- De xuat mot sd giai phap nang cao chat lugng day hgc mdn ngir van va lich sii lop 8,9 ndi rieng, cap Trung hgc co sd ndi chung tren dia ban tinh Khanh
2. Co so ly luan cua viec ddi mdi, nang cao chat lugng day hoc mon Ngu
van, mon Ljch sii- a trucrng THCS theo hirdng tich hgp mdn hgc va tich cue
hoa hoat ddng nhan thuc ciia hoc sinh
Trudc het can xac dinh viec nang cao chat lugng day hgc mdn Ngii van va mdn Lich su theo dinh hudng ddi mdi la mot qua trinh lau dai, bao gdm nhilu yeu td trong giao due nhu nang cao trinh do cho ddi ngii giao vien, ddi ngii can bg quan ly; ddi mdi muc tieu, ddi mdi chuong trinh, sach giao khoa, ddi mdi PPDH, ddi mdi phuong phap kiem tra, danh gia, xay dung tdt co sd vat chat ... Trong mot sd yeu td do, ciing can xac dinh yeu td nao la dot pha, yeu td nao la quan trgng, yeu td nao can lam ngay.
2.1 Nang cao trinh do cua doi ngu giao vien
Giao vien la lire lugng quan trgng, cd y nghia quyet dinh sir thanh cdng ciia viec ddi mdi, nang cao chat lugng day hgc. Trong qua trinh ddi mdi, khdng chi hg can nhan thiic sau sac ma cdn can cd trinh do kien thiic va nghiep vu dii
dk tham gia d mgi khia canh ciia hoat ddng day hgc. Tir viec hieu dugc ndi dung
chuong trinh, sach giao khoa den viec ddi mdi PP, hinh thiic td chiic, phuong tien day hgc va ddi mdi kiem tra, danh gia...Khdng phai ai khac ma chinh ddi ngu GV dang gdp phan timg bude thuc hien thanh cdng qua trinh ddi mdi.
Trong tai lieu " Mot sd ca so phdp ly cua vdn de ddi moi qudn ly nhd
nuac vd qudn ly gido due" cua Du an dao tao Giao vien THCS, Dang Xuan Hai
nhan manh den nhiem vu: " Phat trien ddi ngu nha giao dam bao ve sd lugng, hgp ly ve co cau va chuan bi ve chat lugng dap ling nhu cau vira tang quy md vira nang cao chat lugng va hieu qua giao due. Dd la co sd quan trgng de dam bao chat lugng day va hgc trong giai doan ddi mdi hien nay. Mudn thuc hien dieu nay chiing ta can ddi mdi chuong trmh dao tao va bdi duong GV, giang vien; chii trgng viec ren luyen, giu gin va nang cao pham chat dao diic nha giao. Ben canh dd, cin hoan thien dinh miic lao ddng, che do lam viec, che do chinh sach ddi vdi giao vien.
2.2 Nang cao trinh do cua can bo quan ly giao due
Trong qua trinh day va hgc, hogt ddng qudn ly (managerment) cd tam
quan trgng. Nd "tac ddng cd dinh hudng, cd chii dich cua chu the quan ly (ngudi quan ly) din khach thi quan ly (ngudi bi quan ly) trong mot td chiic van hanh va dat dugc muc dich td chiic" [6,15] .
Ndi each khac, qudn ly la qua trinh dat den muc tieu ciia td chiic bang
each van dung cac hoat ddng (chirc nang) ke hoach hda, td chiic, chi dao, lanh dao va kiem tra. [6,15]
Nhu vay can bg quan ly cd trach nhiem phan bd nhan luc va cac nguon lire khac, chi din sir van hanh ciia mot bd phan hay toan bd td chiic dl td chiic hoat ddng cd hieu qua va dat din muc dich. [6,16] . Hg phai dam bao bdn chiic nang quan ly. Dd la chiic nang k l hoach hda, chiic nang td chiic; chiic nang chi dao- lanh dao va chiic nang kilm tra. Trong dd "kl hoach hda cd nghia la xac dinh muc tieu, muc dich ddi vdi thanh tim tuong lai cua td chiic va cac con duong, bien phap, each thiic dl dat dugc muc tieu, muc dich dd".
Td chiic la qua trinh hinh thanh nen cau tnic cac quan he giiia cac thanh vien, giira cac bd phan trong mot td chiic lam cho hg thuc hien thanh cdng cac ke hoach va dat dugc muc tieu tdng thi ciia td chiic.
