day eae tiet Lieh su dia phuong theo quy dinh cua chuong trinh. Ngay ca viec td chuc tham quan, ngoai khoa ndi chuyen vl truyin thdng cho hgc sinh THCS cGng rat hiem khi dugc thuc hien.
Tir nhirng han che ve trinh do chuyen mdn va su pham da dua din nhung nguyen nhan tiep theo. nguyen nhan tiep theo.
3.1.2 Miic do dau tu su pham chua tuong xiing
Ddi vdi giao vien Ngir van
Theo sd lieu de tai, ed bdn miic do diu tu su pham. Muc do diu tu SP D la tdt nhat. Dugc xep vao miie do diu tu SP nay GV phai bilt "tim tu lieu sau la tdt nhat. Dugc xep vao miie do diu tu SP nay GV phai bilt "tim tu lieu sau sat, day theo cac dac diem chung va rieng cdt de khoi ggi, tim tdi de sang tao eiia hge sinh (sii* dung eae PPDH de phat huy tinh tich cue, ehu ddng eua hge sinh)". Trong sd lieu (bang 13, phu luc I) ciia de tai, chi cd 25 phieu du gid tren 1536 phieu vdi ti le 1,6% . Cd 259 phieu/ 1536 philu Ngir van dat miie diu tu SP loai C (ti le 16,9%); ed 1106 philu dat muc B (ti le 72%) va 146 philu xIp loai A (ti le 9,5%)
Nhu vay chi cd gan 20% sd tiet Ngir van dugc danh gia diing theo yeu cau ciia de tai. Cdn 80% sd tiet edn lai GV edn phai cd miic do dau tu tdt hon nira. ciia de tai. Cdn 80% sd tiet edn lai GV edn phai cd miic do dau tu tdt hon nira. Nguyen nhan nay thugc ve chii quan ciia ngudi day. Hg da chuan bi giao an bam sat hoan toan vao sach hudng dan ciia GV, thieu su dau tu tuong xiing vdi timg bai hge, timg tiet day. Theo chi dao cua chuyen mdn tir Sd Giao due- Dao tao Khanh Hda, chuong trinh day hgc mdi la phap lenh. Sach giao khoa chi la mot phuong an trong nhieu phuong an day hge. Ay vay ma, chiing tdi chi thay cd mot phuong an gidng nhau d nhieu gid day. Tir thanh phd den ndng thdn, tir miln niii din mien bien deu ed mot giao an hoan toan gidng nhau, rap khudn nhu sach hudng din danh cho giao vien. Lam sao ddi hdi ed sir phii hgp vdi timg ddi tugng eu thi cho HS eae dia phuong khac nhau? Giao vien da vi pham mot nguyen tic day hge rit eo ban la khdng chii y den trinh do cua HS. Hon nira nlu dilu nay xay ra thudng xuyen se lam cho HS chan hgc. Cac em khdng hao hiic ddn chd gid hgc Ngir van.
v l khau dd dimg day hgc hoac cac phuong tien day hge khac, trong hau hit 768 tilt Ngir van ldp 8,9 nhdm dl tai da du, rit it tilt GV su dung. Ngay ca hit 768 tilt Ngir van ldp 8,9 nhdm dl tai da du, rit it tilt GV su dung. Ngay ca bang phu cd thi xem nhu phuong tien true quan cung khdng dugc GV chii y.
Dk tim hilu nguyen nhan nay, chiing tdi da trd chuyen vdi GV. Hg da
deu diing nhung phai thay nguyen nhan dau tien tir phia y thuc nghe nghiep va nang lire cila ngudi thiy giao.
Ddi vdi giao vien Ljch su
Mire D la mire do diu tu SP tdt nhit gdm 6 tilt tren 192 tilt (384 philu du gid) lich SII ma chiing tdi da du gid. Muc D chilm ti le 1,6%; miic C gdm 83 philu, cd ti le 21,6%; miie B cd sd lugng nhilu nhit, cd 226 philu vdi ti le 58,9%. Con lai la s6 tilt Lieh su dat miic do diu tu SP loai A: 69 philu vdi tl le 18%
So vdi muc do diu tu SP eiia GV Ngu van, mirc do diu tu SP loai D,C cua giao vien LS cd nhinh hon, gan 25%. Vay edn lai 75% tilt Lich su cdn lai ddi hdi GV phai dat miie diu tu SP tdt hon.
