Mệnh đề quan hệ trong tiếng Anh là mệnh đề phụ được nối với mệnh đề chính bởi các đại từ quan hệ hoặc trạng từ quan hệ, đứng sau danh từđại từ và bổ nghĩa cho danh từđại từ đó. Chức năng của mệnh đề quan hệ giống như một tính từ vì vậy nó còn được gọi là mệnh đề tính ngữ.
CHAPTER X ADJECTIVES AND ADJECTIVAL CLAUSE IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE I ADJECTIVE Defintion The adjective is a part of speech expressing quality, quantity, size, clour, characteristics The main fuction of an adjective is as an attribute, a predicative or complement Eg: She is a clever girl The sky is clear and blue My cake has sixteen candles He is tall Classification of adjective On the ground of their meaning and grammatical characteristics, adjectives can be classified as: 1, The demonstrative adjectives: used to demonstrate things, objects, people and phenomena Eg: This chair is broken That car is expensive These clothes are wet The interrogative adjective used to form question to distinguish things, people, object Eg: What books are you reading? What’s your answer? The possessive adjectives: express the possession Eg: That is my chair I borrowed her cat The quantitative adjectives: denote the quanlity Eg: He has many cherries I ate some roasted chicken On the ground of their complexity of form and structure, adjectives can be classified as: The short adjectives: have just one or two syllables Eg: short, long, cold, blue, smart, happy, ect The long adjectives: Eg: interesting, comfortable, expensive, beautiful, careful, ect The special adjectives: have their own form Eg: good – better – best , many/much – more – the most bad – worse - wost Adjective formation The derived adjectives: formed by adding affixes The prefixes can be added to adjectives: “dis-, h-, im-, ir-, un-, anti-, ect Eg: unclean, illegal, impossible, inactive The suffixes can be added to noun: “-full, -less, -ly, y, -en, -el, -ic, ect Eg: careful, careless, windy, friendly, historical, ect The suffixes can be added to verbs: “-able, -ible, -ive, -ing, -en, Eg: boring, drinkable, supportive, broken, interested, ect 2 The compound adjectives N+adj Eg: tax free, waterproof, trouble free, world famous N+ past participle Eg: middle-age, child-wanted, home-made Adj+ Adj Eg: big-blue, fat-free, dark blue, light-brown Adj+N Eg: long-distance, last-minute, cross-eye Adj+N+ed Eg: narrow-minded, high-spirited, warm hearted Adj+ present participle Eg: good-looking, long-lasting, slow-moving Adj+ past participle Eg: new-built, old-fashioned, short-haired Adv+present participle Eg: never-ending, forward-thinking, far-seeing, hard-wearing N+ present participle Eg: time-saving, record-breaking, timeconsuming 10 Adv+ past participle Eg: Well- behaved, well-educated, well done The negative form of the above structure Not so Adj As Eg: He is not as smart as his brother She is not as beautiful as her older sister The comparative degree of adjective: used to express the differences or the dissimilarity There are different kinds 2.1: The short adjects: Adding –er to the positive form of the adjective Short adj+ er+ than Eg: My essay is longer than yours She is smarter than me The superlative degree of adjectives: used to express what thing or person has the most of a particular quality within a group or of its kind 3.1: The short adjectives: (THE) short adj + est Eg: The biggest table in the room She is the smartest girl in the class 3.2: The long adjectives: (THE) most/least + long adj Eg: This is the most beautiful dress I have ever seen She is the least worried about the game 5 Adjective functions Are mainly used with functions As attribute: used to come before nouns in the NP Eg: a nice girl, an old house a rich businessman As complement: used after the link verbs or the ‘be’ Eg: She is nice He looked upset NOTE: Adjectives beginning with “A” such as: ( afraid, afloat, alive, asleep,ect,) are used predicately Many adjective are used like nouns Eg: a native, two natives The rich, the poor, the young The order of adjectives in the sentences Quality size Age Shape colour materi al origin partici ple Eg: A lovely large antique round black Spanish wooden mixing bowl II.ADJECTIVE CLAUSE DEFINTION An adjective clause is a dependent clause that contains a subject and verb As an adjective, modifies a noun or pronoun An adjective clause begin with words such as that, when, where, who, whom, whose, which, and