Nghiên cứu về các chiến lược học ngữ pháp tiếng anh của học sinh tại một trường cấp hai thuộc tỉnh hải dương

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES BÙI THỊ HƯỜNG AN INVESTIGATION INTO STUDENTS’ ENGLISH GRAMMAR LEARNING STRATEGIES AT A SECONDARY SCHOOL IN HAI DUONG PROVINCE (Nghiên cứu chiến lược học ngữ pháp tiếng Anh học sinh trường cấp hai thuộc tỉnh Hải Dương) M.A MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS Major: English Teaching Methodology Code: 8140231.01 Hanoi – 2021 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES BÙI THỊ HƯỜNG AN INVESTIGATION INTO STUDENTS’ ENGLISH GRAMMAR LEARNING STRATEGIES AT A SECONDARY SCHOOL IN HAI DUONG PROVINCE (Nghiên cứu chiến lược học ngữ pháp tiếng Anh học sinh trường cấp hai thuộc tỉnh Hải Dương) M.A MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS Major: English Teaching Methodology Code: 8140231.01 Supervisor: Dr Huỳnh Anh Tuấn Hanoi – 2021 DECLARATION I, Bùi Thị Hường, certify that this thesis is the result of my own research and the substance of this thesis has not, wholly or in part, been submitted for a degree to any other university or institution Hanoi, September 2021 Bùi Thị Hường i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis has been in gestation for over one year During that time, I have benefited a great deal of support from a number of people First of all, I would like to express my sincere thanks and gratitude to my supervisor, Dr Huynh Anh Tuan, who has provided me with inspiration to conduct this study But for his experienced guidance, valuable remarks and suggestions in phases of the work, the thesis would still be incompleted Secondly, I am sincerely grateful to all the lecturers of Foreign Languages College of Vietnam National University (VNU) – Hanoi for their endless enthusiasm, dedicated teaching and trememdous support that have enlightened my research path Thirdly, I am deeply indebted to my old teachers of English for their kindness and enthusiastic assistance to me in the data collection process at the secondary school I would also like to thank them and all the students of the classes I visited in order to gather information for my questionnaire and interviews In addition, my final thanks go to my husband for helping, encouraging and sharing with me the housework He has always given me so much love, patience and time for me to concentrate on my studies and relax when I feel tired, especially during my pregnancy Thanks to those people, I can finish my study I am responsible for any failings Hanoi, September 2021 Bùi Thị Hường ii ABSTRACT Nowadays, English becomes one of the most important and necessary subjects at the majority of the schools and universities in Vietnam Beside language skills, English grammar is not only emphatically taught through lessons but it also plays an essential role in English tests and examinations, especially in national examinations However, there have been few studies on students’ grammar learning strategy use so far Thus, the researcher has conducted an exploratory study on students’ English grammar learning strategies (EGLS) at a secondary school in Hai Duong province to investigate EGLS used by the 8th form students and find out the reasons for the most and the least used EGLS The participants were fifty grade students of fourteen to fifteen years old The data were gathered through a thirtyfour item questionnaire which was modified from Oxford’s (1990) Strategy Inventory for Language Learning (SILL) and interviews The collected data were then synthesized and analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively through applications of Microsoft Office 2013 and the SPSS software version 20 The findings reveal that grade students applied six groups of strategies which were memory, cognitive, compensation, metacognitive, affective and social strategies to learn English grammar with different frequencies More typically, the social and compensation strategies were the most used while the affective ones were the least used Besides, the reasons for these uses were also explored and clarified, which contributed to raise suggestions for formal EGLS teaching and training in class iii TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii ABSTRACT iii TABLE OF CONTENTS iv LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES vii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale 1.2 Aim and objectives of the study 1.3 Research questions .3 1.4 Scope of the study 1.5 Research method of the study .3 1.6 Significance of the study 1.7 Structure of the thesis CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 An overview of grammar .5 2.1.1 Definition of grammar .5 2.1.2 Different views to grammar .6 2.1.3 The role of grammar in foreign language teaching and learning 2.2 Language learning strategies 10 2.2.1 Definitions of language learning strategies .10 2.2.2 Main features of language learning strategies .12 2.2.3 Classifications of language learning strategies .13 2.3 Grammar learning strategies (GLS) 21 2.4 Factors influencing