Trudc het chiing tdi cd the ly giai ve ly do vi sao sd lugng tiet day cua giao vien dugc xIp vao miic do diu tu SP loai B (1106 philu/ 1536 philu). Qua trinh ddi mdi chuong trinh, sach giao khoa Ngir van bit diu tir nam hgc 2001- 2002 d ldp 6, va sau dd cii mdi nam hge la tien hanh them mot ldp mdi. Qua trinh thay sach nay hoan thanh nam 2005-2006 d ldp 9.
Trong nhiing nam hge nay, giao vien lam quen vdi chuong trinh mdi, ndi dung sach giao khoa mdi, do vay nen "an toan" nhit la hgc thugc sach hudng dan, cac hoat ddng len ldp deu dien ra diing trinh tu nhu sach giao vien. Dieu nay neu chi la mdi mot, hai nam dau khi thay sach thi chung ta cd the chap nhan dugc. Nhung neu dien ra trong nhieu nam thi se mat di tinh sang tao, sir phii hgp vdi ddi tugng hgc sinh eu the timg dia phuong, timg viing mien. Ben canh dd, cd the ly giai them tir sir ngai ngiing ddi mdi phuong phap ciia giao vien. Trong dd, cd ly do tir su khd khan ve ddi sdng giao vien, tir co cd vat chat nha trudng, tir phuong tien thilt bi di kem vdi qua trinh ddi mdi.
- d day ed the ndi them, trong sudt qua trinh du gid 768 tiet Ngir van (1536 philu), chiing tdi chi thay khoang vai tiet cd su dung dd dimg day hgc; cdn phin ldp la "day chay". Cac em hgc sinh ciing "hgc chay". Dieu nay se dugc din chiing chinh xac hon d van de su dung phuong phap day hgc ciia giao vien.
- Cdn v l miic do cua giao vien Ngii van dat mirc do D, chi cd ti le 25 philu/ 1536 philu, chilm 1,6 % . Va sd tilt dat miic do D chi xay ra d bd phan giao vien viing thanh phd, TX, TT va vimg ndng thdn, ddng bing. Cd thi giai thich dieu nay nhu sau:
- So vdi eae vung miln khac, giao vien Ngu van d viing thanh phd, thi xa, thi trin ed dilu kien tot hon v l co sd vat chit day hgc; hg cd dilu kien dl hgc hdi, hgc hdi chuyen mdn d trudng, cum trudng va hge hdi ngay d ddng nghiep eua minh. Phong trao ddi mdi PPDH trong thuc tl da dien ra kha tdt ddi vdi eae
trudng vung thanh phd, thi xa, TT. Va co cd vat chit, thilt bi, cac phuong tien day hgc hien dai eua nha trudng cung la dilu kien thuan Igi dl hg cd thi thuc hien ddi mdi PPDH.
- Hgc sinh d vimg thanh phd, TX, TT cGng cd dilu kien hgc tap tdt hon. Cac em dugc sir quan tam cham sde tdt hon vl phia gia dinh. Chiing ciing dugc hudng eo sd vat chit tai trudng hon hin so vdi cac vimg khac nhu phdng tu lieu, thiet bi, thu vien, phdng may vi tinh...
