NGUỒN GỐC, HÌNH THÀNH GIỌNG QUẢNG NAM QUANG NAM PHONOLOGY

ANDREA HOA PHAM NGUỒN GỐC VÀ SỰ HÌNH THÀNH GIỌNG QUẢNG NAM QUANG NAM PHONOLOGY & SOUND CHANGE THROUGH CONTACT NHÀ XUẤT BẢN ĐÀ NẴNG In this book, Andrea Pham deploys linguistic analysis and evidence from Vietnam’s historical record to fashion a plausible answer to the origin of otherwise puzzling properties of the Quang Nam dialect This variety stands out from its immediate neighbors in various ways and shares traits with certain further removed North Central dialects such as Ha Tinh Chief among these is the addition of a low back unrounded vowel [ɑ] to the phonemic inventory Through a skilled application of phonological analysis to original fieldwork data, the author makes a good case for her thesis that these traits arose via the migration of northern speakers from the 15th century Once established, the vowel low back vowel was extended to new contexts via dialect-internal development in Quang Nam The book will be of interest to linguists, cultural anthropologists, and anyone concerned with the history of Vietnam Michael Kenstowicz, Professor MIT, Linguistics and Philosophy 77 Massachusetts Avenue, 32-D808 Cambridge, MA 02139, USA Trong sách này, Andrea Pham sử dụng phân tích ngơn ngữ học chứng lịch sử Việt Nam để đưa lời giải đáp xác đáng cho giả thuyết nguồn gốc tiếng Quảng Nam, làm thông suốt, gỡ rối đặc trưng khó hiểu giọng nói Giọng Quảng Nam bật so với giọng nói chung quanh nhiều phương diện, lại có chung nhiều nét với số thổ ngữ Bắc Trung Bộ xa xơi tận ngồi Hà Tĩnh Đặc trưng quan trọng giọng Quảng Nam có thêm âm vị nguyên âm hệ thống, nguyên âm thấp, dịng sau, khơng trịn mơi [ɑ] Ứng dụng cách thành thạo kỹ phân tích âm vị học với liệu điền dã thu được, tác giả đưa trường hợp khả tín cho luận điểm mình, đặc điểm giọng Quảng Nam phát sinh từ di dân phía bắc, vào vùng Quảng Nam từ kỷ thứ 15 Sau nhận vào hệ thống, nguyên âm [ɑ] chuyển hoá hồn cảnh mới, thơng qua phát triển nội phương ngữ Quảng Nam Cuốn sách thu hút quan tâm từ nhà ngôn ngữ học, chuyên gia nhân học văn hoá học1, muốn tìm hiểu lịch sử Việt Nam Giáo sư Michael Kenstowicz Khoa Ngôn ngữ Triết học, Đại học MIT 77 Massachusetts Avenue, 32-D808 Cambridge, MA 02139, Hoa Kỳ Cultural anthropology nhánh ngành nhân chủng học nghiên cứu văn hoá, tập quán, tín ngưỡng, nhận thức tổ chức xã hội nhóm người The book “Quang Nam Phonology & Sound change through contact” presents a detailed analysis of the phonology of the Quang Nam dialect However, it also describes historical details that offer a broader picture than just a linguistic description The author's hypothesis is that Quang Nam Vietnamese represents a historical migration from north-central Vietnam Thus, this study demonstrates how linguistic data can increase understanding of human history It is also important that the author is careful when she sees that the data is insufficient to make claims Excluding possibilities and showing gaps in the data prevents misunderstanding or false hypotheses Overall, this book is an effective application of both linguistic and ethnohistorical research in Vietnam Mark Alves, Professor Montgomery College (Rockville, Maryland) Dept of ELAP, Linguistics and Communications Cuốn sách Nguồn gốc hình thành giọng Quảng Nam trình bày phân tích chi tiết âm vị học phương ngữ Quảng Nam Tuy nhiên, mơ tả chi tiết lịch sử Những chi tiết cho thấy tranh rộng lớn đơn mô tả ngôn ngữ Giả thuyết tác giả phương ngữ Quảng Nam tựu thành từ di cư lịch sử người Việt vào từ Bắc Trung Bộ Vì vậy, nghiên cứu chứng minh liệu ngôn ngữ làm tăng hiểu biết lịch sử loài người Một điều quan trọng tác giả cẩn thận: cô viết rõ thấy khơng có đủ liệu để đưa giả thiết Việc loại trừ khả chỡ thiếu liệu ngăn ngừa hiểu lầm đưa giả thiết sai Nhìn chung, sách ứng dụng hiệu nghiên cứu ngôn ngữ học lẫn dân tộc học lịch sử Việt Nam Giáo sư Mark Alves Đại học Montgomery (Rockville, Maryland) Khoa ELAP, Ngôn ngữ học Giao tiếp PREFACE The dialect of Quảng Nam province and the northern part of Quảng Ngãi province has been the inspiration for many folk anecdotes and jokes due to its peculiarities This book is an attempt to “decipher” the origin of these anecdotes One of our difficulties in writing the book was the lack of material on the phonemic systems of Vietnamese dialects In the literature, linguists often focused on the phonetic description of the Quảng Nam dialect, compared with the major northern or southern dialects of Vietnam, and went no further than listing vowels, consonants, and tones These studies are often focused on similarities rather than differences No studies have attempted to explain why these differences exist, or how changes have happened This book is a humble attempt, first to describe the dialect of the Quảng Nam people And then to explain why the Quảng Nam dialect is so different from the major dialects of Vietnamese, and the changing path of sounds and rhymes that lead to the present form of the Quảng Nam dialect Many field trips were carried out not only in Quảng Nam but also in Hà Tĩnh and Thanh Hoá, two fundamental dialects that provided the material for the formation of the Quảng Nam dialect Regarding historical events in migrations, with a limited personal library in the United States, we rely largely on the major historical texts, such as Đại Việt sử ký tồn thư, compiled by Ngơ Sĩ Liên during the reign of king Lê Thánh Tông, Phủ tập Quảng Nam ký sự, a handwritten document in ancient Chinese in roughly the second half of the 16th century, Phủ biên tạp lục by Lê Quý Đôn written near the end of the 18th century, and Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục and Đại Nam thực lục (Tiền biên and Chính biên) which were compiled by Quốc Sử Quán of the Nguyễn dynasty from the 19th century till the beginning of the 20th century For the Đại Việt era and the Cham-Vietnamese relationship, we rely mainly on works about Đàng Trong by Phan Khoang (1969), Li Tana (1998), and chapters by many authors in Trần and Lockhart (2011) Regarding the Quảng Nam dialect, in addition to some previous literature, we mainly rely on the results of our studies on the dialect and sound changes in Vietnamese that have been published in recent years as book chapters and journal articles, inside and outside Vietnam The articles were published after commentary by well-known experts in historical linguistics The main linguistic arguments and explanations have been presented at international linguistic conferences and seminars However, mistakes can't be avoided The author accepts responsibility for all errors in the book and looks forward to receiving input from expert linguists, colleagues, readers, and students From the initial description of the Quảng Nam dialect in the author's 1997 master’s thesis, followed by scholarly articles and finally this book, 25 years have passed However, the book is still not a complete work The findings and results presented here are just part of the puzzle There are still many unanswered questions The explanations proposed in the book are just one way of looking at the issue, one way of interpretation We not claim that they are necessarily the best interpretation, much less the only one It is, however, the most reasonable explanation in the author’s view We hope to initiate further scholarly debate from readers who are interested in the question of why the Quảng Nam people speak as they With the desire to introduce the book to a wide audience, the author tries to present the phoneticphonological commentary in a light and easy-to-read manner The chapters are written with the intent that readers can read them as stand-alone chapters Readers with limited background in phonetics-phonology may skim or skip the more specialized sections directed to linguistics