English grammar learning 23 2.4.1 Learning style 23 2.4.2 Motivation .24 2.4.3 Learning context 25 iv 2.5 Previous studies on English grammar learning strategies 26 2.6 Summary 28 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 29 3.1 Setting of the study and participants ………………………………… ……29 3.1.1 Setting of the study 29 3.1.2 Participants 30 3.2 Data collection instruments 31 3.2.1 Questionnaire 31 3.2.2 Interview 33 3.3 Data collection procedure 34 3.4 Data analysis 35 3.5 Summary 37 CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS, FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 39 4.1 The English grammar learning strategies used by grade students and the frequencies of using them 39 4.1.1 The English grammar learning strategies used by grade students .39 4.1.2 The most and the least used grammar learning strategies .45 4.2 The reasons for the most and the least used grammar learning strategies .488 4.2.1 General strategies 488 4.2.2 The most used grammar learning strategies 49 4.2.3 The least used grammar learning strategies 500 4.3 The necessity of English grammar learning strategy teaching 51 4.4 Summary 53 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION .54 5.1 Recapitulation 54 5.2 Applications of the study to English grammar learning strategy teaching 566 5.3 Critique of the study 58 5.3.1 Weaknesses .58 5.3.2 Strengths 59 v 5.4 Suggestions for further studies 59 5.5 Summary 60 REFERENCES 61 APPENDICES I APPENDIX 1: THE QUESTIONNAIRE I APPENDIX 2: EXPLANATION SHEET XII APPENDIX 3: INTERVIEW QUESTIONS XIV APPENDIX 4: INTERVIEW TRANSCRIPTS XV vi LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Table Direct Learning Strategies (Adapted from Oxford 1990: 18-9) 16 Table Indirect Learning Strategies (Adapted from Oxford 1990: 20-1) 17 Table Statistics of Memory Strategies 39 Table Statistics of Cognitive Strategies 400 Table Statistics of Compensation Strategies 41 Table Statistics of Metacognitive Strategies 422 Table Statistics of Affective Strategies 433 Table Statistics of Social Strategies 444 Table Average Scores of Using Six Strategy Groups 466 Figure Interrelationship Between Direct And Indirect Strategies And Among Six Strategy Groups (Adapted from Oxford 1990:15) 15 Figure 2: The analytical framework 36 vii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION The first chapter introduces the overall structure of the study It includes the rationale, aim and objectives of the study, research questions, scope of the study, research method, significance of the study and structure of the thesis 1.1 Rationale In recent years, along with the expansion of globalization and modernization, English has been spoken widely in over the world as a result of colonial hegemony in the last four centuries Many countries have been using English as an official language in every aspect of life such as education, law, politics, business, health services, newspapers, etc because it is considered as an effective communicative tool Therefore, the demand for learning English has increased significantly and extensively in every part of the world, including Vietnam To meet the global commercialization in the integration period, Vietnam education has already made great efforts in implementing valuable campaigns and policies to improve the quality of English proficient human resources It means that employees can use English to communicate with others confidently in the international working environment Therefore, English has become a compulsory subject in the curriculum and examinations that all students must participate fully from primary schools to universities There have been a great number of changes made in English teaching methodology by researchers, scholars and educational policy makers In the past, English was mainly taught basing on grammar-translation approach that emphasizes the important role of grammar However, that point of view was changed when a moderner approach, Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) that emphasizes interaction as both the means and the ultimate goal of learning a language, was introduced and approved by linguists in the world Today, the majority of schools in Vietnam has been using new English textbook system which focuses on four language skills listening, speaking, reading and writing This aims at improving and APPENDIX 3: INTERVIEW QUESTIONS Were you formally taught English grammar learning strategies (EGLS) in class? - If yes, name some strategies that you usually use - If no, from whom or where did you learn/ know EGLS? Name some social strategies that you usually use - Why you use them? Name some compensation strategies that you usually use - Why you use them? Name some affective strategies that you usually use - Why you use them? In your opinion, should EGLS be formally taught in class? Why? Em thầy, cơchí nh thức dạy chiến lược học ngữ pháp tiếng Anh lớp chưa? - Nếu có, em kể tên vài chiến lược học màem hay sử dụng? - Nếu chưa, em học chiến lược học ngữ pháp tiếng Anh từ từ đâu? Em kể tên vài chiến lược học