Legislative implementation by vietnam of its obligations under the united nations drug control conventions (luận văn thạc sĩ luật học)

Faculty of Law Legislative Implementation by Vietnam of Its Obligations under the United Nations Drug Control Conventions Hoa Phuong Thi Nguyen This thesis is presented as full requirements for the award of a PhD at the University of Wollongong August 2007 CERTIFICATION I, Hoa Phuong Thi Nguyen, declare that this thesis, submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Doctor of Philosophy, in the Faculty of Law, University of Wollongong, is wholly my own work unless otherwise referenced or acknowledged The document has not been submitted for qualifications at any other academic institution Hoa Phuong Thi Nguyen 31 July 2007 i ABSTRACT Lying across many important traffic routes in South-East Asia and located within the proximity of the Golden Triangle, Vietnam has become an international transit point for illicit drugs The availability of drugs smuggled from its neighbouring countries has brought about an alarming increase in drug abuse in the whole country, and especially among the youth Having a tropical monsoon climate, it has also traditionally faced the problems of opium poppy cultivation and opium smoking among the ethnic populations in its mountainous and upland areas In 1997, with the ratification of the three UN Drug Control Conventions, Vietnam officially stepped into the international battle against illicit drugs Becoming a Party to the Conventions, it came under obligations to bring domestic legislation into line with international standards This Thesis examines, in-depth, the legal framework for drug control in Vietnam adopted in the years since it became a Party to the UN Drug Control Conventions The Thesis first defines the obligations of Parties under these Conventions and then compares and analyzes strengths and weaknesses of Vietnamese legislation implementing the obligations The contributions made by this Thesis to the field of drug control research are twofold First, it contributes a new understanding of Vietnamese successes and shortcomings in drug control laws that implement international obligations and identifies opportunities for improvement of the national drug control legal framework Secondly, the success of international drug control mechanisms depends heavily on implementation by the individual contracting Parties Yet state implementation in accordance with national legislation and institution capabilities varies considerably This case study of Vietnamese implementation is useful for furthering understanding of the transformation of drug control international standards into national law, especially in developing countries having similar legal, social and economic features, such as are found in Indo-China àảÃáạằẳ ặầẩẫấậè ẽéẹềểễếệìỉ ĩíịòỡỏõó ổỗốộờởỡớợù ũúụừửữứựỳỷ ỵ I.e Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, opened for signature 30 March 1961 (entered into force December 1964); Convention on Psychotropic Substances, opened for signature 21 February 1971 (entered into force 16 August 1976) and Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, opened for signature 20 December 1988 (entered into force 11 November 1990) ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Leaving behind a beloved family to travel abroad for fulltime PhD research is truly a very hard undertaking I could not have departed on this journey if my husband had not given me strong encouragement, originating from his profound understanding of my desire for further study Therefore, I am deeply in debt to his love During the completion of necessary procedures for this travel, I was greatly supported by a teacher whom I much respect, Mr Xuan Te, and my kind-hearted managers, Mr Quang De and Mrs Hoang Hoa Deeply in my heart, I would like them to know that without their support I could not have continued this further study Doing research in Australia – a completely new academic environment – has not been easy, but everything seemed to be much simpler working with Professor Gregory Rose who is my principal supervisor Since our first meeting, I have much admired him for his critical and logical views His comments and