Lanh dao bao ham viec lien ket, lien he vdi ngudi khac va ddng vien hg hoan thanh nhirng nhiem vu nhat dinh de dat dugc muc tieu ciia td chiic [6,18].
Kiem tra la mot chiic nang quan ly, thdng qua dd mot ca nhan, mot nhdm hoac mot td chiic theo ddi giam sat cac thanh qua hoat ddng va tien hanh nhiing hoat ddng siia chira, udn nan neu can thiet." [6, 19]
C) cac CO sd giao due, can bd quan ly cd vai trd dinh hudng, td chirc va kiem tra toan bd qua trinh day hgc. De ddi mdi, nang cao chat lugng day hgc ddi ngii can bd quan ly can cd du trinh do chuyen mdn va trinh do quan ly. Hg cd nhiem vu dinh hudng va td chiic cac hoat ddng hanh chinh, chuyen mdn cua don vi. Chinh vi vay, viec nang cao nang luc chuyen mdn va quan ly ciia nhung ngudi lam cdng tac nay cd y nghia quan trgng. Hg giii vai trd banh lai trong cac hoat ddng day hgc tai cac trudng hgc, tai cac phong giao duc-DT va tai sd GD- DT...
Trong thdi gian nay, can bd quan ly can "ddi mdi ve co ban tu duy va phuong thiic quan ly giao due theo hudng nang cao hieu lire quan ly nha nude, phan d p manh me nhlm phat huy tinh chu ddng va tu chiu trach nhiem ciia cac dia phuong ciia cac co sd GD..." [21, 100]. Cd nhu vay, co che va phuong thiic GD mdi dugc thay ddi theo hudng phan cap mot each hgp ly nhlm giai phdng va phat huy manh me tilm nang, siic sang tao, tinh chii ddng va tu chiu trach nhiem ciia mdi d p va mot co sd GD. Mudn vay, cIn:
+ Tang cudng chit lugng cua cdng tac lap kl hoach + Thuc hien phan d p quan ly manh me
+ xay dung va chuIn hda ddi ngu quan ly GD.
Dk cd ddi ngu quan ly giao due tdt, chiing ta can dao tao va bdi duong
luyen pham chit dao diic; ddng thdi dilu chinh sip xip lai can bd theo yeu d u mdi phii hgp vdi nang luc va phim chit ciia tung ngudi. [21,101]
2.3 f)6i mdi chuong trinh, sach giao khoa mon Ngir van, Lich su
Trong chien luge phat trien giao due, viec ddi mdi chuong trinh giao due dugc danh gia la mot trong nhiing nhiem vu trgng tam. "Viec ddi mdi chuong trinh giao due phd thdng phai quan triet muc tieu, yeu d u vl ndi dung, PP giao due ciia bac hgc, d p hgc quy dinh trong Luat giao due; khic phuc nhimg mat cdn han chi ciia CT, SGK hien hanh; tang cudng tinh thuc tiln, ky nang thuc hanh, nang luc tu hgc; coi trgng kien thiic khoa hgc xa hdi va nhan van; bd sung nhimg thanh tiru khoa hgc va cdng nghe hien dai phu hgp vdi kha nang tilp thu ciia HS. Tang cudng tinh lien thdng. Thuc hien phan ludng...". [21,36].
Ddi mdi CT, SGK, PP day va hgc phai dugc thuc hien ddng bd vdi viec nang cap va ddi mdi trang thiet bi day hgc, td chiic danh gia, thi cii, chuan hda trudng sd, dao tao, bdi duong giao vien va cdng tac quan ly giao due.
Trong nhiing nam gan day, ndi dung chuong trinh, sach giao khoa mdn Ngii" van va mdn Lich su da dugc ddi mdi theo dinh hudng giam ly thuyet tang thuc hanh, ren luyen cac ky nang; chii trgng den viec bdi duong nhan each, tmh cam cho HS.
Tuy vay, trong qua trinh thuc hien, SGK da bdc Id nhiing diem sai sdt can siia chira. Theo y kien ciia nhieu nha khoa hgc giao due, trong tuong lai can cd nhilu bd sach giao khoa hon dua tren mot khung chuong trinh chung cho ca nude.
2.4 D6i md"! PPDH mdn Ngir van va Lich su
Ciing vdi qua trinh ddi mdi chuong trinh, sach giao khoa, ddi mdi PPDH cd thi ndi la khau dot pha dl nang cao chit lugng day hgc. Ddi mdi PPDH la ddi mdi ca phuong phap day ciia thiy va PP hgc ciia trd. Doi vdi giao vien, can thay doi kilu day hgc mot chilu, nang vl thuylt giang chuyin sang kieu day hgc phat huy tinh chii ddng tich cue ciia HS. Chuyin sang kilu day hgc tuong tac giiia thIy va trd, giira trd vdi trd theo dac thii cua timg bai hgc cua timg bd mdn.