ngữ pháp thuộc nhóm chiến lược xãhội mà em hay sử dụng? - Vìsao em lại sử dụng chúng? Em kể tên vài chiến lược học ngữ pháp thuộc nhóm chiến lược đền bùmà em hay sử dụng? - Vìsao em lại sử dụng chúng? Em kể tên vài chiến lược học ngữ pháp thuộc nhóm chiến lược cảm xúc mà em hay sử dụng? - Vìsao em lại sử dụng chúng? Theo em thìchiến lược học ngữ pháp tiếng Anh có nên giảng dạy chí nh thức lớp khơng? Vìsao? XIV APPENDIX 4: INTERVIEW TRANSCRIPTS (English version) I: Interviewer S: Student I: Were you formally taught EGLS in class? - If yes, name some strategies that you usually use - If no, from whom or where did you learn/ know EGLS? Line S1: Yes, but my teacher simultaneously taught EGLS in grammar periods, [1a] without separated periods I write new grammar structures on my note papers [2a] many times to learn by heart & practice grammar structures with my friends [3a] S2: Yes, but my teacher simultaneously taught EGLS in grammar periods, [4a] without separated periods I practice grammar structures with my friends & [5a] listen to my teacher’s feedback about my grammar use [6a] S3: No, I wasn’t I mainly learnt EGLS from the older students & my elder sisters [7a] S4: Yes, but my teacher simultaneously taught EGLS in grammar periods, without separated periods I practice grammar structures with my friends [8a] [9a] S5: No, I wasn’t I mainly learnt EGLS from my friends & the older students [10a] S6: No, I wasn’t I mainly learnt EGLS from my friends & the older students [11a] S7: Yes, but my teacher simultaneously taught EGLS in grammar periods, [12a] without separated periods I write new grammar structures on my note papers [13a] many times to learn by heart & practice grammar structures with my friends [14a] S8: Yes, but my teacher simultaneously taught EGLS in grammar periods, [15a] without separated periods I write new grammar structures on my note papers [16a] many times to learn by heart & practice grammar structures with my friends [17a] S9: Yes, but my teacher simultaneously taught EGLS in grammar periods, [18a] without separated periods I write new grammar structures on my note papers [19a] many times to learn by heart & make plans to revise grammar lessons S10: Yes, but my teacher simultaneously taught EGLS in grammar periods, without separated periods I practice grammar structures with my friends XV [20a] [21a] [22a] S11: No, I wasn’t I learnt EGLS from the older students & reference books [23a] S12: No, I wasn’t I learnt EGLS from the older students, my brothers & sisters [24a] S13: No, I wasn’t I learnt EGLS from the older students & reference books [25a] S14: Yes, but my teacher simultaneously taught EGLS in grammar periods, [26a] without separated periods I make plans to revise grammar lessons & [27a] practice grammar structures with my friends [28a] S15: Yes, but my teacher simultaneously taught EGLS in grammar periods, [29a] without separated periods I make plans to revise grammar lessons & [30a] try to relax when feeling afraid of using grammar rules [31a] S16: Yes, but my teacher simultaneously taught EGLS in grammar periods, [32a] without separated periods I make plans to revise grammar lessons & [33a] try to relax when feeling afraid of using grammar rules [34a] S17: No, I wasn’t I learnt EGLS from the older students, my friends & cousins [35a] S18: Yes, but my teacher simultaneously taught EGLS in grammar periods, [36a] without separated periods I write new grammar structures on my note papers [37a] many times to learn by heart & listen to my teacher’s feedback about [38a] my grammar use [39a] S19: No, I wasn’t I learnt EGLS from the older students & reference materials [40a] S20: Yes, but my teacher simultaneously taught EGLS in grammar periods, [41a] without separated periods I make plans to revise grammar lessons & [42a] try to relax when feeling afraid of using grammar rules [43a] S21: Yes, but my teacher simultaneously taught EGLS in grammar periods, [44a] without separated periods I make plans to revise grammar lessons & [45a] listen to my teacher’s feedback about my grammar use [46a] S22: No, I wasn’t I learnt EGLS from my friends, cousins & reference books [47a] S23: No, I wasn’t I learnt EGLS from my friends, my sisters & reference books [48a] S24: No, I wasn’t I learnt EGLS from the older students, my friends & cousins [49a] S25: Yes, but my teacher simultaneously taught EGLS in grammar periods, without separated periods I practice grammar structures with my friends XVI [50a] [51a] I: Name some social strategies that you usually use - Why you use them? S1: I often listen to my teacher’s feedback about my grammar use, [1b] ask my teacher & friends for help to correct my mistakes & [2b] practice grammar structures with my friends I use these strategies when [3b] practicing new grammar structures, performing learning tasks, [4b] doing exercises requested in class … That helps me to understand [5b] the lessons more deeply & memorize better [6b] S2: I practice grammar structures with my friends, [7b] listen to my teacher’s feedback about my grammar use [8b] I use