clear guidelines have led me to stronger arguments on the subjects studied From the bottom of my heart, I profoundly appreciate the supervision of Prof Rose of my research project I am also grateful to have been under the co-supervision of Associate Professor Doug McKinnon who is a director of the Centre for Transnational Crime Prevention Although not focusing in detail upon each issue raised, his overall comments helpfully widened my views I am especially grateful for his support in the form of arrangements for various social activities during the time I studied in Wollongong In addition, I greatly appreciate the help of Mr Peter Moore with editing my Thesis As English is not my mother language, I unavoidably made a number of grammatical mistakes and, in certain cases, did not express my views as well as I might The edition of Mr Moore meaningfully helps me to have a well-written Thesis in English Personally, I could not have spent my time fully on my research but for my dear sisters While I was away from home, my older and younger sisters kindly looked after our father so that I was able to concentrate on the research They have also insistently encouraged me to keep going with the work Their selfless devotion to me is always in my heart And finally, special thanks are given to some of my friends in Australia: Tracy Wood, Aladine Magareih, Ong Tom and Ba Francie Their friendship has been truly meaningful to me personally iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii TABLE OF CONTENTS iv LIST OF FIGURES x INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background 1.2 Statement of the Problem 1.3 Research Questions 1.4 Scope and Methodology .10 1.5 Contributions of the Thesis 13 1.6 Synopsis of the Thesis 14 VIETNAMESE CONTEXT FOR DRUG CONTROL 18 2.1 General Data 19 2.1.1 Location and Territory 19 2.1.2 Climate .22 2.1.3 Population 23 2.2 Political System 27 2.2.1 Communist Party 27 2.2.2 Mass Organizations 29 2.3 State System 30 2.3.1 National Assembly .30 2.3.2 President .31 2.3.3 Government 32 2.3.4 Prime Minister 33 2.3.5 People‟s Council and People‟s Committee 34 2.3.6 People‟s Courts 35 2.3.7 People‟s Procuracy .36 2.4 Vietnamese Legal System 36 2.4.1 Overview 36 2.4.2 The 1992 Constitution, amended in 2001 39 2.4.3 Sources of Law 39 iv 2.5 Economic and Social Changes over the Country 41 2.5.1 Doi Moi Policy - A Turn in the Country‟s Development 42 2.5.2 2.6 Remaining Difficulties and Problems 46 Conclusion 47 DRUG PROBLEMS IN VIETNAM AND VIETNAM‟S RATIFICATION OF THE UN DRUG CONTROL CONVENTIONS 49 3.1 Drug Problems in Vietnam 50 3.1.1 Historical Overview 50 3.1.2 Drug Cultivation 52 3.1.3 Drug Trafficking 58 3.1.4 Drug Abuse 66 3.2 Ratification of the Three United Nations Drug Control Conventions 72 CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES 79 4.1 Controlled Substances under the UN Drug Control Conventions 80 4.1.1 Defining the Controlled Substances: Enumerative Method 80 4.1.2 Narcotic Drugs under the 1961 Convention 83 4.1.3 Psychotropic Substances under the 1971 Convention 86 4.1.4 Substances Frequently Used in the Illicit Manufacture of Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances under the 1988 Convention 91 4.2 Controlled Substances under Vietnamese Legislation 96 4.2.1 Defining Controlled Substances: A Combination of Enumerative and Descriptive Methods 96 4.2.2 Definition and Schedules of Narcotic Substances 101 4.2.3 Definition and Schedule of Precursors 108 4.3 Conclusion 110 5CONTROLS ON LICIT DRUG ACTIVITIES 113 5.1 5.1.1 Restrictions on the Cultivation of Drug-Producing Plants 115 Restrictions on the Cultivation of Drug-Producing Plants under the 1961 Convention 115 5.1.2 Prohibition on the Cultivation of Drug-Producing Plants under Vietnamese Legislation 117 5.2 Quantitative Restrictions in Licit Drug Activities 118 v 5.2.1 5.2.2 Quantitative Restrictions under the Drug Control Conventions 118 Quantitative Restrictions in Licit Drug Activities under Vietnamese Legislation 123 5.3 Control of International Trade in Drugs: Import and Export Authorizations 128 5.3.1 Control of International Trade in Drugs under the Drug Control Conventions 128 5.3.2 Control of International Trade in Drugs under Vietnamese