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O.A* S6 (246)-2016 NGON N G C & DOI S N G UWrm i dvea INGON NGty HQC VA VIgT NGO* H Q C ] MU C H f VA VAN DE NGUON NHAN LV*C DAN TQC THIEU SO: K £ T QUA KHAO SAT TINH DIfN BIEN ILLITERACY AND PROBLEMS IN HUMAN RESOURCES CONCERNING ETHNIC MINORITIES: RESULTS OF THE SURVEYS IN DIEN BIEN PROVINCE TRANTRI DOI (GS.TS; DH KHXH & NV, DHQG H i N^i) Abstract: The province of Dien Bien in Vietnam is the residential area of different ethnic groups, with the Thai being the largest Based on criteria for defining 'illiteracy' and standards for 'elimination of illiteracy' stipulated in various decisions and circulars of Vietnam Ministry of Education and Training enacted between 1956 and 2008, and results of several surveys in 2013 and 2014 among 3497 ethnic minority informants in out of the 10 districts in the province, the p^jer paints a true picture of illiteracy among the ethnic minorities herein.- Through an analysis of illiteracy data disaggregated by age group and sex in comparison with the total population of the surveyed area, the paper concludes with assessment of the quality of human resources of Dien Bien province amidst demands of the country's integration and globalization K ^ words: illiteracy; human resources; ethnic minority; Dien Bien province; elimination of illiteracy Doi net ve tinh dan t$c mien niii Di^n BiSn 1.1 Bi^n Biin la m^t tinh dan tgc thieu s6 mien nM cktea phdt trien Di$n BiSn Ik mpt tinh thu$c dja b ^ dtn t0c thi^u s6 viing mien nui TSy BSc Vi$t Nam, vfjra c6 du6ng biSn gidi vdi L^o phia Tfiy, \im c6 du6ng bien gidi v6i Trung Qu6c d phia BSc Dia hinh tinh c6 dong btog thung liing t h ^ Mu6ng Thanh, nhung chu yeu 1^ yuag ntii cao, dinh Pu Den Dinh hi^?n Mudng Nh6 cao 1.886 m Cho den hien nay, to^n tinh c6 tdi 55,3% t6ng di$n tich dat tu nhiSn, d6 96,9% Ik ikt d6i niH, cbn chua 6agc khai thdc Qua d6 c6 till n6i, ve dia hinh t\r nhien, Dien Bi€n th\rc s\r 14 m$t nhOng ^ a b ^ dan tgc thieu s6 mien ndi diln hinh cua viing Tay BSc Tr€n dja b ^ cua tinh, hlfn c6 Idi 21 dan t0c vdi s6 dan 14 491.046 ngu6i [Tong dieu tra dan s6 nSm 2009, (2010)] cung sinh song Trong so do, nguoi Thai chilm 38% la dan t$c c6 so dan ddng ddng nhSt, tfau: hai la dan tOc M6ng chilm 30%, vi tri thu ba la nguoi Kinh (20%), tiep theo la nguoi Kho Mu (3,9%); nhDng dSn tpc khdc c6n lai nhu Ha Nhl, Khdng, Dao, Xinh Mun, Hoa, L4o, Tay \h nhiing c0ng d6ng chi c6 tir 5.200 din tren mpt nghin ngudi; nhOng dan tpc nhu Cong, Si La v.v chi c6 duoi m0t nghin nguM Ve m^t ngon ngil, cic dan tgc thieu so sinh song d Di$n Bien thupc vko nhiing ngft h$ rat khic nhu Thii - Kadai, M6ng - Dao, Han - Tang va Nam A [Tran Tri D5i, 2015] S\r da dgng vS nguon goc ngon ngii khien cho cdc d§n t0c