these strategies when practicing new grammar structures, [9b] doing exercises or tasks assigned in class … That helps me to memorize [10b] the lessons better, see my mistakes & draw practical experience for next uses [11b] S3: I often practice grammar structures with my friends, ask my teacher & [12b] friends for help to correct my mistakes when I speak or write in English [13b] That helps me to see my mistakes I feel comfortable & learn new valuable [14b] knowledge from others I use these strategies when doing learning tasks [15b] assigned & correcting homework in class [16b] S4: I ask my teacher & friends for help to correct my mistakes when I speak [17b] or write in English, listen to my teacher’s feedback about my grammar use [18b] That helps me to learn many grammar structures better I use these strategies [19b] when doing learning tasks assigned & correcting homework in class [20b] S5: I listen to my teacher’s feedback about my grammar use, [21b] & practice grammar structures with my friends when performing learning [22b] tasks, doing exercises requested in class … That helps me to memorize the [23b] lessons more deeply & draw experience for the next uses S6: I listen to my teacher’s feedback about my grammar use, [24b] [25b] & practice grammar structures with my friends when performing learning [26b] tasks, doing exercises requested in class … That makes me understand the [27b] XVII grammar lessons more deeply & better S7: I practice grammar structures with my friends, listen to my teacher’s feedback about my grammar use I use these strategies when practicing new grammar structures, [28b] [29b] [30b] [31b] doing exercises or tasks assigned in class … That helps me to memorize [32b] the lessons better & feel comfortable to learn more knowledge from others [33b] S8: I practice grammar structures with my friends, ask my teacher & [34b] friends for help to correct my mistakes when I speak or write in English [35b] I find it very useful, comfortable & I can learn a great deal of new valuable [36b] knowledge from others I use these strategies when doing learning tasks [37b] assigned in class & correcting homework [38b] S9: I practice grammar structures with my friends, ask my teacher & [39b] friends for help to correct my mistakes when I speak or write in English [40b] That helps me to memorize the lessons better, see my mistakes & draw [41b] practical experience for next uses I use these strategies when doing learning [42b] tasks assigned in class & correcting homework S10: I ask my teacher & friends for help to correct my mistakes when I speak [43b] [44b] or write in English, listen to my teacher’s feedback about my grammar use [45b] That helps me see my mistakes, memorize & understand the lessons better [46b] I use these strategies when doing learning tasks assigned in class S11: I listen to my teacher’s feedback about my grammar use, & practice grammar structures with my friends when performing learning [47b] [48b] [49b] tasks, doing exercises requested in class … That helps me to understand the [50b] grammar lessons more deeply & better S12: I practice grammar structures with my friends in pairs or in groups when performing learning tasks, doing exercises requested in class … [51b] [52b] [53b] That helps me to memorize the grammar structures more deeply & better [54b] S13: I ask my teacher & friends for help to correct my mistakes when I speak [55b] or write in English when performing learning tasks, doing exercises XVIII [56b] in class …That helps me to memorize the grammar structures more deeply [57b] & see my mistakes easily [58b] S14: I ask my teacher & friends for help to correct my mistakes when I speak [59b] or write in English, listen to my teacher’s feedback about my grammar use [60b] That helps me see my mistakes, memorize & understand the lessons better [61b] I use these strategies when doing learning tasks assigned in class S15: I listen to my teacher’s feedback about my grammar use, [62b] [63b] & practice grammar structures with my friends when performing learning [64b] tasks, doing exercises requested in class … That helps me to understand the [65b] lessons more deeply & better [66b] S16: I listen to my teacher’s feedback about my grammar use, & practice grammar structures with my friends when performing learning [67b] [68b] tasks, doing exercises requested in class … That helps me to understand the [69b] lessons more deeply & better [70b] S17: I ask my teacher & friends for help to correct my mistakes when I speak [71b] or write in English, listen to my teacher’s feedback about my grammar use [72b] That helps me see my mistakes, memorize & understand the lessons better [73b] I use these strategies when doing learning tasks assigned in class S18: I listen to my teacher’s feedback about my grammar use, & practice grammar structures with my friends when performing learning [74b] [75b] [76b] tasks, doing exercises requested in class … That helps me to understand the [77b] lessons more deeply & better [78b] S19: I ask my teacher & friends for help to correct my mistakes when I speak [79b] or write in English, listen to my teacher’s feedback about my grammar use [80b] That helps me see my mistakes, memorize & understand the lessons better [81b] I use these strategies when doing learning tasks assigned in class S20: I practice grammar structures with my friends, [82b] [83b] listen to my teacher’s feedback about my grammar use [84b] I use these strategies when practicing new grammar structures, doing [85b] XIX exercises or tasks assigned in class … That helps me to memorize the lessons [86b] better, feel comfortable, easy & confident to learn knowledge from others S21: I listen to my teacher’s feedback about my grammar use [87b] [88b] That helps me to see my mistakes, memorize & understand the lessons better.