Legislation 131 5.4 Licensing of Licit Drug Activities and Premises 134 5.4.1 Licensing under the Drug Control Conventions 134 5.4.2 Licensing under Vietnamese Legislation 137 5.5 Control on Persons Involved in Licit Drug Activities 140 5.5.1 Control on Persons under the Drug Control Conventions 140 5.5.2 Control on Persons Involved in Licit Drug Activities under Vietnamese Legislation 142 5.6 Medical Prescriptions 144 5.6.1 Medical Prescriptions under the Drug Control Conventions 144 5.6.2 Medical Prescriptions under Vietnamese Legislation 146 5.7 Label Warning 147 5.7.1 Label Warning under the Drug Control Conventions 147 5.7.2 Label Warning under Vietnamese Legislation 148 5.8 Advertisement Limitation 149 5.8.1 Advertisement Limitation under the Drug Control Conventions 149 5.8.2 Advertisement Limitation under Vietnamese Legislation 150 5.9 Record Keeping 150 5.9.1 Record Keeping under the Drug Control Conventions 150 5.9.2 Record Keeping under Vietnamese Legislation 152 5.10 Conclusion 154 CRIMINALIZATION OF DRUG-RELATED OFFENSES 161 6.1 6.1.1 Drug-Related Offenses 162 Overview 162 vi 6.1.2 Supply-Related Offenses 6.1.3 Consumption-Related Offenses 165 183 6.1.4 Inchoate and Accessory Offenses 189 6.2 Penalties 193 6.2.1 Penalties under the UN Drug Control Conventions 193 6.2.2 Penalties under Vietnamese Legislation 199 6.3 Conclusion 207 JURISDICTION AND EXTRADITION 216 7.1 Jurisdiction over Drug-Related Offenses 7.1.1 217 Jurisdiction over Drug-Related Offenses under the UN Drug Control Conventions 7.1.2 Jurisdiction over Drug-Related Offenses under 217 Vietnamese Legislation 224 7.2 Extradition of Drug-Related Offenders 228 7.2.1 Extradition under the UN Drug Control Conventions 228 7.2.2 Extradition under Vietnamese Legislation 235 7.3 Conclusion 242 LAW ENFORCEMENT COOPERATION 244 General Obligations 245 8.1 8.1.1 General Convention Requirements for Law Enforcement Cooperation 245 8.1.2 General Commitments of Vietnam 8.2 Mutual Legal Assistance 8.2.1 247 248 Mutual Legal Assistance in Accordance with Article of the 1988 Convention 248 8.2.2 Confiscation 257 8.2.3 Transfer of Proceedings 267 8.3 Cooperation in Specific Law Enforcement Measures 268 8.3.1 Controlled Delivery 268 8.3.2 Prevention of the Use of Mail for Illicit Drug Traffic 272 8.4 Conclusion 275 9SPECIAL ADMINISTRATION FOR DRUG CONTROL 277 vii Special Administrative Arrangements under the UN Drug Control Conventions 278 9.1.1 Obligations of Parties under the 1961 Convention 278 9.1.2 Obligations of Parties under the 1971 Convention 282 9.1.3 Obligations of Parties under the 1988 Convention 283 Administrative Arrangements for Drug Control in Vietnam 286 9.2.1 National Authorities Engaged in Drug Control 286 9.2.2 Special Administration for Drug Control 302 Conclusion 308 10 OBLIGATIONS TO FURNISH INFORMATION 314 Overview 315 10 10 Estimates and Statistics on Quantities of Drugs for Medical and Scientific Purposes 10.2.1 323 Estimates and Statistics on Quantities under the UN Drug Control Conventions 323 10.2.2 Estimates and Statistics under Vietnamese Legislation 329 10 Furnishing of Other Drug Control Information 332 10.3.1 Annual Report Questionnaire 332 10.3.2 Responses by Vietnam to the ARQ and Its Legislation on Drug Statistics 333 10 Conclusion 340 CONCLUSION 342 11 Controlled Substances 342 11 Controls on Licit Drug Activities 343 11 Criminalization of Drug-Related Offenses 347 11.3.1 Drug-Related Offenses 347 11.3.2 Penalties 350 11 11 Jurisdiction and Extradition 351 11.4.1 Jurisdiction 351 11.4.2 Extradition 352 11 Law Enforcement Cooperation 353 11.5.1 Mutual Legal Assistance 353 viii Drugs, Preparations of Addictive Drugs, and Promulgating the Control Regime Applicable to Them 1999, amended by Decision 1442/2002/QD-BYT 2002 (Ministry of Health)] Quyet Dinh so 2557/2002/QD-BYT ve viec ban hanh Quy Che Thong Tin, Quang Cao Thuoc Dung Cho Nguoi, My Pham Anh Huong Truc Tiep den Suc Khoe Con Nguoi 2002 (Bo Y Te) [trans: Decision 2557/2002/QD-BYT promulgating the Control Regime on Providing Information and Advertising Drugs and Cosmetics that Affect Human Health 2002 (Ministry of Health)] Quyet Dinh so 3047/2001/QD-BYT ban hanh Quy Che Quan Ly Thuoc Huong Tam Than, Danh Muc Thuoc Huong Tam