thieu so day vira c6 nhitag n6t v9n hoi d$c trung c$i nguon cua minh, vira c6 n6t v3n h6a chung tilp xuc iSn ck khu v\ic Tky BSc Day la m$t d§c (Kem mang Igi nhieu Igi th^ hoat d$ng vSn h6a phyc vy phat trien ben vthig xS h$i; song n6 cung d^t nhfing thich t h ^ N G N N G C & Bin khong nhd vka Sk giO gin kh6i d?i doan ket cac dan toe vh &n dinh chfnh tri xS hpi V6i m|it dp dan s6 tinh Ih 49 ngu6i/km^ Di$n Bien hi$n 14 m§t nhiing tinh c6 ni$t dan s6 th^p nli4t cAa c&nu6c Hi?n tai, di^u kipn tM nguySn, co cdu Icinh tl chu ylu cija tinh Dien BiSn id idnh te nong - Itoi nghi$p, sau d6 la hofit dpng khai thdc kho^g san vd du iieh Trong ho^t d$ng kinh tl, ehat lupng ngu6n nhSn l\Tc la van de n6i c$m etja tinh D i ^ Bi6n Ti If lao dpng qua d ^ t^o ci^ tinh theo s6 li$u cong bo nam 2007 chi li 21,4%; va hka het nhiing lao d§ng deu la nhiing can b$, cong vi€n chiic l&m vifc Idiu v^rc nlid nu6c hay edc to chiic d o ^ thI xS h0i; d^ng thM hp sSng t$p trung d Di$n Bien Phl^, thi xS Mu6ng Lay vji cdc tli; trin-trung tSm cioa huy?n Trong d6, Ik tinh dSn tpe thi^u so mien niii nhimg t^ khu v\rc ndng thon, ngu6n nhSn l\rc khdng nhiing cdn bat clip v^ s6 lupng, ma c6n bat c^p ea vh chdt lupng Cling nhu cor cau Nhu s6 li$u cong b6 nam 2007, to4n tinh c6 89.500 hO, nhimg c6 tdi 29.368 hp d6i nghdo theo tieu chi lllc biy gid, ehiem ti 1$ t6i 32,81% R3 r^g, vdi diSu kipn t\r nhi@n vk tinh trang kuih ta -x§ h6i nhu the, Di$n Bita li mot tinh dSn tOc mien ntii ch$m plidt tri^n Chinh vi thI, vi$c Um hiiu \h phSn tich ch4t lupng nguon nhSn lire lao dOng day Id m$t vice Itai cin thiet va rdt c4p b4ch eho ph4t trien kinh te dia phuong 1.2 vi tieu chi xdc tfnh "mi ch/f" nghiin cAu ngudn nhan lytc lao dpng Trong nghiSn cihi chit lupng nguSn lihSn l\rc lao dpng, m0t dieu duong nliign \k chijng ta phdi tim hieu ve "trinh dp hpc van" hay "trinh dO van h6a" cila hp Doi vdi mOt dia ban dan tOc thieu so mien nijd nhu tinh Bi$n Bifin, vi$c nghidn ciiu "tinh trang mil chft" ciia nguiii dSn b day 14 mpt nhOng cich \iia phii hpp Vi chinh chi so n4y nd cho chijng ta biet chit lupng thvrc t^ c ^ S6NG S (246)-2016 ngitdi lao dOng d)a \xca dSn tpc thi^u s6 li nhu thI ndo Tieu chl xac djah tinh tr?ng "mii chiT dupe sil dvmg nhiing nghien cftu cila chiing tdi v4 it bdi vlet ndy 14 d\ra v4o c4c Quyfe dinh va Th6ng ciia Bp GD v4 DT Vift Nam c6ng bS tiJr nam 1956 din nam 2008 Trong m0t b4i vi& da c6ng b6 [Trin Tri D6i (2013)], chibg tdi da giai thich 11 vi chtlng ta l^i ph4i dp dyng nhiing tiSu chi n h ^ difn v ^ d^ "mil chii", v4 ci!ing vdi nd Id vin il "xda m i chiT v4 eh6ng "tdi md chii" d nude ta theo tiSu chuin Vi$t Nam chii khdng thI Id tiSu chuan quoe te [UNESCO (2006)] Vd theo tiSu chuin Vift Nam, mdt ngudi dupe xem Id bi& chii (tic Id da "xda mil