cac mat ve t i n ngirdng cua ngiTdi Ba-tac, cac nha nghi§n cihi da oho rang tung-gS't la hinh anh cua cay vu t r u nd'i lien ba the gidi: thg' gidi ben dudi-
th§' gidi cua niTdc - cua vua r^n; the gidi giufa - the gidi cua con ngiTdi va moi sinh vat va the gidi ben tren - th§' gidi cua cac t h i n linh ma bieu tifcfng la con
chim phircfng hoang hay ga trdng. Chinh bang cai cay
vu t r u thu^nho do ma cac thlky phu thuy cd the xua't t h i n di d§'n moi ncfi, moi the gidi,...
Nhtfng hon da thieng
D6'i vdi nhieu dan t6c d Dong Nam A, n h i l u tang
da, viSn da t r d thanh nhiJng vat thi§ng. Va, do vay,
ngifdi ta \ing xur vdi cac hon da do n h u vdi t h i n linh
hay m6t thvl sdc manh sieu nhi§n.
Ngudi Na-ga d My-an-ma coi da nhir than bao menh. Ngudi nao cung lu6n lu6n deo theo trong t u i hon da bao menh cua minh. Lang nao cung c6 hon da hoac dd'ng da bao mgnh cua lang. Dd'i vdi nhtJng hon da bao menh, ngiTdi ta phai thirdng xuySn hig'n t§' Icfn, ga va
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rifcfu. Ngirdi Na-ga cho r^ng da cung c6 linh hon, c6 cu6c sfi'ng nhiT ngifdi. Khdng i t truyen thuyet cua ngUdi Na-ga ve n h i l n g cuoc chien tranh cua da.
Ngtrdi La-met d Lao coi da nhvf doi tvfcfng thd phung. Hon da dat diJdi chan cay c6t hien te bgn canh ng6i nha chung cua lang c6 vai tro giiJ than hoang lang, khdng than di ma't. Cung vdi muc dich nhvf vay, ngtfdi ta dat da len m6 ngiTdi ch§'t. Coi da la ncfi t r u ngu ly tirdng nha't cua cac hon ma hay than linh, n&n ngifdi Lao thtfdng bay da len ban thd phung than tho dja.
Nhieu dan tdc d Cam-pu-chia c6 nhilng each thd phung da dac bi&t. Nha ngifdi Pnong nao cung c6 vien da thach anh, giil c^n than tren ban thd gia dinh. CJ ngtrdi Khcf-me, ben canh cac ngoi chua, dan lang thildng dilng thgm m6t dien thd bang g6, tre; va tren ban thd, canh tilcfng Phat, bao gid cung c6 mdt hon da- thildng la cuoi den. NgUdi Khd-me cho rang, hon cuoi do chinh la bieu tiTcfng ciia Nac-ta-than thd dia. Cac dan tdc mien niii d Cam-pu-chia con dat vao kho thdc nhilng hon da dtfcfc goi la "biia t i m set", de chiing lam ban vdi hon lua.
D6'i vdi ngi:fdi My-an-ma, hon da se t r d nen linh thieng k h i no nam d nhilng ch6 khac thudng. Hon
s6i, manh da con trong than cay, trong ca the con
vat... difcfc coi la linh thieng v6 cung. NhiJng hon soi, manh da con nay dilcfc ngtfdi My-an-ma coi la nhilng vat la difiu ky. A i may m^n c6 dtfcfc, t h i , k h i xung tran, tranh difcfc ten, dan, luc "danh d i m " , chiu dtfcfc
nhtfng cu don cua d6'i phi/cfng, va, dku gap phai ma
ac, vSn binh y§n v6 svjf. Neu m6t thay phap - Hmo
Saia- CO vat la dieu ky ay, thi thay se nhan ga'p b6i
kha nang ky di§u cua no. Nhifng m6t phu thuy doc ac ma cd vat la, t h i se tai hai v6 cung. Han phu phep,
dxia vat la vao ca the' mot ngifcfi nao do de ngir&i a'y
t r d thanh mot thiJ ma, bao cho han nhang thong t i n
can thiet... giiip han thtfc hien cac y db xa'u xa cua
minh.
Thcf da cung la dieu ra't pho bien d vung D6ng Nam
A hai dao. d dao Ti-mor, tang da hay ban thd da difdc
dung lam nai thcf phung to tien. Tren dong ru6ng,
ngLfcJi ta dat nhi?ng phien da xep da thanh dong, lam
ncfi dang do t§' cho hbn liia, hbn ng6. Neu trong riifng
CO mot tang da dac biet thi tang da ^y se trcr thanh
dd'i tugng thd phung va difoc coi la "hon cay".
C a u be vang
Nhiing bac ky tai sb'ng of vung d6ng hie Thai Lan va Lao c6 the che tao ra mot loai phi (ma, than) cv/c
ky tac dung. Do la Phi Noi (nghia la ma nho). Phi Noi con diJdc goi la Ku-man Thoong (cau be Vang).