Than, Tien Chat Dung lam Thuoc va Danh Muc Thuoc Huong Tam Than o Dang Hon Hop 2001, duoc Sua Doi Bo Sung theo Quyet Dinh 1443/2002/QD-BYT 2002 va Quyet Dinh 71/2004/QDBYT 2004 (Bo Y Te) [trans: Decision 3047/2001/QD-BYT to Promulgate Schedules of Psychotropic Drugs, Precursors Used in the Manufacture of Psychotropic Drugs and Preparations of Psychotropic Drugs, and Promulgating the Control Regime Applicable to Them 2001, amended by Decision 1443/2002/QD-BYT 2002 and Decision 71/2004/QD-BYT 2004 (Ministry of Health)] Thong Bao so 32/TB-VPCP Y Kien Ket Luan cua Pho Thu Tuong Pham Gia Khiem tai Cuoc Hop Uy Ban Quoc gia Phong, Chong AIDS va Phong, Chong Te Nan Ma Tuy, Mai Dam 2004 (Van Phong Chinh Phu) [trans: Circulation 32/TB-VPCP on Conclusions of the Deputy Prime Minister Pham Gia Khiem at the Meeting of the National Committee for the Prevention and Suppression of AIDS, Drugs and Prostitution 2004 (Government Office)] Thong Bao so 76/TB-VPCP Y Kien Ket Luan cua Pho Thu Tuong Pham Gia Khiem tai Hoi Nghi Toan Quoc So Ket nam Thuc Hien Cong Tac Phong, Chong AIDS va Phong Chong Te Nan Xa Hoi 2004 (Van Phong Chinh Phu) [trans: Circulation 76/TB-VPCP on Conclusions of the Deputy Prime Minister Pham Gia Khiem at the National Conference on Summing up the Three-Year Implementation of the Work of Prevention and Suppression of AIDS, Narcotics and Prostitution 2004 (Government Office)] Thong Bao so 91/TB-VPCP Y Kien Ket Luan cua Pho Thu Tuong Pham Gia Khiem tai Cuoc Hop Thuong Ky cua Uy Ban Quoc Gia Phong, Chong AIDS va Phong, Chong Ma Tuy, Mai Dam 2005 (Van Phong Chinh Phu) [trans: 412 Circulation 91/TB-VPCP on Conclusion of the Deputy Prime Minister Pham Gia Khiem at the National Conference on Summing up the Three-Year Implementation of the Work of Prevention and Suppression of AIDS, Narcotics and Prostitution 2005 (Government Office)] Thong Tu Lien Nganh 07/TTLN Huong Dan Ap Dung Dieu 96a va Dieu 203, 1992 (Bo Noi Vu, Toa An Nhan Dan Toi Cao, Vien Kiem Sat Nhan Dan Toi Cao) [trans: Joint Circular 07/TTLN Guiding the Application of Article 96a and Article 203 of the Criminal Code 1985, 1992 (Ministry of Interior, Supreme People's Court and Supreme People's Procuracy)] Thong Tu Lien Tich so 01/2005/TTLT-VKSTC-TATC-BCA-BQP Huong Dan Thi Hanh Mot So Quy Dinh cua Phap Luat Cong Tac Thong Ke Hinh Su, Thong Ke Toi Pham 2005 (Vien Kiem Sat Nhan Dan Toi Cao, Toa An Nhan Dan Toi Cao, Bo Cong An va Bo Quoc Phong) [trans: Joint Circular 01/2005/TTLT-VKSTC-TATC-BCA-BQP Guiding the Implementation of a Number of Regulations on Criminal Statistics and Statistics on Criminal Offenses 2005 (People's Supreme Procuracy, People's Supreme Court, Ministry of Public Security and Ministry of National Defence)] Thong Tu Lien Tich so 01/2006/TTLT-BCA-BBCVT ve Huong Dan Thuc Hien Mo va Kiem Tra Thu, Buu Pham, Buu Kien, Goi Hang Hoa Gui Qua Mang Buu Chinh Cong Cong va Mang Chuyen Phat Nhanh Nham Phat Hien Toi Pham ve Ma Tuy 2006 (Bo Cong An va Bo Buu Chinh Vien Thong) [trans: Decision 01/2006/TTLT-BCA-BBCVT Guiding the Opening and Examination of Mails, Postal Parcels, Postal Packages and Other Commodity Packages in Postal Services and Other Express Delivery Services for the Purpose of Discovering Drug-Related Crimes 2006 (Ministry of Public Security and Ministry of Posts and Telamatics)] Thong Tu Lien Tich so 01/TTLT/TANDTC/VKSNDTC/BNV Huong Dan Ap Dung Bo Luat Hinh Su 1985, Sua Doi Bo Sung nam 1997, 1998 (Toa An Nhan Dan Toi Cao, Vien Kiem Sat Nhan Dan Toi Cao, Bo Noi Vu) [trans: Joint Circular 01/TTLT/TANDTC/VKSNDTC/BNV Guiding the Application of the Criminal Code 1985, amended in 1997, 1998 (People's Supreme Court, People's Supreme Procuracy and Ministry of Interior)] Thong Tu Lien Tich so 02/TTLT/TANDTC/VKSNDTC/BNV Huong Dan Ap Dung Mot so Quy Dinh tai Chuong VIIA 'Cac Toi Pham ve Ma Tuy' cua Bo Luat 413 Hinh Su 1985, 1998 (Toa An Nhan Dan Toi Cao, Vien Kiem Sat Nhan Dan Toi Cao, Bo Noi Vu) [trans: Joint Circular 02/TTLT/TANDTC/VKSNDTC/BNV Guiding the Application of Chapter VIIA titled 'Drug-Related Crimes' of the Criminal Code 1985, 1998 (People's Supreme Court, People's Supreme Procuracy and Ministry of Interior)] Thong Tu Lien Tich so 07/2004/TTLT-BCA-VKSNDTC Huong Dan Thuc Hien Mot so Quy Dinh