ehiF'/"thodt n?n mii ehtt") ngudi dd cd tilnh dp tuong duong vdi trinh d0 di hpe Idp din 16p Ijjc tieu hpc; cdn sau bilt chii, nlu khdng cdn giii dupe nhiing kien thiic dd hpc d thdi ki trade thi hp Id ngudi "mil chO trd l?i" hay "tdi mii chti" va nhu v$y, hp l?i id nhiing ngudi "md chii" Trong bdi vi& dd cdng b6, chiSng tdi tvmg phSn tich 11 vi vdi dieu kipn ciia Vift Nam, cd 16, khdng nSn ik ngh) d^t van dl xdc dinh tinh trang *'mii chii" vd "xda md chO" theo tiSu chl UNESCO n6u Vi ddy la vin &k nhan hpc ngon ngU hay ngdn ng& hqc x3 hpi ciia tung qii6c gia nen n6 phdi phy thu$c vdo tiSu chi cia mdt quoo gia cy thI m6i tuong quan giiia kinh ti - x3 hdi - vdn hda - gido dye ciia qu^c gia dd quy djnh d ddy cung xin ndi rd Id ket qud phSn tich md chiing idi trinh l)ay bdi viSt 14 ndi v^ hipn tupng "mii chii" tieng Vipt (ngon^ ngO qu6c gia ciia Vift Nam); chiing tdi cda: ehua ed dieu kifn thao ludn vh tinh trang "mil chii" tilng mp de eda ngudi ddn t?c thilu sd sinh sdng trfti dia bdn J.3 Cdch thiic thu thfp tir li$u Mphin tich Anh trgng "mil chO" S64(246)-2016 NG6N NGC & oia S6NG Tr&i co.sd tidu chl nh|n difn tinh tiang "mu chii" nhu trSn, vdo thdng n3m 2013 vd thdng ndm 2014, khudn kh6 thvrc hifn de tdi ciia D ^ hpc Qu6c gia Hd Ndi, chiing tdi da c6 cudc &ka dien dd d 12 xa phudng thudc 5/8 don vi hdnh chinh cip huypn Trong sd 12 xa phudng dd chl ed phudng Nam Thanh (Tp Difn BiSn Phu), thj trin Di$n Bito Ddng (huyfn Difn Bi6n Ddng) vd xd Ang Nua (huyfn Mudng Ang) khdng thudc dipn "xa ddc bift khd khdn" theo Quyk dinh s6 2405/QD-TTg ngdy 10 thing 12 ndm 2013 ciia Thii tudng Chlnh phii Sau Idp phieu phong vdn, chiing tdi thu th|ip tu lidu theo each mSi m$t phieu phdng vin phdi mpt phdng van vien (14 smh viSn, HVCH v4 NCS ng4nh ngdn ngiJ hpc) tryc txip thyc liifn Nhiing ngudi thyc hifn phdng vin trudc di khdo sdt diu dupe r^P hudn tren b4ng hdi v4 trdn phidu phdng vin v^ n0i dung vd cdch thdrc 1dm vifc Nhu v$y, mSi phieu phdng vin Id kit qud 1dm vifc true tilp ciia ngucri nghien cuu dd dupe chuin b} vh ndi dung vd cdch thirc phdng van Vipc lya chpn dja diem khdo sdt t^ thyc dia cCne diipe chiing tdi lya chpn theo nguyen tdc sau day Do ddc diem dan t$c ciia tinh Dipn Bien, nhiing dja jjdn cd cdc ddn tdc DSnt^c Khing KhcrMd M6ng HdNM Thdi T4y Mudng Niing Dao T6nEsi SL 0177 067! 0424 0206 2010 0003 0003 0001 0002 3497 % 04.69% 17.79% 11.24% 05.46% 53.30% 00.07% 00.07% 00.02% 00.04% 100% Thai, Mdng, Kho Mii la noi dupe uu tien phdng vSn D6ng thdi, ca quan gido dye ^ a phucmg Id chd thi chii dOng lya chpn dja bdn de ehdng tdi khdo sat de thu thdp s6 lipu E)6i tupng dupe phdng vin Id tat cd nhiing cu ddn tir tu6i (tdic Id dd din tu6i di hpc b$c Tiiu hpc) trd ISn liifn dang cd mdt t^i noi cu trd vdo thdi diim dupe khdo sdt