Goi la cau be Vang, vi cau cvfc ky tai ba, trung thanh. Thtfc ra Ku-man Thoong con qiiy hdn ca vang, ngoc. Quy, bcri ch§' tao di/dc Ku-man Thoong, doi hoi
ky cong. Trade het, phai gap dxxac t i n h hubng ma
ngiJdi ddi khong bao gic; mubn: ngvfcTi dan ba mang thai bi ch6't. Ngifcfi ta t i m each lay cai thai trong bung
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ngvfcfi dan ba ch§'t do (Dau de dang dixac phep!). Dem
thai nifdng. Thai nvfdng diTcfc xoa nhieu loai thao moc khac nhau, trong do, khong bao gicf thieu cay tram. Ti§'p dd m6t 6ng thay dtfcfc m&i tdi doc Idi than chii,
dong thcfi lam nhiing dau hieu th^kn bi ma ngifdi binh
thiidng khbng sao hi§'u noi. The la cau be Vang dirge khai sinh, cau dtfcfc ehu giau k m trong ngvfdi, quy hcfn bau vat. cau giiip chu bi&'t trUde nhang dieu se xay ra de chu binh t i n h ling d6'i. Cau tham chi con giup chu tang h i n h . Day la eau chuyen ra't mdi ma nhiT
huyen thoai: 6ng hoang Cham-pa-sak, vao nhving nam
chi^'n tranh the gidi thiJ hai, noi tieng vg cac boat dong chbng phat xit Nhat. Mot fen quan Nhat biet rd 6ng dang d trong dinh cua minh, ben bua vay, ra't
dong, ra't chat, ttfdng nhu' khong gi thoat diicfc. Ay the
ma k h i ap vao, siing lam lam, quan Nhat khong tha'y
bong "con mbi". 6ng hoang Cham-pa-sak da di ra, dang hoang, v6 SLf. Ong cd trong ngifdi cau be Vang. Ong
vb hinh.
M a n h hern sting giidm
Tren than the mot so ngiJdi d My-an-ma xiTa cd mot loai hinh xam goi la a-hpi-se. K h i xam hinh nay, ngifdi thay lubn lubn Fam ram cau than chvi:
"Lay vang tic cac chua, vang tot, vang non chit khong phai vang thudng. Luyen vang ay trong liia do va nhdc
lai nhOng Idi ma thuat tai nha, nhdc cd d tren con
dudng vdng ve, nhdc tntdc vi sao may m&n, nhdc a chua.
... "Dang nude, ve cdc vdng bay cua chim ga-lon. Dat no dudi cdnh tay trdi, ditdi cdnh tay phdi.
Lam nhu the thi chdng cd gi lam hai noi may nUa. May luc nao cung binh yen, khong hi thucfng..." ,
Nhif thg', hinh xam se cd s\ic manh than ky giiip
con ngiTcfi chong lai moi loai b&nh tat, tham chi ca dan, gUcfm. Chinh vi vay ma nhvJng ngiTcri h'nh t r ^ n ngay xi/a thudng xSn a-hpi-se len ngifdi. Bua a-hpi-se
CO k h i con difcfc dung ket hcfp vdi nhfeu loai bua khac,
dac biet la bua the-nat-hpi. The-nat-hpi la nhiing manh
sijfng CO khSc nhieu h i n h t h u ky la. Trong k h i khac
hinh, bao gicf ngUcfi ta cung doc nhiJng Idi than chu hay lam nhilng dong tac dac biet. NgUdi ta ifa chuong
khac hinh chii k h i han ca - hinh anh cua chang
H a - n u - m a n d i i n g c am lufng danh t r o n g siJ t h i
Ra-ma-ya-na cua A n D6.
Hai loai bua tren day thvfcfng gap nha't or nhiJng ngiTcfi linh tran, va d nhiJng ten tudng cUdp hung di3. Ke mang hai loai bua ay t i n r^ng minh c6 the tranh
dUcfc hon ten mui dan trong cac trkn huyg't chien. Nhieu linh tran dung cam va txidng cxidp con thvfcfng
mang mot Jpai bua ky la ni3a, do la bloong-bet-set. NgUcfi ta lay nhOtng thoi vang, bac hay chi nho, hoac
vien da cuoi, manh mai rua, manh sxing, va, qua mot
nghi thiic huyen h i , lam cho chiing tr'cr thanh nhiJng vat thi§ng. Ngtfcfi mang bua dtfcfc rach Idp da, rbi dat
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vat thieng do vao, khSu da lai. Tdi khi vet khau ir§n seo, bua thieng v i n h v i l n thanh m6t b6 phan kh6ng
th§' tach rdi ciia ccf the. Tr§n ca the ngUcfi, chung
nhap nh6, c6 k h i han|; day, n h u nhUng u, cue, n h u nhUng... huan chUtfng chien cong.
Mu6'n CO t i n h diing cam, bi b6' me danh may cung
kh6ng chju khoc, nhieu dUa tre cung mang tren minh hinh xam a-hpi-se.
Cai vong tot lanh
Do la cai vong man-ga-la qua'n tren d~au ngUcfi Thai
d (Thai Lan). No tron, dai, qua'n giong con ran. Ngay
xUa, vao dip tet, cung cac thU bua khac, vua Thai thUcfng phan phat vong nay cho cac hoang tuf, cac dai than de ho cd bua linh thieng. Vdng thieng nay cd nhieu bien dang, chang han, t r d thanh vdng chay quanh vanh ngoai cua mu.
Vi sao vdng ma-ga-la cd sUc manh linh thieng? CU
theo mot huyen thoai c6 xUa t h i nd g i n lien vdi chien
cong cua Si-va. Than Si-va da quang cai vong rSn cua minh de dap tat ngon lufa ka-la, ngon lu^a hiiy di^t the