ve Thi Hanh Hinh Phat doi voi Pham Nhan Chap Hanh Hinh Phat tai Nha Tam Giu 2004 (Bo Cong An va Vien Kiem Sat Nhan Dan Toi Cao) [trans: Joint Circular 07/2004/TTLT-BCA-VKSNDTC Guiding the Application of a Number of Provisions on Serving Custodial Sentences at Custodial Places 2004 (Ministry of Public Security and People's Supreme Procuracy)] Thong Tu Lien Tich so 09/TTLT/TANDTC/VKSNDTC/BNV Huong Dan Ap Dung Dieu 96a va Dieu 203, 1996 (Toa An Nhan Dan Toi Cao, Vien Kiem Sat Nhan Dan Toi Cao, Bo Noi Vu) [trans: Joint Circular 09/TTLT/TANDTC/VKSNDTC/BNV Guiding the Application of Article 96a and Article 203 of the Criminal Code 1985, 1996 (People's Supreme Court, People's Supreme Procuracy and Ministry of Interior)] Thong Tu so 01/2004/TT-BYT Huong Dan ve Hanh Nghe Y Duoc Tu Nhan 2004 (Bo Y Te) [trans: Circular 01/2004/TT-BYT Guiding Private Medical and Pharmaceutical Practice 2004 (Ministry of Health)] Thong Tu so 04/2000/TT-BCN Huong Dan Cach Ghi Nhan Hang Hoa la San Pham cac Nganh San Xuat Cong Nghiep 2000 (Bo Cong Nghiep) [trans: Circular 04/2000/TT-BCN providing Guidance on the Labeling of Industrial Products 2000 (Ministry of Industries)] Thong Tu so 14/2001/TT-BYT Huong Dan Ghi Nhan Thuoc va My Pham Anh Huong Truc Tiep toi Suc Khoe Con Nguoi 2001 (Bo Y Te) [trans: Circular 14/2001/TT-BYT providing Guidance on the Labelling of Drugs and Cosmetics that Affect Human Health 2001 (Ministry of Health)] Treaties Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, opened for signature 20 December 1988 (entered into force 11 November 1990) 414 Convention on Psychotropic Substances, opened for signature 21 February 1971 (entered into force 16 August 1976) Hiep Dinh Tuong Tro Tu Phap ve Cac Van De Dan Su va Hinh Su giua Nuoc Cong Hoa Xa Hoi Chu Nghia Viet Nam va Nuoc Cong Hoa Dan Chu Nhan Dan Lao 20 thang nam 2000 [trans: Bilateral Treaty on Mutual Judicial Assistance in Civil and Criminal Matters between Vietnam and Laos, 20 February 2000] Hiep Dinh Tuong Tro Tu Phap ve Cac Van De Dan Su va Hinh Su giua Nuoc Cong Hoa Xa Hoi Chu Nghia Viet Nam va Nuoc Cong Hoa Nhan Dan Trung Hoa 19 thang 11 nam 1998 [trans: Bilateral Treaty on Mutual Judicial Assistance 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Dan Su, Gia Dinh va Hinh Su giua Nuoc Cong Hoa Xa Hoi Chu Nghia Viet Nam va Mong Co 17 thang nam 2000 [trans: Bilateral Treaty on Mutual Judicial Assistance in Civil, Family and Criminal Matters between Vietnam and Mongolia, 17 April 2000] Hiep Dinh Tuong Tro Tu Phap ve Cac Van De Dan Su, Gia Dinh va Hinh Su giua Nuoc Cong Hoa Xa Hoi Chu Nghia Viet Nam va Nuoc Cong Hoa Ba Lan 22 thang nam 1993 [trans: Bilateral Treaty on Mutual Judicial 415 Assistance in Civil, Family and Criminal Matters between Vietnam and Poland, 22 March 1993] Hiep Dinh Tuong Tro Tu Phap ve Cac Van De Dan Su, Gia Dinh, Lao Dong va Hinh Su giua Nuoc Cong Hoa Xa Hoi Chu Nghia Viet Nam va Cuba 30 thang 11 nam 1984 [trans: Bilateral Treaty on Mutual Judicial Assistance in Civil, Family, Labor and Criminal Matters between Vietnam and Cuba, 30 November 1984] Protocol Amending the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961, opened for signature 31 December 1972 (entered into force August 1975) Single Convention on Narcotic 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Nhung Vuong Mac Thuc Tien Xet Xu va cac Kien Nghi' (Paper presented at the Hoi Thao ve Thuc Tien Dau Tranh Phong Chong Ma Tuy va Van De Hoan Thien Phap Luat Phong Chong Ma Tuy, Hanoi, Vietnam, 2002) [trans: Le, Thanh Binh, 'The Current State of Trials for Drug-Related Crimes in Hanoi: Difficulties in Practice and Recommendations for Revision' (Paper presented at the Conference on Law Enforcement in Drug Control and Some Issues on Improving Vietnam's Legal Framework for Drug Control, Hanoi, Vietnam, 2002)] Nguyen, Duc Nga, 'Hai Quan Viet Nam voi Cong Tac Dau Tranh Chong Buon Lau Ma Tuy' (Paper presented at the Hoi Thao ve Phong Chong Ma Tuy cua Viet Nam va Phap, Hanoi, Vietnam, 1998) [trans: Nguyen, Duc Nga, 'Vietnamese Customs in the Combat against Illicit Drug Trafficking' (Paper presented at the Conference on Narcotics Prevention and Suppression between Vietnam and France, Hanoi, Vietnam, June 1998)] Nguyen, Huu Lam, 