Nhiing nguydn tdc vi cdch thiie thu th^p tu lifu nhu viia md td da dupe chiing tdi trinh hky chi tiit trong mpt nghien ciru trudc ddy cua mtoh [Trin Tri Ddi, 2014] Cdch 1dm ind chiing tdi md td d trSn Id di ddm bdo tinh khdch quan cua ngu6n tu lifu dupe thu thap dupe Cd nhu vdy, nhOng phdn tich dya vdo tu lipu diin dd mdi phdn dnh bdn chit ciia vin di Tinh tr^ng '^mii chii' thvc te** cua ngiToi dan tpc thiiu s6 & dja ban tinh Di^n Bien hif n 2.2 SS lifu vi "mi chti Ihi/c ti" cua ngirdi din t$c thiiu so &Bi$n Biin Vdi cdch thiic thu th$p s6 lifu nhu tren, chiing tdi dd cd dupe kit qud vi tinh trang "mil chU thifc ti (MCTT)" (titc gim ed ngudi dang "mil chii" vd ngudi dd "tdi md chii) cda ngudi ddn tpc thiiu si d Difn Bien nhu sau Mil chu' SL 089 50.28% 294 43.81% 147 34.66% 072 34.95% 458 22.78% 0% 0% 0% 002 100% 1062 30.36% % Tdi md cbii SL 049 27.68% 159 23.69% 072 16.98% 019 09.22% 280 13.93% 0% 0% 0% 0% 579 16.55% (Nguon: [Trdn Tri Doi ,2014]) % MCTT 77.96% 67.50% 51.64% 44.17% 36.71% 0% 0% 0% 100% 46.91% NG6NNGC&BOIS6NG Trong si danh sdch ddn tpc cd thu thdp tu lipu, nhiing ngudi thufc cdc ddn tOc Tay, Mudng, Niing, Dao cd s6 lupng dupe phdng van qud it (ting epng cd b6n ddn tpc chi 14 ngudi) Do chS tinh Difn Bidn Id dia b4n cu trd khdng tmyin thing cua nhiing ddn tfc ndi tren, ding thdi cdch liy don vi cu tni Id b4ii/14ng di phdng vin, cho nfn si ngudi thu thdp tu lifu thudc bin ddn tpc ay Ididng nliiiu 14 duong nhifn Vdi l^i trfn thyc ti, cu ddn nhiing ddn tpc nhu T4y, Mudng, Ndng, Dao chl 14 ngudi tic noi khdc din cu tni tai Difn Bifn Chinh vi the, ngudi dupe phdng vin thudc bin ddn tfc ndy cd thi coi Id trudng hpp "d§c biff khdng diin hinh Do vdy nhiing ddn tpe dd se khdng dupe chiing tdi dua di ddnh gid vif c phdn tich tinh trgng "md chii thyc ti" d tinh Difn Bifn Cho nfn chi cdn lai ddn tpc thiiu si (Khdng, Kho Mii, Mdng, Hd Nhl vd Thdi) dupe phdn tich vd so sdnh de nh§n x6t chat lupng nguin nhan luc lao dpng 2.3 Nhfn xit chung Qua phan tich so lifu tit bdng ting hpp ndi tren, chiing ta cd thi xdc nhan rdng so nhiing ddn tfc cu tni truyin thing d tinh Difn Bifn hifn nay, ngudi Khdng 14 eu dan cd ti If "mil chii thyc ti" d miic cao nhit, vdi a If Ifn tdi 77.96% si ngudi dupe phdng van Trong huyfn thi, ngudi Khang dupe phdng van d hai huyfn 14 Tuin Gido vd Mudng Cha; dd ngudi Khdng d Tuin Gido cd U If "md chiifliycte" Ifn din mire 83.47%, cdn d Mudng Chd ti If ndy fliip hon nhung cOng d mire cao Id 67.73% Mdt diiu ddng chii y nita Id, tdch biftrifng rS hai vin de "mu chii" v4 "tdi mu chii" thi ngudi Khang d Mudng Chd (53.22%) cd ti If "mil chii" cao hon ngudi Khdng d Tuin Gido (48.69%) nhung ngupc lai ngudi Khdng d Mudng Chd ed ti If "tdi mu chiT' d miretiiap(14.51%) hon, chi gin mft nila so vdi cu dan