[89b] I use this strategy when doing learning tasks assigned & correcting [90b] homework in class [91b] S22: I ask my teacher & friends for help to correct my mistakes when I speak or write in English when performing learning tasks, doing exercises [92b] [93b] in class …That helps me to memorize the grammar structures more deeply & [94b] see my mistakes easily [95b] S23: I practice grammar structures with my friends, listen to my teacher’s feedback about my grammar use I use these strategies when practicing new grammar structures, [96b] [97b] [98b] doing exercises or tasks assigned in class … That helps me to memorize the [99b] lessons better, feel comfortable & easy to learn knowledge from others [100b] S24: I often practice grammar structures with my friends, ask my teacher & [101b] friends for help to correct my mistakes when I speak or write in English [102b] That helps me to see my mistakes I feel very comfortable & confident to [103b] learn valuable knowledge from others I use these strategies when doing [104b] learning tasks assigned & correcting homework in class [105b] S25: I listen to my teacher’s feedback about my grammar use, & practice grammar structures with my friends when performing learning [106b] [107b] tasks, doing exercises requested in class … That helps me to understand the [108b] lessons more deeply & better [109b] I: Name some compensation strategies that you usually use - Why you use them? S1: I use Google to check the correctness of the structures used when I am not [1c] confident to apply them; when I not know to use what structures to express [2c] XX my ideas, I’ll use Vietnamese and then ask the teacher and friends for help to [3c] translate into English Then, I’ll learn the grammar structures more deeply I use them when performing learning tasks, doing exercises assigned in class or homework That helps me to learn the grammatical rules faster, more easily & more conveniently [4c] [5c] [6c] [7c] S2: When I not know to use what structures to express my ideas, I will use [8c] Vietnamese & ask the teacher and friends for help to translate into English [9c] I use it when performing learning tasks, doing exercises assigned in class [10c] That helps me to learn grammatical rules faster, more easily & conveniently [11c] S3: When I not know to use what structures to express my ideas, I will use [12c] Vietnamese & ask the teacher and friends for help to translate into English [13c] I use it when performing learning tasks, doing exercises assigned in class [14c] That helps me to learn grammatical rules faster, more easily & conveniently [15c] S4: When I not know to use what structures to express my ideas, I will use [16c] Vietnamese & ask the teacher and friends for help to translate into English [17c] I use it when performing learning tasks, doing exercises assigned in class [18c] That helps me to learn grammatical rules faster, more easily & conveniently [19c] S5: I use Google to check the correctness of the structures used when I am not [20c] confident to apply them; when I not know to use what structure to express [21c] my ideas, I will use Vietnamese & ask the teacher and friends for help to [22c] translate into English Then, I’ll learn the grammar structures easily & deeply.[23c] I use them when performing learning tasks, doing exercises in class or [24c] homework That helps me learn grammatical rules faster & conveniently [25c] S6: When I not know to use what structures to express my ideas, I will use [26c] Vietnamese & ask the teacher and friends for help to translate into English [27c] I use it when performing learning tasks, doing exercises assigned in class [28c] That helps me to learn the grammatical rules faster, more easily & deeply [29c] S7: I use Google to check the correctness of the structures used when I am not [ 30c] confident to apply them I use it when doing learning tasks at home That XXI [31c] helps me to learn the grammatical rules faster, more easily & conveniently [32c] S8: When I not know to use what structures to express my ideas, I will use [33c] Vietnamese & ask the teacher and friends for help to translate into English [34c] I use it when performing learning tasks, doing exercises assigned in class [35c] That helps me to learn the grammatical rules faster, more easily & deeply [36c] S9: I use Google to