'Tinh Trang Nghien Ma Tuy va cac Bien Phap Cai Nghien Ma Tuy o Viet Nam' (Paper presented at the Hoi Thao ve Phong Chong Ma Tuy cua Viet Nam va Phap, Hanoi, Vietnam, 1998) [trans: Nguyen, Huu Lam, 'Situation of Drug Abuse and Measures for Drug Abuse Treatment in Vietnam' (Paper presented at the Conference on Narcotics Prevention and Suppression between Vietnam and France, Hanoi, Vietnam, June 1998)] Nguyen, Minh Duc, Hoan Thien Khung Phap Luat Hinh Su doi voi Toi Pham ve Ma Tuy o Viet Nam (D Phil thesis, Hoc Vien Canh Sat Nhan Dan, 2003) [trans: Nguyen, Minh Duc, Improving Criminal Legal Framework Dealing with Drug-Related Crimes (D Phil Thesis, Politics Institution, 2003)] Nguyen, Sinh Xo, 'Vai Tro cua Bo Doi Bien Phong Dau Tranh Phong Chong Toi Ma Tuy o Khu Vuc Bien Gioi' (Paper presented at the Hoi Thao ve Thuc Tien Dau Tranh Phong Chong Ma Tuy va Van De Hoan Thien Phap Luat Phong Chong Ma Tuy, Hanoi, Vietnam, 2002) [trans: Nguyen, Sinh Xo, 'The Role of Border Guards in relation to Drug Control in the Areas along Vietnam‟s Borders‟ (Paper presented at the Conference on Law Enforcement 420 in Drug Control and Some Issues on Improving Vietnam's Legal Framework for Drug Control, Hanoi, Vietnam, 2002)] Nguyen, Thu Quy, 'Thuc Trang Toi Pham Ma Tuy tren Dia Ban Ha Noi va nhung Kien Nghi, Giai Phap' (Paper presented at the Hoi Thao ve Thuc Tien Dau Tranh Phong Chong Ma Tuy va Van De Hoan Thien Phap Luat Phong Chong Ma Tuy, Hanoi, Vietnam, 2002) [trans: Nguyen, Thu Quy, „Situation of DrugRelated Crimes in Hanoi, Recommendations and Solutions' (Paper presented at the Conference on Law Enforcement in Drug Control and Some Issues on Improving Vietnam's Legal Framework for Drug Control, Hanoi, Vietnam, 2002)] Nguyen, Thanh Thuy, 'Mot So Van De Phap Ly va Thuc Tien Dat Ra Qua Trinh Thi Hanh cac Ban An ve Ma Tuy' (Paper presented at the Hoi Thao ve Thuc Tien Dau Tranh Phong Chong Ma Tuy va Van De Hoan Thien Phap Luat Phong Chong Ma Tuy, Hanoi, Vietnam, 2002) [trans: Nguyen, Thanh Thuy, 'Some Legal Issues and Difficulties in Practice relating to Trials for DrugRelated Crimes' (Paper presented at the Conference on Law Enforcement in Drug Control and Some Issues on Improving Vietnam's Legal Framework for Drug Control, Hanoi, Vietnam, 2002)] Nguyen, Van Du, 'Mot So Van De ve Phong Chong Ma Tuy Vung Thuoc Nhiem Vu cua Bo Doi Bien Phong' (Paper presented at the Hoi Thao ve Phong Chong Ma Tuy giua Viet Nam va Phap, Hanoi, Vietnam, June 1998) [trans: Van Du Nguyen, 'Some Issues on Narcotics Prevention and Suppression in the Areas under the Control of Border Guards' (Paper presented at the Conference on Narcotics Prevention and Suppression between Vietnam and France, Hanoi, Vietnam, June 1998)] Nguyen, Viet Sach, 'Mot So Van De ve Cong Tac Dieu Tra Toi Pham Ma Tuy' (Paper presented at the Hoi Thao ve Thuc Tien Dau Tranh Phong Chong Ma Tuy va Van De Hoan Thien Phap Luat Phong Chong Ma Tuy, Hanoi, Vietnam, 2002) [trans: Nguyen, Viet Sach, 'Some Issues on Investigation of Drug-Related Crimes' (Paper presented at the Conference on Law Enforcement in Drug Control and Some Issues on Improving Vietnam's Legal Framework for Drug Control, Hanoi, Vietnam, 2002)] Nguyen, Xuan Yem, 'Van De Phoi Hop giua cac Co Quan Tham Gia Phong Chong Ma Tuy o Viet Nam' (Paper presented at the Hoi Thao ve Phong Chong Ma 421 Tuy cua Viet Nam va Phap, Hanoi, Vietnam, 1998) [trans: Nguyen, Xuan Yem, 'The Issue of Coordination among State Authorities Charged with Drug Control in Vietnam' (Paper presented at the Conference on Narcotics Prevention and Suppression between Vietnam and France, Hanoi, Vietnam, June 1998)] Pham, Thi Kim Hoan, 'Cong Tac Quan Ly Tien Chat o Viet Nam: Thuc Trang, Giai Phap va Kien Nghi Hoan Thien Phap Luat' (Paper presented at the Hoi Thao ve Thuc Tien Dau Tranh Phong Chong Ma Tuy va Van De Hoan Thien Phap Luat Phong Chong Ma Tuy, Hanoi, Vietnam, 2002) [trans: Pham, Thi Kim Hoan, 'Precursors Control in Vietnam: Real Situation, Solutions and Recommendations for Amelioration' (Paper presented at the Conference on Law Enforcement in Drug Control and Some Issues on Improving Vietnam's Legal Framework for Drug Control, Hanoi, Vietnam, 2002)] Pouls, Jean, 'Co Quan Hai Quan cuoc Dau Tranh Chong Ma