why 2 Classification of adjective clause There are types of adjective clause Who People (subject) Eg: She is the teacher who helped me with my math problems Whom People (object) Eg: My sister is the people to whom I am closest Whose People/things (possessive) Eg: I have a friend whose daughter lives in China Which Things Eg: Pizza, which most people love, is not very healthy That People/thing Eg: The books that were borrowed from class must be returned Where Place (adj) Eg: This is the park where we can walk the dogs when Time (adv) Eg: Monday is the day when I have my doctor’s appointment 2 Based on function of adjective clauses There are types: a, Definite clause Eg: The used car which my dad bought last week broke down yesterday The man who is standing there is a teacher b Infinite clause Eg:The used car, which my dad bought last week, broke down yesterday The man, who is standing there, is a teacher III REDUCED ADJECTIVE CLAUSES Defintion The reduced adjective clause becomes a phrase, which does not have a subject A phrase does not have a subject and a verb Classification of reduced adjective clause? There are types of reduced adjective clause: Active voice Eg: The girl who attends my school lives at the end of the street. The girl attending my school lives at the end of the street Eg: The dog that is lying on the floor won't get up. The dog lying on the floor won't get up Passive voice Eg: The boy who was pleased by his grades went out with his friends to celebrate. The boy, pleased by his grades, went out with his friends to celebrate Eg: I like ice-cream that is made in Japan I like ice-cream made in Japan S + to be + adj Eg:The house, which was beautiful, was sold The beautiful house was sold S + to be + N Eg: Her name, which is Emmy, contains easy sounds to pronounce Her name, Emmy, contains easy sounds to pronounce S + to be + prepositional phrase Eg: Did you see the book that is on the table? Did you see the book on the table? IV OMISSION OF THE RELATIVE PRONOUN Can be omitted the relative pronoun from the adjective clause when it is the object When the relative pronoun is the subject of the adj clause, it cannot be omitted The relative pronoun ( which, that, who, whom) can be ommited The relative pronoun ( whose, where, whereby) cannot be ommited Eg: I will talk to a consultant whom I met at the party I will talk to a consultant I met at the party The train which she was about to take was late The train she was about to take was late V PREPOSITIONS THAT COME BEFORE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE There are two ways: Formal: the preposition at the BEGINNING of the adjective clause Eg: The address to which you sent the package was wrong! Informal: the preposition at the END of the adjective clause Eg: The address which you sent the package to was wrong! VI “THAT”, “WHICH”, “WHO” IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSE “That” is not allowed to use in the follows After prepositions Eg: Derek is the sibling to whom I am closest In indefinite adj clause Eg: Broccoli, which people often leave uneaten, is very nutritious My brother, who claimed to have a limp, sprinted after the bus. “That” is compulsory After combined subjects Eg: The old man and his dog that walk in the park After superlative: Eg: This is the most beautiful house that Jack stays at This is the most hard question that I face in the competition After words: all, very, only Eg: You are the only person that can help us After words: first, last Eg: She is the first girl that I fall in love After words: much, little, some, any, no Eg: Much of work I did for you that you have never attented In the structure “ It+be+that ” Eg: It was the first time that I hear of it After interrogative pronouns Eg: Who is she that you miss ... REDUCED ADJECTIVE CLAUSES Defintion The reduced adjective clause becomes a phrase, which does not have a subject A phrase does not have a subject and a verb Classification of reduced adjective clause? ... II .ADJECTIVE CLAUSE DEFINTION An? ?adjective clause? ?is a dependent clause that contains a subject and verb As an adjective, modifies a noun or pronoun An adjective clause begin with words such as that,... of adjectives in the sentences Quality size Age Shape colour materi al origin partici ple Eg: A lovely large antique round black Spanish wooden mixing bowl II .ADJECTIVE CLAUSE DEFINTION An adjective