d Tuin Gido (34.78%) S64(246)-2016 Cd ti If "mu ehtt thyc ti" cao d mOc thU hai ddn t$c ndi trfn 14 ngudi Kho Mii (chiim 67.50% s6 ngudi dupe phdng vin) Ndi khdc di, vdd fl If "mil chiifliycti" nhu thi cling cd nghia 14 tinh tr^g "chua biit chii" ciia ngudi Kho Mii dang d mdc khd cao, chiim gin 2/3 si ngudi dupe phdng virL Trong huyfn thi tn4 chiing tdi tfau th^p tu lifu, ngudi Kho Md dupe phdng v^ d don vi 14 Difn Bifn, Mudng Ch4 vd Difn Bifn Ddng Trong si dd, ngudi Kho Mii d c4 ba huyfn cd ti If *'md chii" deu d miic tuong duong (Difn Bign Id 40.00%, Mudng Ch4 14 44.00% v4 Difn Bien Ddng 14 44.58%) Rifng vi ti If "tJi md chii", hai huyfn Difn Bifn (27.69%) vS Difn Bi6n Ddng (32.46%) ed U If d mite tuong duong nhau; dd ti If najr d huyfn Mudng Chd thi thap hon, chi bdng qud nila ti If d hai huyfn ndi trfn (17.60%) Hifn tupng ti'di ngugic giiia ti If "md chif vd "tdi md chii" ciia ngudi Kho Mii nhiing dia bdn khdc nhu thi phin ndo cflng giing nhu trudng hpp ngudi Khdng dil ndi d trfn; nhiSn sy chfnh Ifch d ngudi Kho Mu khdng d mire tiiyc sy Idn nhu trudng hpp cda ngudi Khdng Ngudi Mdng Id cu dan ed tinh Irgng "mil chii fliyc ti" d vi til fliil ba vdi U If 14 51.64% si ngudi dupe phdng vin Di^ Bifn, cfng ding ngudi Mdng dupe phdng vin d 6/7 dcm vi cap huyfn thj 14 cdc huypi Tuin Giao, Mudng Ch4, Mudng Nhf, Dijn Bifn Ddng, Mudng Ang v4 Difn Bien Phu Do cho, don vj cap huyfn thi nditi-en,ngudi Mdng d Mudng Nhf vd Difn Bifn Phu 14 nhiing eu ddn song "dan xen" vdi nhOng dan tdc khdc t^ diim cu Irl dupe phdng van nen si lupng khdng nhiiu; chi d bin don vj cdn I^i, hp dupe phdng van nhu Id chii thi eu tiii d bdn/ldng Giiia nhiing ngudi Mdng dupe phdng wk don vj cu tru Id bdn/ldng, ti If "mii chU tiiyc ti" cd flii ndi Id rit khdc Cy fliJ, niu nhu ngudi Mflng d Mudng Chd vd DiSn s i (246)-2016 NG6N NGC & B(n S6NG Bifn Ddng cd ti If mil chO xip xi mdc 50% (49.47%/ 50.00%) till ti If ndy d ngudi Mdng Mudng Ang chi Id 25.12%;tirongkhi dd d Tuin Gido 14 29.54%, Mudng Nhf chi 14 13.33% Ddy Id diim khdc bift nil b ^ nhit ndi vi ttnh tr?ng "mu chii fliyc ti" cua ngirdi Mdng d tinh Difn Bifn Diim khdc bift ndy ghi nhdn diiu kifn kinh ti xd hfi vd vdn hda d m5i huyfn thj ed lifn quan tryc tiip din mdc d$ "mil chii" cda c$ng ddng ngudi Mdng sinh song t?ii dja phuong [Trin Tri Ddi, 2013a] Ddy Id mOt thyc tk cin dupe chii y thich dang phdn tich bdn chit cda tinh iiang "mu chG" vd '*tdi md chii" cia ngudi IJTTS Hai ddn tdc Ha Nhi (vdi ti If 44.17%) vd Thdi (vdi fl If 36.71%) tiiy khdng d miic nhu ba ddn tdc ndi trSn nhung vin cdn d mdc cao Xin chd ^ Id ngudi Hd Niil chi dupe phdng vin nhit d mOt bdn nen si lifu chua cho ph6p chiing ta nhdn thiy sy khdc bift giiia cdc vimg Cdn dii vdi trudng hpp ngudi Thdi, chi hp dupe phdng vin d