Kolb (1984), mot nha nghien ciin giao due da cho ring "Hgc tap la mot qua trinh ma nhd dd tri thiic dugc tao nen thdng qua su chuyen hda kinh nghiem". Kinh nghiem khdng phai la nhiing dilu xay ra vdi ban ma la cai ban lam trudc nhirng dieu xay ra vdi minh. [6. Tieng Anh]
Trong qua trinh ddi mdi PPDH hien nay, "PP lly ngudi hgc lam trung tam la nhimg chiln luge tao co hdi cho ngudi hgc tham gia tich cue vao qua trinh day va hgc. GV ddng vai trd la ngudn thdng tin chinh nhung ciing la ngudi thiic
dly qua trinh hgc ciia ngudi hgc. Bai hgc dugc sir dung chu ylu dl phan tich tim hilu nhiing kien thiic co ban va thuc hanh nhimg ky nang ddi hdi tu duy cao d p nhu: phan tich vIn dl, tranh luan, ap dung, sang tao va ra quylt dinh". [6. Tilng Anh]
PP lay ngudi hgc lam trung tam ddi hdi chiing ta pliai thuc hien nhiing yeu cau sau:
- GV ndi it hon 75% lugng thdi gian tren Idp.
- HS cam thIy dugc tdn trgng va danh gia cao khi phat bilu.
- HS lam viec mot minh hoac theo nhdm de giai cac bai tap khd va hay. - Ldp hgc la noi trao ddi kinh nghiem va thao luan chuyen sau.
- GV trinh bay ngan ggn, cd nhieu minh hga phu hgp.
- HS cam thay minh cd trach nhiem ddi vdd viec hgc va su tien bd cua minh. - Tiet hgc thanh cdng nhd sir chuan bi bai can than, Idng tin ddi vdi HS va vai trd lanh dao ciia vdi GV.
Trong tai lieu tap huan ve ddi mdi PPDH ciia Bd GD - DT, nhieu nha nghien ciiu ve giao due [32,24] da dua ra nhiing yeu cau cu the ciia viec ddi mdi PPDH nhu sau:
- Day hgc thdng qua viec td chiic cac hoat ddng hgc tap ciia HS.
- Day hgc ket hgp giiia hgc tap ca the vdi hgc tap hgp tac; giiia hinh thiic hgc ca nhan vdi hinh thiic hgc theo nhdm, theo ldp.
- Day hgc thi hien mdi quan he tich cue giiia GV va HS, giira HS vdi HS. - Day hgc chii trgng den viec ren luyen ky nang, tang cudng thuc hanh va gan ndi dung bai hgc vdi thuc tien cudc sdng.
- Day hgc chii trgng den viec su dung cd hieu qua cac thiet bi day hgc (...), dac biet luu y den nhung ling dung ciia cdng nghe thdng tin.
Tu nhimg yeu d u chung dd, cac tac gia cdn xac dinh lan lugt cac yeu cau cu the ddi vdi ngudi day, ddi vdi ngudi hgc va ddi vdi can bd quan ly giao due.
Ddi m&i PPDH la khau dot phd di ndng cao chdt lircmg day hoc vi ring
viec ddi mdi nay cd lien quan toan dien vdd cac yeu td khac trong qua trinh day hgc.
Bk ddi mdi thanh cdng PPDH, cIn phai ddi mdi mot each toan dien, ddng
bd cac thanh td, cac bd phan d u thanh ciia qua trinh day hgc. Su ddi mdi can bat
dau d viec lap ke hogch, thiet ki vd triin khai ki hogch bdi hoc a tren lap den
van dung linh hogt, sdng tgo cdc PPDH, da dgng hod cdc phuong tien dgy hoc, _hinh thuc td chicc dgy vd cudi cung la ddnh gid ket qud dgy hoc.
So sanh kieu day hoc truyen thdng va day hgc theo hudng ddi mdi
Day hoc theo kieu truyen thdng Day hoc theo dinh hudng ddi mdi
Thiet ke kl hoach bai hoc
Thiet ke ke hoach bai hgc theo kieu truyen thdng: Mdi lien he giiia cac yeu td cau thanh ciia bai hgc (muc tieu, ndi dung, phuong phap, phuong tien ve san pham) chua dugc the hien trong ban thiet ke bai hgc.