students and colleagues A synopsis in English is provided for those who have been working on Vietnamese phonetics-phonology or are interested in the topic but unable to read Vietnamese Links to the two papers written in English, which serve as a base for linguistic data and analyses, are provided in the references for their convenience The completion of this book arose through the efforts of many people The author sincerely thanks the Quảng Nam language consultants in Toronto and in Vietnam - without them this work would not be possible Sincere thanks to the Danang Publishing House, the Board of Directors, and the Editorial Board for their enthusiastic interest in this project Thanks to Huỳnh Yên Trầm My, former main editor of the Danang Publishing House, for her confidence since hearing about the project and for steadfast encouragement over the years; Professor Hồ Cẩm Hà (Hanoi National University of Education) who has been cheering tirelessly since the idea had just taken shape; Professor Ronald Wardhaugh (the University of Michigan, University of Toronto) for his unwavering support and faith in the author's work over the past few decades; Professor Michael Kenstowicz (MIT) for being very kind and keen to read and comment on papers published in English, which serve as the theoretical base and main phonological claims in this book Many thanks to Professor Mark Alves (Montgomery College, Maryland) and Dr Lê Tiến Cơng (Vice Director, Hồng Sa Museum) and a few friends for reading and commenting on the manuscript Thanks also to the University of Florida for partially funding those field trips The author is grateful to friends in Vietnam and other countries who were always eager to help find documents when possible I am grateful to my family in Vietnam for their love and care during each field trip in Vietnam, especially my brother Phạm Bắc Bình and his wife Trương Thị Vinh for always helping with transportation, accommodation, and being a great source of finding local consultants My son - Andrew Pham - my co-author of other works, has been an inspiration and one of the motivations for the author to write the book The people who contributed to the existence of the book are certainly many; it is impossible to mention them all here The author would like to express her sincere thanks to all Finally, thanks to the land and people of Quảng Nam, where the author was born and grew up This book is dedicated to you, Quảng Nam MỤC LỤC TABLE OF CONTENTS LỜI NGỎ PREFACE MỘT SỐ QUY ƯỚC VỀ KÝ HIỆU, THUẬT NGỮ VÀ CÁCH DẪN TÀI LIỆU THAM KHẢO NOTES ON SYMBOLS, TERMINOLOGY, AND IN-TEXT CITATIONS SYNOPSIS CHƯƠNG MỘT GIỌNG QUẢNG NAM TRONG BỨC TRANH CHUNG PHƯƠNG NGỮ VIỆT INTRODUCTION 1.1 Giới thiệu chung khác biệt vần Quảng Nam Quảng Nam peculiarities 1.2 Các nghiên cứu giọng nói Quảng Nam mục đích sách Previous studies on Quảng Nam dialect and objectives of the book 1.3 Tư liệu tài liệu tham khảo Data sources, major historical texts 1.4 Nội dung chương Summary of each chapter CHƯƠNG HAI NGỮ ÂM - ÂM VỊ GIỌNG QUẢNG NAM, GIỌNG NĨI “MỢT MÌNH MỢT CHỢ” QUẢNG NAM PHONETICS - PHONOLOGY 2.1 Giới thiệu chung Introduction 2.2 Hệ thống âm vị giọng Quảng Nam, phương pháp thu phân tích tư liệu Sound system, methodology 2.3 Các hoạt động vần giọng Quảng Nam The rhymes 2.4 Giả thuyết âm vị học nguyên âm /ɑ/ Quảng Nam Phonological account of Quảng Nam /ɑ/ 2.5 Tiểu kết Conclusion CHƯƠNG BA DI DÂN THANH - NGHỆ - TĨNH VÀO QUẢNG NAM: SỰ KHAI SINH CỦA MỘT PHƯƠNG NGỮ MIGRATION FROM THANH - NGHỆ - TĨNH TO QUẢNG NAM: THE BIRTH OF A DIALECT 3.1 Những sáp nhập đất Champa (và Chân Lạp) vào Đại Việt, tiền đề di dân Annexation of Champa into Đại Việt, the prelude of migration 3.2 Ai di dân vào vùng đất mới, đặc biệt vào Quảng Nam, từ kỷ thứ 11 đến kỷ thứ 17? Who migrated to current Quảng Nam? 3.3 Gia phả - nguồn ghi chép rời rạc di dân Genealogy - another source of