check the correctness of the structures used when I am not [37c] confident to apply them I use it when doing learning tasks at home That [38c] helps me to learn the grammatical rules faster, more easily & conveniently [39c] S10: When I not know to use what structures to express my ideas, I will use [40c] Vietnamese & ask the teacher and friends for help to translate into English [41c] I use it when performing learning tasks, doing exercises assigned in class [42c] That helps me to learn the grammatical rules faster, more easily & deeply [43c] S11: I use Google to check the correctness of the structures used when I am not [44c] confident to apply them I use it when doing learning tasks at home That [45c] helps me to learn the grammatical rules faster, more easily & conveniently [46c] S12: I use Google to check the correctness of the structures used when I am not [47c] confident to apply them; when I not know to use what structure to express [48c] my ideas, I will use Vietnamese & ask the teacher and friends for help to [49c] translate into English Then, I’ll learn the grammar structures easily & deeply.[50c] I use them when performing learning tasks, doing exercises in class or [51c] homework That helps me to learn grammatical rules faster & conveniently [52c] S13: I rarely use the strategies in this group, so I cannot remember any of them [53c] S14: I rarely use the strategies in this group, so I cannot remember any of them [54c] S15: When I not know to use what structures to express my ideas, I will use [55c] Vietnamese & ask the teacher and friends for help to translate into English [56c] I use it when performing learning tasks, doing exercises assigned in class [57c] That helps me to learn the grammatical rules faster, more easily & deeply [58c] S16: I use Google to check the correctness of the structures used when I am not [59c] confident to apply them I use it when doing learning tasks at home That [60c] XXII helps me to learn the grammatical rules faster, more easily & conveniently [61c] S17: I use Google to check the correctness of the structures used when I am not [62c] confident to apply them; when I not know to use what structure to express [63c] my ideas, I will use Vietnamese & ask the teacher and friends for help to [64c] translate into English Then, I’ll learn the grammar structures easily & deeply [65c] I use them when performing learning tasks, doing exercises in class or [66c] homework That helps me to learn grammatical rules faster & conveniently [67c] S18: When I not know to use what structures to express my ideas, I will use [68c] Vietnamese & ask the teacher and friends for help to translate into English [69c] I use it when performing learning tasks, doing exercises assigned in class [70c] That helps me to learn the grammatical rules faster, more easily & deeply [71c] S19: I rarely apply the strategies in this group, so I cannot remember any of them [72c] S20: I rarely apply the strategies in this group, so I cannot remember any of them [73c] S21: I use Google to check the correctness of the structures used when I am not [74c] confident to apply them I use it when doing learning tasks at home That [75c] helps me to learn the grammatical rules faster, more easily & conveniently [76c] S22: I use Google to check the correctness of the structures used when I am not [77c] confident to apply them; when I not know to use what structure to express [78c] my ideas, I will use Vietnamese & ask the teacher and friends for help to [79c] translate into English Then, I’ll learn the grammar structures easily & deeply [80c] I use them when performing learning tasks, doing exercises in class or [81c] homework That helps me to learn grammatical rules faster & conveniently [82c] S23: I use Google to check the correctness of the structures used when I am not [83c] confident to apply them I use it when doing learning tasks at home That [84c] helps me to learn the grammatical rules faster, more easily & conveniently [85c] S24: I use Google to check the correctness of the structures used when I am not [86c] confident to apply them I use it when doing learning tasks at home That [87c] helps me to learn the grammatical rules faster, more easily & conveniently [88c] S25: When I not know to use what structures to express my ideas, I will use [89c] XXIII Vietnamese & ask the teacher and friends for help to translate into English [90c] I use it when performing learning tasks, doing exercises assigned in class [91c] That helps me to learn the grammatical rules faster, more easily & deeply [92c] I: Name some affective strategies that you usually use - Why you use them? S1: I try to relax whenever feeling afraid of using English grammar & apply the [1d] grammar structures attached to wonderful images and unforgettable memorie [2d] in my mind I use them to grammar exercises assigned in class & at home [3d] That helps me to release stress & feel more comfortable I can memorize the [4d] grammatical rules more deeply & employ them flexibly in different contexts [5d] S2: I try to relax whenever feeling