Tuy' (Paper presented at the Hoi Thao ve Phong Chong Ma Tuy cua Viet Nam va Phap, Hanoi, Vietnam, 1998) [trans: Jean Pouls, 'Customs Authorities in the Combat against Drugs' (Paper presented at the Conference on Narcotics Prevention and Suppression between Vietnam and France, Hanoi, Vietnam, June 1998)] Quach, Sy Hung, 'Vai Tro cua Chinh Quyen Co So Cong Tac Phong Chong Ma Tuy' (Paper presented at the Hoi Thao ve Thuc Tien Dau Tranh Phong Chong Ma Tuy va Van De Hoan Thien Phap Luat Phong Chong Ma Tuy, Hanoi, Vietnam, 2002) [trans: Quach, Sy Hung, 'The Role of Local Authorities in Drug Control' (Paper presented at the Conference on Law Enforcement in Drug Control and Some Issues on Improving Vietnam's Legal Framework for Drug Control, Hanoi, Vietnam, 2002)] Quoc Hoi Nuoc Cong Hoa Xa Hoi Chu Nghia Viet Nam, Du Thao Luat Tuong Tro Tu Phap va Dan Do (Lay Y Kien Nhan Dan) at 25 March 2007 [trans: National Assembly of Vietnam, Draft Law on Legal Assistance and Extradition (open to Public Suggestions)] 422 Quoc Hoi Nuoc Cong Hoa Xa Hoi Chu Nghia Viet Nam, Thong Tin ve Cac Ky Hop Quoc Hoi (2007) at April 2007 [trans: National Assembly of Vietnam, Information on Meetings of the National Assembly] Regional Center for East Asia and the Pacific, Alternative Development Sharing Good Practices Facing Common Problems - Alternative Development Cooperation in East Asia, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime at 07 January 2005 SEAPOL, SEAPOL Workshop on 'Regime-Building in South-East Asia' - Phuket, Thailand, May 1-3, 1989 and SEAPOL Workshop on 'The Entry into force of the Law of the Sea Convention: Issues and Prospects' - Chiangmai, Thailand, May 27-29, 1991 (1989 and 1991) Sollier, Joel, 'Cac Cong Cu Hop Tac Tu Phap Quoc Te Linh Vuc Phong Chong Buon Ban Bat Hop Phap cac Chat Ma Tuy' (Paper presented at the Hoi Thao ve Phong Chong Ma Tuy cua Viet Nam va Phap, Hanoi, Vietnam, 1998) State General Statistics Office, 'Report on Analysis of Surveys Concerning the Basic Income in the Main Places of the Opium Poppy Cultivation Region' (1994) Tran, Xuan Sac, 'Tinh Trang Nghien Ma Tuy va Van De Cai Nghien Ma Tuy o Viet Nam' (Paper presented at the Hoi Thao ve Phong Chong Ma Tuy cua Viet Nam va Phap, Hanoi, Vietnam, 1998) [trans: Tran, Xuan Sac, 'Situation of Drug Abuse and Matters Concerning Drug Abuse Rehabilitation in Vietnam' (Paper presented at the Conference on Narcotics Prevention and Suppression between Vietnam and France, Hanoi, Vietnam, June 1998)] Truong, Minh Manh, Phan Loai Toi Pham theo Luat Hinh Su Viet Nam (D Phil thesis, Vien Nha Nuoc va Phap Luat, 2003) [trans: Truong, Minh Manh, Classification of Crimes in the Vietnamese Criminal Law (D Phil Thesis, State and Law Institution, 2003)] Tu, Van Nhu, 'Cong Tac Xet Xu cac Vu An ve Ma Tuy va nhung Kien Nghi Hoan Thien Phap Luat' (Paper presented at the Hoi Thao ve Thuc Tien Dau Tranh Phong Chong Ma Tuy va Van De Hoan Thien Phap Luat Phong Chong Ma Tuy, Hanoi, Vietnam, 2002) [trans: Tu, Van Nhu, 'Trials for Drug-Related Crimes: Recommendations for Law Improvements' (Paper presented at the 423 Conference on Law Enforcement in Drug Control and Some Issues on Improving Vietnam's Legal Framework for Drug Control, Hanoi, Vietnam, 2002)] United Nations International Drug Control Program, Statistics and Analysis on Supply and Trafficking in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances 1996 (1996) United Nations Offices on Drugs and Crime at 07 January 2005 United Nations International Drug Control Programme, Commentary on UNDCP Model Drug Abuse Bill 2000, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crimes at 05 September 2005 United Nations International Drug Control Programme, Model Drug Abuse Bill 2000, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime at 05 September 2005 United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Revised Manuals on the Model Treaty on Extradition and on the Model Treaty on Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters at 25 March 2007 United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime Vietnam, Drug Abuse in Lai Chau Province: Rapid Situation Assessment, December 2001 (2001) United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime at 