documenting migration CHƯƠNG BỐN ĐỨC AN, HÀ TĨNH - MỢT CÁI DUN TÌNH CỜ ĐỨC AN SUBDIALECT OF HÀ TĨNH - A LUCKY DISCOVERY 4.1 Địa lý, lịch sử tên gọi, biến thể địa phương Geography, history of name, local variants 4.2 Cái hẹn mười hai năm, cộng tác viên A twelve-year gap between visits, language consultants 4.3 Vần thổ ngữ Hữu Chế (Kẻ Chay) làng Hến, xã Đức An Tiền thân nguyên âm /ɑ/ Quảng Nam Rhymes of Hữu Chế (Kẻ Chay) and Hến subdialects, Đức Thọ district The origin of Quảng Nam /ɑ/ 4.4 Các thổ ngữ Hà Tĩnh tương quan với giọng Quảng Nam phương ngữ Nam Trung Bộ Relationship between Hà Tĩnh dialects and the dialects of Quảng Nam and South-Central Vietnam CHƯƠNG NĂM “TÌM EM NHƯ THỂ TÌM CHIM” - THỔ NGỮ LÀNG THẠC, XÃ XUÂN LAI, HUYỆN THỌ XUÂN, THANH HOÁ THẠC SUBDIALECT OF XUÂN LAI COMMUNE, THỌ XUÂN DISTRICT, THANH HÓA 5.1 Giới thiệu chung Introduction 5.2 Thổ ngữ làng Thạc, Thanh Hoá - mắt xích đặc biệt liên quan đến giọng Quảng Nam Thạc subdialect of Thanh Hoá - a special link to Quảng Nam dialect 5.3 Giản hoá cụm âm đơi hố ngun âm giọng Thạc, so sánh với thổ ngữ Hà Tĩnh giọng Quảng Nam Simplification of sound clusters and diphthongization in Thạc, compared to Hà Tĩnh subdialects and Quảng Nam dialect 5.4 Vai trò di dân Thanh Hoá Nghệ An vùng đất The role of early migrants from Thanh Hoá and Nghệ An in Quảng Nam CHƯƠNG SÁU CÁC GIẢI THÍCH KHÁC VỀ SỰ HÌNH THÀNH GIỌNG QUẢNG NAM ALTERNATIVE EXPLANATIONS ABOUT THE SHAPE OF QUẢNG NAM RHYMES 6.1 Giọng Quảng Nam có phải kết việc tiếp xúc với người Chiêm Thành, sản phẩm phụ ngẫu nhiên Nam tiến không? Is the Quảng Nam dialect a result of language contact between the Viet and Cham people? 6.2 Tiểu kết Conclusion CHƯƠNG BẢY TÌM DẤU VẾT GIỌNG QUẢNG NAM QUA VĂN BẢN QUỐC NGỮ THẾ KỶ THỨ 17 IS THERE ANY TRACE OF QUẢNG NAM PECULIARITIES IN THE EARLIEST TEXTS WRITTEN IN THE NATIONAL SCRIPT? 7.1 Lược sử việc hình thành chữ Quốc ngữ, văn đầu tiên, người sáng lập Overview of the creation of the National Script, the earliest texts, the creators 7.2 Có dấu vết tiếng Việt Quảng Nam kỷ thứ 17 cơng trình Alexandre de Rhodes không? Is there any trace of Quảng Nam peculiarities in the 17th century in Alexandre de Rhodes dictionary? CHƯƠNG TÁM CON NGƯỜI LÀ NGUỒN NƯỚC, LÀ KHÍ TRỜI CỦA NHAU CONCLUSIONS 8.1 Những câu hỏi bỏ ngỏ Unanswered questions 8.2 Thay lời kết Conclusion TÀI LIỆU THAM KHẢO REFERENCES PHỤ LỤC Danh sách từ ghi âm phân tích APPENDIX Words containing all possible rhymes in Vietnamese for data solicitation SYNOPSIS This book is an account of sound changes in Vietnamese, focusing on many peculiar rhymes in the Quang Nam dialect, including the back, unrounded vowel, which is not seen in any other dialects This vowel has been described in the literature using various IPA symbols, but seldom with proper justification This book provides an account of the origin of this vowel and argues for its phonological status Historical migration and linguistic evidence from dialects spoken in Quảng Nam, Hà Tĩnh and Thanh Hoá provinces form the basis for the argument - that the Quảng Nam dialect is based on the Thanh Hoá dialect with some special features integrated from the Hà Tĩnh dialect The Hà Tĩnh and Thanh Hoá dialects were brought to current Quảng Nam by early settlers Through dialect contact and internal linguistic restructuring, a new dialect was formed in Quảng Nam We also show that the Quang Nam phonology was not affected in the least by other ethnic communities, specifically, the Cham and Teochew people, who co-inhabited with Viet immigrants in Quang Nam from around the 15th to 18th centuries Although Quang Nam was the place first European missionaries learned Vietnamese and later created the National Script, there is no trace of any Quang Nam peculiarities in the earliest texts written and published in Vietnamese in the 17th century and later The book is by no means an account of all the peculiarities