afraid of using grammar & encourage myself [6d] to use the grammar structures learnt in speaking or writing even when I’m not [7d] sure I use them when doing grammar exercises assigned in class & at home [8d] That helps me to release stress & feel more comfortable [9d] S3: I encourage myself to use the grammar structures learnt in speaking, writing [10d] even when I’m not sure & apply the grammar structures attached to wonderful [11d] images and unforgettable memories in my mind I use them when doing [12d] grammar exercises assigned in class & at home That helps me relax, release [13d] stress & feel more comfortable I can memorize & apply grammatical rules more deeply & flexibly [14d] [15d] S4: I rarely use the strategies in this group to learn Eng grammar because I find [16d] it unnecessary & unimportant to use them, so I cannot remember any of them [17d] S5: I rarely use the strategies in this group to learn Eng grammar because I find [18d] it unnecessary & unimportant to use them, so I cannot remember any of them [19d] S6: I rarely use the strategies in this group to learn Eng grammar because I find [20d] it unnecessary & unimportant to use them, so I cannot remember any of them [21d] S7: I try to relax whenever feeling afraid of using English grammar structures I mainly use it when doing grammar exercises assigned at home XXIV [22d] [23d] That helps me to release stress & feel more comfortable to learn English [24d] S8: I use the grammar structures attached to wonderful images & unforgettable [25d] memories in my mind I use it when doing grammar exercises in class & at [26d] home That helps me memorize the grammatical rules more deeply & [27d] employ them more flexibly in different contexts [28d] S9: I rarely use the strategies in this group to learn Eng grammar because I find [29d] it unnecessary & unimportant to use them, so I cannot remember any of them [30d] S10: I rarely use the strategies in this group to learn Eng.grammar because I find [31d] it unnecessary & unimportant to use them, so I cannot remember any of them [32d] S11: I rarely use the strategies in this group to learn Eng.grammar because I find [33d] it unnecessary & unimportant to use them, so I cannot remember any of them [34d] S12: I rarely use the strategies in this group to learn Eng.grammar because I find [35d] it unnecessary & unimportant to use them, so I cannot remember any of them [36d] S13: I rarely use the strategies in this group to learn Eng.grammar because I find [37d] it unnecessary & unimportant to use them, so I cannot remember any of them [38d] S14: I rarely use the strategies in this group to learn Eng.grammar because I find [39d] it unnecessary & unimportant to use them, so I cannot remember any of them [40d] S15: I use the grammar structures attached to wonderful images & unforgettable [41d] memories in my mind I use it when doing grammar exercises in class & at [42d] home That helps me to memorize the grammatical rules more deeply & [43d] employ them more flexibly in different contexts S16: I try to relax whenever feeling afraid of using grammar & encourage [44d] [45d] myself to use the grammar structures learnt in speaking or writing even when [46d] I’m not sure I use them when doing grammar exercises assigned in class [47d] & at home That helps me to release stress & feel more comfortable [48d] S17: I rarely use the strategies in this group to learn Eng.grammar because I find [49d] it unnecessary & unimportant to use them, so I cannot remember any of them [50d] S18: I rarely use the strategies in this group to learn Eng.grammar because I find [51d] it unnecessary & unimportant to use them, so I cannot remember any of them [52d] XXV S19: I rarely use the strategies in this group to learn Eng.grammar because I find [53d] it unnecessary & unimportant to use them, so I cannot remember any of them [54d] S20: I rarely use the strategies in this group to learn Eng.grammar because I find [55d] it unnecessary & unimportant to use them, so I cannot remember any of them [56d] S21: I rarely use the strategies in this group to learn Eng.grammar because I find [57d] it unnecessary & unimportant to use them, so I cannot remember any of them [58d] S22: I use the grammar structures attached to wonderful images & unforgettable [59d] memories in my mind I use it when doing grammar exercises in class & at [60d] home That helps me to memorize the grammatical rules more deeply & [61d] employ them more flexibly in different contexts [62d] S23: I try to relax whenever feeling afraid of using English grammar & apply the [63d] grammar structures attached to wonderful images & unforgettable memories [64d] in my mind I use them when doing grammar exercises in class & at home [65d] That helps me to release stress & feel more comfortable I can memorize the [66d] grammatical rules more deeply & employ them flexibly in different contexts [67d] S24: I rarely use the strategies in this group to learn Eng.grammar because I find [68d] it unnecessary & unimportant to use them, so I cannot remember any of them [69d] S25: I rarely