Mệnh đề danh từ nounnoun clauses

CHAPTER NOUNS AND NOUN CLAUSE IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE Definition  A noun is a part of the speech which includes words refering to the name of A person: Tom, Amy, John.ect  A place: NewYork, London, Japan.ect  A occupation or job title: student, teacher, worker  A quality: anger, discourage, kindness.ect  An action: reading, talking, writting.ect Noun can function in a sentences as Subject: The childrent phay the piano Object: He gave Mary a book Complement: She is a teacher Attribute: The student’s pen is in the table Part of adverbial modifier: He is running in the yard In apposition Eg: Mr Tom, the doctor, a brother When we speak directly to sb Eg: Tom, open the window, will you? The articles or determiners Eg: a pen, the book, the desk The prepositions: Eg: In the table, for a long time Classification The concrete nouns Eg: Apple, cat, flower, famer The abstract nouns Eg: Belief, love, pride, book, pen The proper nouns Eg: London, New Yorker, The French, John The common nouns Eg: car, dog, book, pen, desk The collective nouns Eg: audience, flock, group, family The material nouns Eg: Silk, wood, sand, rock The countable nouns Eg: Pencial/ pencials, apple/ apples, desk, clock The uncountable nouns Eg: Milk, water, music, snow The one word Eg: cat, dog, mokey, ship 10 The compound nouns Eg: Cupbroad, textbook, snowball, seafood FORMATION  Made by majors The conversion: is a change in the function of the word without any reduction Eg: - accecess, bottle, can, closet, email, fool, name,ship (v&n) - large, empty, (adj & n) - butter, nail, attack alert (n&v) 2.The derived nouns: are formed by adding affixes Adj + ness Eg: kindness, sadness, laziness, fondness Adj + dom Eg: kingdom, wisdom, dukedom Adj + th Eg: Length, warmth, strength Adj + ty Eg: Safety, cruelty, honesty Adj + ism Eg: socialism, heroism, alcoholism Adj + ist Eg: socialist, rightist, nationalist Noun + hood Eg: childhood, boyhood, motherhood Noun + ship Eg: friendship, memebership Verb + tion Eg: production, protection, quotation 10 Verb + ment Eg: development, argument, investment 10 Verb+ ing Eg: walking, reading, talking, writting 11 Verb+ er Eg: laughter, player, visitor 12 Noun +er Eg: New Yorker, footballer Compound nouns: are made by two or more free morphemes together N+ N Eg: board game, action movie, beauty shop Adj + N Eg: weak point, tight schedule, steady job V + N Eg: washing machine, swimming pool Gerund + N Eg: drawing-room, looking-glass, writingdesk 5: N+ gerund Eg: sight-seeing, horse-riding Adv + V Eg: Income, output, outcome V + Adv Eg: drawback, Lock-up, send-off Preposition/ adv+ N Eg: overcoat, downfall, afterthought Present participale+ N Eg: runnig water, crying child The shortened nouns: are made by cutting short the original nouns Eg: flu, smog, brunch 4 Gender • In english, noun are categorized as masculine, feminine or neuter • The gender of a noun affects the pronouns we use with it ( eg: he, she, it) and the possessve determiners ( eg: his, her, its) • The difference between male and female can be made by ways:  By different words: Eg: boy-girl, man-woman, husband-wife  By morphemes combination: Eg: actor-actress, host- hostess, water – wateress, lion- lioness boyfriend – girlfriend, manservant – maidservant, bull calf – cow calf • Gender- neutral nouns for people Eg: parent, teacher, doctor, worker, farmer • In literature, the nouns denoting strength or terrible concept are considered as male: Eg; day, war, death, the sun • The nouns showing beautiful, acttractive concept are considered as female Eg: night , the moon, freedom, peace, spring Number  There are numbers in noun- number: singular and plural Singular form  Indicates one thing  Both the countable nouns and the uncountable nouns have the singular form Eg: a pen, a book, a dog, money, water, oil The plural form  Indicates more than one person and one thing  It is expressed by a countable nouns added with a bound morpheme expressing plural Eg: books, pens, movies  Ways to form plural from singular By suffixing “s” to the singular-noun Eg: joy- joys, run- runs, chair- chairs, radio- radios By suffixing “es” to the singular form ending (ch, sh, s, ss, x,z) Eg: glass-glasses, bench-benches, bush-bushes, churchchurches By changing the last letter –f, - fe into –ves Eg: shelf- shelves, knife- knives Exceptions:  The ending sound nouns –ief, -oof, -ff, -rf that only adding –s Eg: roof- roofs, cliff- cliffs, serf- serfs  Some of them have plural forms Eg: staff – staffs or staves, dwarf- dwarfs or dwarves By changing the last letter –u into –ies Eg: baby- babies, lady- ladies, story- stories, citycities By changing the letter –o into –es Eg: tomato- tomatoes, hero- heroes Exception: radio- radios, piano- pianos By changing the inside vowel of the singular Eg: man- men, woman- women, foot- feet, tooth, teeth By suffixing –s to the main word in a compound word Eg: son-in- law – sons-in-law, step-son – step- Special cases  Few nouns which end in –s are used in singular form Eg: News, physics, politics, mathematics…  Few collective noun, though they are in singular forms, are used in plural forms Eg: Poultry, cattle, people, gentry, etc  Few nouns have same forms both in sigular and plural forms Eg: sheep, deer, swine, cod, ect…  Few nouns are used only in the plural forms Eg: Trousers, scissors, spectacles, thanks, draughts, ect…  Few nouns have different forms in plural But the forms have different meanings Eg: brother- brothers (son of same parents) and brethren (members of a society)  Few nouns have different meanings in the singular and in the plural Eg: advice (counsel) – advices (information), air (atmosphere) – airs (artifical manners)  Few nouns have one meaning in singular but two or more meanings in plural Eg: custom (habit) – customs (habits & taxes) effect (result) – effects (results & property)  ways of pronouncing plural form:  Pronounce /s/ after voiceless consonant Eg: books, maps, fruits  Pronounce /z/ after voiced consonant and vowels Eg: tables, doors, pens  Pronounce /iz/ after sibilants: Eg: hourses, churches, pieces Case  Indicates the function of a noun phrase or the relationship of a noun phrase to a verb or to other noun phrases in the sentences  There are case: Nominative case: are nouns as the subject of a sentence Eg: The painter paints the portraits The objective case: are nouns or pronouns as the direct objects of verbs or the objects of preposition Eg: - I met your sister - The book is on the table The common case  Is characterized by the zero-inflexion  Are defined by means of word order or prepositions Subject: I come home Part of complement: It is a easy question Direct and indirect object: He gives me a book Prepositional object: He look in the sky Part of adverbial modifier: She went to the park The possessive case: are nouns that denotes possession or ownership and governed by the noun that follows it Eg: This is your pencil It is our idea Noun functions Functions Subject Complemet Object Attribute Part of adverbial modifier Examples She come to the party It is a compicated question He gives me a book This is an old brick house She waks in the park Nouns clause  Is a subordine clause that has a subject and verd, used like a noun  Fuction: As subject Eg: Whoever thought of the idea is a genius As object Eg: She talks whatever she wants  The noun clause are introduced by: Wh- questions: when, what , why, who, ect…  CLASSIFICATION Beginning with the question word Eg: What did he invent? –-> I don’t know what he invented When did he invent? –> I’m not sure when he invented it Beginning with whether or if Eg: Will it work? > He wonders whether/ if it will work Did they believe him? > I don’t know if they believed him Beginning with that