tit cd huyfn tlii nen miic df "mi chii thyc ti" cia hp ciing khdc tily theo timg dia phuong Cy thi, ngudi Thdi d Difn Bien Ddng cd ti If "mi chii thyc ti" cao nhit (59.70%), flip flieo Id ngudi Thdi d Tuin Gido (55.48%), Mudng Chd (49.99%), Difn Bifn Phi (33.78%), Mudng Nh6 (28.73%), Difn Bifn (28.56%) vd Mudng Ang (23.60%) Vdi ti If nhu flii, e0ng ding ngudi Thdi flnh Difn Bifn van thudc difn Id nhiing cu ddn phdi dupo coi Id c0ng ding "chua xda ini" niu can eiit theotifu chl quy dinh cua Nhd nude Vift Nam dd cdng bo ndm 1997 [B$ Gido dye vd D4o tao, 1997] Nhu vdy, phdn tich flieo th4nh phin ddn t0c trfn dja bdn flnh Difn Bifn, s6 lifu thu dupe cho phep chiing ta xdc dinh d tinh DSn t^c/ngurM Tu6i 6-17 MC 07/50 TMC 24/50 Difn Bien dan t§c thiiu si thuOc difn "mu chii thyc ti" h i ^ Id 46.91%, mpt flnh tr^g mi chii khd cao Nhu v§y, nhiing ddn tOc nhu Khdng, Kho Mi, Mdng, Hd Nhi v4 thdm chi cd ngudi Thdi d day cdn diu chua d^t d i chuin '^da mi" Nhd nude Vift Nam quy dinli Trfn m$t dia bdn ddn t$c thiiu so noi ngudi Thdi chiim 38% ddn si cia tinh, ngudi Mdng chiim 30%) vd ngudi Kinh chi chiim 20%, flnh trang "mu chii" nhu tren cia cdng ding cdc ddn tpe chic chin via cd lien quan m^t thiit, via ed dnh hudng khdng nhd din tinh trang phdt triin vd s i dyng nguon nhdn lyc lao dfng vifc ddm bdo sy tdng trudng kinh ti xa hdi ciia tinh Tinh hinh "mu cbi thi^c ti" cia ngudi dan t$c thiiu si d Difn Bien phdn tich theo gidi vi d$ tuoi 3.1 S6 lifu "mi chUrthffc ti" cia ngirdi din t$c thiiu s6 d Bi$n Biin phan tich theo t^ tuoi Dudi ddy Id si lifu "mi chi thyc te' phdn tichflieodf tiiii cia ddn tfc thiiu si tinh Difn Bifn Trong bdng, d eft thu nhit, bfn c ^ tfn ddn tfc Id ting si ngudi ddn tfc dupe phdng vin, tiip theo sau diu phiy (,) id so ngudi "mi chii"/"tdi mi chii" Trong ba eft phan theo baluratuii (6-17,1854 nii/59 nam v4 sau 55 nil/60 nam) thi si flii nhit 14 si ngudi "mi chO" hay "tdi mi chii"; si sau each ch^o (/) Id ting si ngudi df tiiii cda ddn tpc iy Trong bdng, mil ddn tfc eing s@ cd hai ti If ve mie dp "mi chii" vd "tdi mi chft" Id ti If (ti If so vdi ting si ngudi d dd tuii ciia dan tpc) vd ti / | (Id fl If so vdi ting so ngudi dan tfc dupe phdng van &k khdo sdt) So lifu 14 nhu sau: PhSn theo df tuoi Tu6i 18-54(n0r)/S9 (nam) MC 61/105 TMC 24/105 ' San 55(nii')/60 (aam) TMC 01/22 MC 21/22 NGON N G C & D d i S N G s i (246)-2016 58.09% 22.85% 48.00% 95.45% 14.00% 04.54% J^ *«% /J.JJ% 13.55% 11.86% 03.95% 00.56% 226/402 73/402 49/63 19/206 79/206 07/63 18.15% 56.21% Kho Mil 09.22% 38.34% 77.77% 11.11% 5J.9% 4337% Ti^60tr«ieD MC TMC 2/02 0/02 100% 02.89% 16/26 5/26 61.53% 19.23% 01.62% 0J.74?« 05/05 100% 0% 0238% 0% 0/06 03/06 5000% 0% 03.40% 0% 10/85 19/85 22.35% 11.76% 02.02% 01.06% 45/124 15 12.09% 36J9% 4