use the strategies in this group to learn Eng.grammar because I find [70d] it unnecessary & unimportant to use them, so I cannot remember any of them [71d] I: In your opinion, should EGLS be formally taught in class? Why? S1: Yes EGLS should be formally taught in class because they help us to know [1e] & understand more about the ways to learn & use English grammar effectively [2e] S2: Yes EGLS should be formally taught in class because they help me to [3e] understand more about the ways to learn & use grammar structures effectively [4e] S3: Yes EGLS should be formally taught in class because they help me memorize [5e] the grammar lessons better, know the most appropriate ways to learn grammar [6e] S4: Yes EGLS should be formally taught in class because they help me to know the best ways to learn grammar [7e] [8e] XXVI S5: Yes EGLS should be formally taught in class because they help me memorize [9e] the grammar lessons better, know the most effective ways to learn grammar [10e] S6: Yes EGLS should be formally taught in class because then, I’ll know many [11e] good ways to learn English grammar S7: Yes EGLS should be formally taught in class because then, we will know many ways to learn English grammar better & more effectively S8: Yes EGLS should be formally taught in class because then, we will know many ways to learn English grammar better & more easily S9: Yes EGLS should be formally taught in class because they help us to [12e] [13e] [14e] [15e] [16e] [17e] understand many ways to learn English grammar better & memorize grammar [18e] structures more deeply [19e] S10: Yes EGLS should be formally taught in class because they help us to learn [20e] & use English grammar more easily & effectively [21e] S11: Yes EGLS should be formally taught in class because then, I’ll know many [22e] good ways to learn & use English grammar effectively [23e] S12: Yes EGLS should be formally taught in class because then, we’ll be aware [24e] of them, choose & use the most useful & appropriate ones with our situations [25e] S13: No, I think that it is unnecessary & unimportant for EGLS to be formally [26e] taught or trained in class because students can learn them from many different [27e] sources like reference materials, others (friends, older students, brothers, …) [28e] S14: Yes EGLS should be formally taught in class because they help us [29e] understand many ways to learn English grammar better & memorize grammar [30e] structures more deeply [31e] S15: Yes EGLS should be formally taught in class because then, we will know [32e] many ways to learn English grammar better & more easily [33e] S16: Yes EGLS should be formally taught in class because then, we will know [34e] many ways to learn English grammar better & more easily S17: No, I think that it is unnecessary & unimportant for EGLS to be formally [35e] [36e] taught or trained in class because students can learn them from many different [37e] XXVII sources like reference materials, others (friends, older students, brothers, …) [38e] S18: Yes EGLS should be formally taught in class because they help us to [39e] understand many ways to learn English grammar better & memorize grammar [40e] structures more deeply [41e] S19: Yes EGLS should be formally taught in class because they help us to learn [42e] & use English grammar more easily & effectively [43e] S20: Yes EGLS should be formally taught in class because then, we’ll be aware [44e] of them, choose & use the most useful & appropriate ones with our situations [45e] S21: Yes EGLS should be formally taught in class because then, we’ll be aware [46e] of them, choose & use the most useful & appropriate ones with our situations [47e] S22: No, I think that it is unnecessary & unimportant for EGLS to be formally [48e] taught or trained in class because students can learn them from many different [49e] sources like reference materials, others (friends, older students, brothers, …) [50e] S23: Yes EGLS should be formally taught in class because they help us to [51e] understand many ways to learn English grammar better & memorize [52e] grammar structures more deeply [53e] S24: Yes EGLS should be formally taught in class because they help us to learn [54e] & use English grammar more easily & effectively [55e] S25: Yes EGLS should be formally taught in class because then, we’ll be aware [56e] of them, choose & use the most useful & appropriate ones with our situations [57e] XXVIII ... LEARNING STRATEGIES AT A SECONDARY SCHOOL IN HAI DUONG PROVINCE (Nghiên cứu chiến lược học ngữ pháp tiếng Anh học sinh trường cấp hai thuộc tỉnh Hải Dương) M.A MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS Major: English... in class per week and the time for one period is forty-five minutes The course book used is Tiếng Anh (new edition) approved by the Ministry of Education and Training in 2016 The book was designed... First of all, I would like to express my sincere thanks and gratitude to my supervisor, Dr Huynh Anh Tuan, who has provided me with inspiration to conduct this study But for his experienced guidance,