Tuy vay, day la mot sd lugng qua it, chua nhu mong dgi eua nganh giao due chiing ta. So vdi miie do giang day dai khai (loai A) vin cdn hon nhilu lin (9,5%)
- Ket qua khao sat cho thay, kha nhieu GV trong gid day, chi lo day hit tat ea eae kien thiic trong sach giao khoa. Day la tuih trang din din "chay giao an"; hge sinh khdng hiing thii hgc vi thiy day "nhu SGK ". Bai hgc trd nen nang ne, HS ed tam ly "sg hge Lieh su", gid hgc it tap trung, chi mong het gid, "nlu cd gi chua hilu thi v l dgc SGK"! Vi bam chat SGK nen nhilu kiln thiic SGK (kenh chii nhd, kenh hinh) khdng dugc thay ma hda, hge sinh khdng hieu dugc kenh hinh; kenh chir nhieu khi bi bd qua..., rdt cudc, hge sinh chep lai SGK, khdng hieu bai. Do "venh" giira chii dinh cua ngudi bien soan va ngudi day tao ra hau qua la hgc sinh ganh chiu.
Tir viec coi SGK la tai lieu phap ly da bdc Id viec GV chua bdm chudn
kien thirc, tach rdi yeu cau cua chuan kien thiic. Bai hgc cd kien thiic dan bai,
chua tinh ggn, nhieu van de; hge sinh phai ghi chep nhieu khdng ed thdi gian ddng nao. Giao vien chua ket hgp cac yeu td can thiet ma so dd Dairi da cd. Day chinh la tinh trang lam cho kiln thiic SGK nang them.
- Bai soan la ban k l hoach len ldp. Di sau vao chi tiet bai soan cua GV cd kha nhilu van de han che:
+ GV chua phan biet dugc khai niem hoat ddng (la each td chirc) va muc tieu bai day nen hoat ddng la ghi lai muc bai hay dat mot cau hdi trong muc
+ GV chua xac dinh dugc sd don vi kien thirc trong mdi muc de dua ra sd lin hoat ddng tuong ung (cd giao an thilt kl nhu vay dugc chilu tai mot ldp tap huin DMPP thi khdng cd y kiln nhan xet, hay ndi each khac la GV khdng phat hien ra).
+ GV chua td chirc cac hoat ddng day hgc phii hgp, ching han chia nhdm khdng hgp ly, nhdm la sir hgp lire nhung khdng khai thac dugc kiln thirc. ^' + GV cdn soan bai mang tinh ddi phd. Hien tugng GV sao chep
giao an, tham chi giao an liy tir cudn sach soan sin va giir nguyen d l dung khdng phai la ea biet.
Nhung han chi nay mot phin la do thdi quen khd sua, nhung vin dl chinh la thi hien han chi vl trinh do chuyen mdn va thilu diu tu cho bai soan d mot bd phan giao vien. Kmh nghiem cho thiy nhimg bai soan cdng phu, sang tao thi thiy "chi huy" rit nhe nhang, it mit siic, bai day dat hieu qua cao.
3.1.3 Van de ddi mdi phuong phap day hge chua hieu qua
Tir v§n dl ddi mdi PPDH mdn Ngir van Id'p 8,9
Chuong trmh Ngir van d THCS gdm ba phan mdn: Van hgc, Tilng Viet va Tap lam van. Trong phin khao sat, danh gia cac PPDH dac trung cua ba phan mdn, chiing tdi da phan tich, ly giai vin dl su dung PPDH cua GV. Cd thi khai quat lai nhu sau:
Ve phuong phdp dgy cua thdy
- Giao vien chua su dung hieu qua cac phuong phap day hge dac trung
ciia cac phan mdn Ngii van. Chang han nhu ddi vdi phan mdn Van hgc, GV chua biet khai thac tdt PP dgc dien cam, hoac PP binh giang. Trong phan mdn Tieng Viet, nhieu GV edn bd qua PP giao tiep, vdn la mot PP day hgc hudng den viec ren cac ky nang ndi, vilt cho HS...
- GV cdn nang ve viec su dung PP thuyet trinh (xep vi thir 2). Dieu nay cd nghTa la trong gid Ngir van GV edn lam viec qua nhieu. Le ra phai tang cudng thuc hanh, ren cac ky nang tao lap van ban, hoac ky nang su dung tieng Viet cho HS. Dac biet trong phan mdn TLV, giao vien chua xay dung tdt cho HS ky nang lam bai TLV vdi cac the loai khac nhau.