of the Quang Nam dialect, but rather a report of our findings up to this moment, and an explanation for why Quang Nam rhymes have their current shape Possible alternative explanations are also considered Although there are still unanswered questions, through comparative synchronic data, this book is the first attempt to systematically explain how sound change has been manifested in Vietnamese rhymes in general, and in Quang Nam Vietnamese in particular In Chapter (Quang Nam dialect) and Chapter (subdialects of Ha Tinh), we rely mainly on our papers published in the last few years for the linguistic data, findings, and analyses Two of these papers are listed at the end of the synopsis The data and linguistic analyses in Chapter (Thanh Hoa subdialect) and partially in Chapter have never been published The book has chapters, organized as follows CHAPTER INTRODUCTION A general introduction to the Quang Nam dialect, its rhymal peculiarities, and research questions the book attempts to answer, such as what makes the Quang Nam dialect stand out from all other dialects of Vietnamese? What are the peculiarities in its rhymal system? How are vowels shifted? Are there any chain shifts identified in the rhyme? How and why have certain rhymes arrived at their current shape? The majority and of earliest settlers of Quang Nam province came from Thanh Hoa and Nghe Tinh province The book provides linguistic evidence and evidence from historical migration for the claim that the Quang Nam rhymes were established based on the rhymes of Thanh Hoa dialect, and integrated certain features from the Nghe Tinh dialects CHAPTER QUANG NAM PHONETICS-PHONOLOGY This chapter describes the phonetic characteristics, as well as the distribution of the Quang Nam sounds and their variations It also shows the vowel shifts and other phenomena in the Quang Nam rhymes such as final glide deletion, simplification of consonant clusters, diphthongization, centralization and monophthongization of vowels Acoustic evidence and phonemic distribution are used to argue for the phonemic status of the controversial low, back, unrounded vowel /ɑ/ seen only in this dialect Alternative analyses were also discussed Finally, the chapter suggests how the vowel /ɑ/ was phonemicized through internal structuring, either from a phonemic split or the loss of the medial sound, /w/ CHAPTER HISTORICAL MIGRATION FROM THANH - NGHE - TINH PROVINCES TO QUANG NAM Chapter reviews historical literature regarding migration to present-day Quang Nam province, especially during the period from the 15th to 17th centuries It points out the lack of statistics or clear information on the issue Questions are raised on the reliability of the scattered and brief statements about the origin of the migrants However, one thing is clear: remarks in historical texts agree that most early settlers in Quang Nam province originated from Nghe An (including now Ha Tinh) and Thanh Hoa provinces This agreement supports our hypothesis that the Quang Nam dialect originated from the Thanh Hoá and Nghệ Tĩnh dialects CHAPTER HA TINH SUBDIALECTS This chapter describes Ke Chay and Hen, two subdialects spoken in Ha Tinh province, the homeland of many Quang Nam migrants Two peculiarities in Quang Nam rhymes were discovered in these subdialects: the low, back, unrounded vowel /ɑ/, and the correspondence of /aw/ ~ /o/ We argue that the Ha Tinh subdialects are the source of these peculiarities in Quang Nam The chapter discusses other phenomena in the Quang Nam dialect that are also observed in the Ha Tinh subdialects, such as monophthongization, diphthongization, and final glide deletion Finally, the chapter demonstrates how the original vowel /ɑ/ from Ha Tinh subdialects was phonemicized in the Quang Nam dialect through internal restructuring and dialect contact (Pham A H 2019, 2020) CHAPTER THANH HOA SUBDIALECT This chapter