20 September 2004 United Nations Office on Drugs and Crimes Vietnam, Vietnam: Country Profile, 2003 (2003) United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime at 18 December 2004 United States Department of Justice, Drug Intelligence Brief - the Drug Situation in Vietnam, November 2001 United States Department of Justice at 13 November 2004 424 United States Department of State Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, Excerpt from: International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, March 2004, Vietnam United Department of State International Information Programs at 17 August 2004 UNODC Vietnam, Drug Abuse in Hanoi: Insights and Application for Intervention, March 2002 (2002) United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime at 12 December 2004 Uong, Chung Luu, 'Phap Luat va Chinh Sach Hinh Su Dau Tranh Phong Chong Ma Tuy o Viet Nam' (Paper presented at the Hoi Thao ve Phong Chong Ma Tuy cua Viet Nam va Phap, Hanoi, Vietnam, 1998) [trans: Uong, Chung Luu, 'Law and Criminal Policy in the Combat against Narcotics in Vietnam' (Paper presented at the Conference on Narcotics Prevention and Suppression between Vietnam and France, Hanoi, Vietnam, June 1998)] Us Department of State Bureau of International Narcotics Matters, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, April 1994: Chemical Controls at 21 September 2005 Vu, Hung Vuong, 'Luc Luong Canh Sat voi Cong Tac Phong, Chong Ma Tuy o Viet Nam' (Paper presented at the Hoi Thao ve Phong Chong Ma Tuy cua Vietnam va Phap, Hanoi, Vietnam, 1998) [trans: Vu, Hung Vuong, 'Police Force in the Combat against Narcotic Substances in Vietnam' (Paper presented at the Conference on Narcotics Prevention and Suppression between Vietnam and France, Hanoi, Vietnam, June 1998)] Vu, Quang Vinh, 'Hoan Thien He Thong Phap Luat co Lien Quan den Cong Tac Phong, Chong Toi Pham ve Ma Tuy' (Paper presented at the Hoi Thao ve Thuc Tien Dau Tranh Phong Chong Ma Tuy va Van De Hoan Thien Phap Luat Phong Chong Ma Tuy, Hanoi, Vietnam, 2002) [trans: Quang Vinh Vu, 'Improving the Legal Framework for Narcotics Suppression and Prevention' (Paper presented at the Conference on Law Enforcement in Drug Control and Some Issues on Improving Vietnam's Legal Framework for Drug Control, Hanoi, Vietnam, 2002)] 425 Vu, Quang Vinh, Hoat Dong Phong Ngua cac Toi Pham ve Ma Tuy cua Luc Luong Canh Sat Nhan Dan (D Phil thesis, Hoc Vien Canh Sat Nhan Dan, 2003) [trans: Vu, Quang Vinh, People's Police and Drug-Related Crime Prevention (D Phil Thesis, Police Institution, 2003)] Vu, Quang Vinh, 'Tinh Hinh Chung ve Cong Tac Kiem Soat Ma Tuy va Van De Phong Chong Ma Tuy o Viet Nam' (Paper presented at the Hoi Thao ve Phong Chong Ma Tuy cua Viet Nam va Phap, Hanoi, Vietnam, 1998) [trans: Vu, Quang Vinh, 'General Situation on Narcotics Control and the Issue of Narcotics Prevention and Suppression in Vietnam' (Paper presented at the Conference on Narcotics Prevention and Suppression between Vietnam and France, Hanoi, Vietnam, June 1998)] WHO and UNDCP Global Initiative on Primary Prevention of Substance Abuse, Substance Use in South-East Asia: Knowledge, Attitudes, Practices and Opportunities for Intervention - Summary of Baseline Assessments in Thailand, the Philippines and Viet Nam at 27 September 2005 World Health Organization, WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence Technical Report Series: Thirty-third Report at 27 September 2005 World Health Organization, Guidelines for the WHO Review of Dependenceproducing Psychoactive Substances for International Control (2000) at 15 September 2005 426 ... for drug control in Vietnam adopted in the years since it became a Party to the UN Drug Control Conventions The Thesis first defines the obligations of Parties under these Conventions and then... this Thesis makes an original contribution to the literature in this field with an assessment of the ? ?Legislative Implementation by Vietnam of its Obligations under the United Nations Drug Control. .. 3.1.4 Drug Abuse 66 3.2 Ratification of the Three United Nations Drug Control Conventions 72 CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES 79 4.1 Controlled Substances under the UN Drug Control Conventions