- Dinh hudng tich hgp giiia ba phan mdn trong gid day ngir van chua dugc GV thuc hien nghiem ngat. Do vay, trong nhieu tiet day chiing tdi van cdn nhan thiy rd diu hieu chia cat giira cac phan mdn. Dieu nay di ngugc vdi sir chi dao khi thuc hien chuong trinh Ngir van hien nay.
- Viec su dung PP thao luan nhdm trong gid Ngir van cdn mang tinh hinh
thiic. Ching han, vdi yeu cdu viet dogn vdn, GV vdn td chicc cho HS thuc hien
PP ndy. Hoac GV khdng neu rd yeu ciu hoat ddng, td chiic nhdm chua tdt, chua
phat huy dugc vai trd tich cue cua HS, chua loi cudn eae em tham gia nhieu hoat ddng tren ldp.
Ve phuong phdp hoc cua trd
- HS chua cd y thiic va chua cd ke hoach tu hgc. Day la van de gin nhu
bd ngo trong cac gid day Ngir van.
i - HS chua cd phuong phap hgc mdn Ngir van. Chua bilt dgc tac phim va cung chua tao dugc thdi quen dgc sach. Trong phieu hdi HS mdn Ngir van, chi
cd 9,03 %) HS thudng thudng din thu vien; edn lai 90,07 % HS khdng bao gid
din thu vien dgc sach (Bang 25.2, phu luc I). Cd thi dilu nay anh hudng phin nao ket qua mdn Ngii van chua cao. Viec dgc sach cd tac ddng rit Idn din nhan thirc, thai do va ky nang hgc van ciia cac em. Dac biet trong giai doan hien nay, khi van hda nghe -nhin chilm ti trgng Idn trong xa hdi.
- Trong gid Ngii van, HS cdn thu ddng, chua tu tin bay td y kiln ca nhan trudc ldp. Cac em thudng chi tra Idi khi GV dat cau hdi.
- Viec chuan bi bai trudc khi din ldp ciia HS cdn mang tinh ddi phd, chua dugc dau tu diing miie.
- Ddi vdi phan mdn TLV, HS chua nim dugc cac ky nang tao lap van ban nhu ky nang phan tich de bai, ky nang lap dan y, chuyin doan; ky nang dimg tir, dat cau, dien dat ddi khi edn kha vung ve.. .Do vay, nhieu bai TLV ciia HS chua cd ket qua cao.
3.1.3.2 Tir van de ddi mdi PPDH mdn Lich sir ldp 8,9
Trong phan 2.2.2 ehiing tdi da khao sat va danh gia viec van dung PPDH Lich su ciia giao vien ldp 8,9 tai cac trudng THCS tinh Khanh Hda. Cd the tdm tat lai van de nay nhu sau:
Ve phucrng phdp dgy cua thdy
- Tir quan niem cho ring, ddi mdi PPDH la mot cai gi dd rat Idn, la sir
thay ddi hoan toan each day cu nen giao vien da sir dung qua nhieu hoat ddng trong mot bai, chua chu ddng trong vai trd ngudi td chiie.
- GV chua su dung phdi hgp tdt cac PPDH trong gid day Lich su. Cac PPDH dac trung mdn hge chua dugc kit hgp nhuan nhuyen.
- Trong cac gid day su, giao vien van chii yeu la thuyet gidng, giang theo
Idi mdn, ngai diu tu, chuyin ddi.
- v l PP thao luan nhdm, vai trd trgng tai eua thay cdn yeu, gugng ep ca phia thiy va trd; nhdm chua phat huy dugc vai trd thao luan, cd khi chi lam viec don gian la tdm tit kiln thiic trong bai. Vi thi, tiet day trd nen nhat nheo, thieu sinh ddng, nang n l hoac hit bai sdm.
I - Sd giao vien tre kha nang ddng, cd kha nang ung dung CNTT, tilp thu nhanh viec ddi mdi phuong phap nhung kiln thirc chua sau nen bai giang cdn rdi rac giira kiln thiic va phuong phap.