presents a subdialect of Thanh Hoa province spoken in the Thac village, Tho Xuan district As in the Quang Nam and Ha Tinh dialects, the most notable feature found in the Thac subdialect is the vowel written as a First, like in Ha Tinh subdialects, the vowel /a/ is absent in open syllables in the Thac dialect Second, as in Ha Tinh and Quang Nam dialects the vowel pronounced [a] in other dialects has a peculiar pronunciation in the Thac dialect It is realized as [ɨə], similar to how Quang Nam speakers pronounce the cognate rhyme [aj] in northern and southern dialects The chapter demonstates an intimate relationship among the Quang Nam, Ha Tinh and Thanh Hoa dialects through features that are shared only among these dialects For example, like Quang Nam, Thanh Hoa has final palatal consonants after [i] and [e] where they are alveolars in other dialects The Thac dialect of Thanh Hoa provides further linguistic evidence for the claim that the Quang Nam dialect was established and evolved based on the Thanh Hoa dialect Finally, the claim is further supported by discussions of the social and political status of competing dialects spoken in ancient Quang Nam by the early local leaders and settlers CHAPTER ALTERNATIVE EXPLANATIONS FOR THE CAUSE OF THE CURRENT SHAPE OF QUANG NAM PHONOLOGY This chapter considers alternative hypotheses to account for the peculiarities in the Quang Nam rhymes Specifically, because Quang Nam used to be a part of the Champa Kingdom, could the Quang Nam peculiarities result from contact with Cham speakers, who co-inhabited with the early Viet settlers? We also consider other ethnicities in Quang Nam such as Teochew speakers to see if they had any influence on the Quang Nam rhymes We argue that the lack of linguistic evidence does not support these explanations We also provide an overview of the historical and social background to point out that the literature’s claim of a co-habitation and, consequently, language contact among Viet, Cham and Chinese speakers in Quang Nam is sketchy, unclear, and mostly speculative CHAPTER ARE THERE TRACES OF QUANG NAM PECULIARITIES IN EARLIEST TEXTS WRITTEN IN THE NATIONAL SCRIPT? European missionaries created the Romanized writing system (National Script) in the 17th century in order to teach Vietnamese speakers to preach the gospels in their native language This chapter provides an overview on the establishment of the National Script, currently used for Vietnamese Because Quang Nam was the place where some of these missionaries first lived and learned the Vietnamese language, it might be natural to wonder whether the earliest texts written in this script reflect some Quang Nam peculiarities The conclusion is that neither the back, unrounded vowel nor any peculiar rhymes in Quang Nam dialect left any trace in these texts The script was created based on northern dialects with additional distinctive sounds from other dialects CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS This chapter summarizes the main findings and evidence of the book It also raises a few questions that are still left unanswered Finally, it mentions the important and urgent task to document subdialects of Vietnamese, especially in the north central region before they disappear through dialect-levelling  ... CHƯƠNG HAI NGỮ ÂM - ÂM VỊ GIỌNG QUẢNG NAM, GIỌNG NĨI “MỢT MÌNH MỢT CHỢ” QUẢNG NAM PHONETICS - PHONOLOGY 2.1 Giới thiệu chung Introduction 2.2 Hệ thống âm vị giọng Quảng Nam, phương pháp thu... CHAPTER HISTORICAL MIGRATION FROM THANH - NGHE - TINH PROVINCES TO QUANG NAM Chapter reviews historical literature regarding migration to present-day Quang Nam province, especially during the period... peculiarities in the Quang Nam rhymes Specifically, because Quang Nam used to be a part of the Champa Kingdom, could the Quang Nam peculiarities result from contact with Cham speakers, who co-inhabited