Bài viết nghiên cứu về nền kinh tế thương nghiệp của Việt Nam những năm đầu thế kỷ XX thông qua các hoạt động nội thương và ngoại thương. Để nắm chi tiết nội dung nghiên cứu mời các bạn cùng tham khảo bài viết.
NEN KINH TE THirCTNG NGHIEP COA VIET NAM N H O I G NAM DAU THl^ KY XX TA THITHUr T rong Chfldng trinh cua Paul Doumer, phfit triln thUdng mai lfi muc tidu cao nhfit cua cudc khai thfic thudc dia Ifin thfl nhfit bdi thiidng mai se giup Phfip thflc hidn duoc y biln Vigt Nam thfinh thi trfldng tidu thu hfing hda cua Phfip dong thdi cung cfip cho Phap nhiing san phim sinh ldi ciing nhiing san phim mfi nln kinh t l Phap dang can Vl phia chinh quyin thflc dan, dl thuc diy sfl phfit triln cua thUdng mai d thudc dia, trfldc h i t nd da rfi't chu y den viec to ehflc lai eac phdng thUdng mai Ngfiy 7-2-1901, Tong thong Phfip sac lenh lap Ban ehi dao Ndng - Lfim - Thfldng nghidp Ddng Dfldng Ngfiy 14-11-1901, Tofin quyin Paul Doumer nghi dinh quy dinh lai ehflc nang ciia cfic Phong thfldng mai Ddi vdi cfic nhfi tfl ban vfi eac cdng ty tfl ban, sii phat trien ciia cfic cdng trinh cdng cdng, nhfit la cfic tuyln dfldng sit, dfldng bd, dudng thiiy ciing nhfl sfl phfit triln cua cfic nganh kinh tg' cdng nghidp, ndng nghigp da tao nguon hfing vfi nhiing nhu elu kich thich sii phfit trien ciia viee budn ban, nhfi't lfi ngoai thUdng Mat khfic, dilu kien cua mdt n l n kinh t l cdn non yeu, Ddng Dfldng phu thude nhilu vfio • PGS.TS Vidn Sfl hoc ben ngoai, dd dfiy la cd hdi d l cac nhfi til ban, cac cdng ty tfl ban bd vd'n dfiu tfl vao vide budn bfin kiem ldi mot each de dfing Nfim 1906, ngudn vd'n tfl nhan, thfldng mai dflpc xIp vfio hfing thfl ba v6i 41,5 trieu francs, dflng sau diidng sfit 95 trieu, edng nghilp 72 tri$u vfi ehi diing trfldc ndng nghiep 13 trieu (1) vfi theo Charles Robequain, s i 492 tridu francs vfing mfi tfl nhfin dfiu tfl vfio Ddng DfltJi^ vdng 30 nam tfl 1888 den 1918, thfldng mai cung dflng vfio hfing thfl ba vdi 75 tridu francs (15%), dflng sau cdng ngliiep mo 249 trieu (51%), giao thdng vfin tai 128 tridu (26%) vfi dflng trfldc ndng nghidp 40 trieu (8%) (2) Tuy nhign, sd' 54 cdng ty vo danh dfldc thfinh lfip de kinh doanh d Ddng Dudng tfl nfim 1897 den nfim 1918, vdi ting sd' vdn ban dfiu 166 tridu franca mfi chung tdi dfin d trdn, cd tdi 10 cdng ty, cd t^ng s i v ^ 97 trieu francs hoat ddng hnh vflc thiidng mai, dflng hfing dfiu ve vd'n tror^ trfit tfl dfiu tfl cua cfic cdng ty Dieu dd noi len ring, vide budn ban gid khdng cdn le te nfla mfi da c6 sU tfip trung tu ban ldn cfic cdng ty dai thfldng vfi cac cdng ty chi phdi hfi'i nlifl tfit ca nhflng hoat ddng budn bfin vdi bdn ngoai cua Ddng Dudng ten hinh t€ Hiirong nghigp ciia Viet Ram Dilu dfing ndi lfi khfic vdi viec budn bfin rfldc dfiy cua ngfldi ban xfl, gid dfiy cdng fi^ nfiy khdng chi diln vdi cfic loai hfing ida thdng thfldng mfi nhilu loai hinh budn )fin mdi da ddi vfi cung khfie vdi thdi luen budn bfin nhd le quanh qufin trfldc ^ay, nhfit lfi theo quan nidm "trgng ndng, Ob huong", "bi quan toa cdng" cua triiu Nguyen, viec budn bfin vdi nfldc ngofii gid Ifldc gidi thflc dfin coi hfing dfiu vfi 3hinh phii t h u ^ dia n i m ddc quyin kilm sofit a Ngoai thfldng p h a t t r i e n Sii phfit triln cua ngoai thUdng cd t h i Ifldc nhfin thfiy d sfl ddi cua eae cdng ty :hfldng mai ldn vfi kdo theo lfi sfl md rdng dfin nguIn vin dfiu tU Vfi nhU da thfi'y, sd' 10 edng ty vd danh thfldng mai dfldc thfinh lfip tfl nfim 1897 din nfim 1918 thi cd din cdng ty hoat ddng linh vfle ngoai thfldng, cd tfiu budn dudng dfii vdi chinh quIe cung nhfl vdi eac nUdc khu vflc vfi cac nfldc ngofii chfiu A Sd' vd'n ban dfiu ciia cdng ty nfiy cd t h i dUdc tinh tdi 93 tri$u francs, gom: - Lien hiep thUOng mgi Dong Bucfng vd Phichdu • Cdng ty thuang mgi Phdp d Ddng DUdng - Cdng ty Thuang mgi vd vdn tdi thuy Viin Bdng • Liin hiip A • Phi - Liin hiip ddu hoa d chdu - Liin hiip Phdp - Bdng Buang - Cdng ty Bescours vd Cabaud - Cdng ty Xudt khdu Viin Bdng Sfl xufit hidn eua cfic dai cdng ty lfi mdt bilu hidn eiia sfl phfit triln vl chilu sfiu Knh vflc thUdng mai ndi ehung Sii phat triln ciia ngoai thfldng edn cd thi dflde nhfin thfiy d sfl tfing ldn ciia tong kim ngach xufit - nhfip khfiu thdi gian 18971918, tfl 81 tridu ding nfim 1897 (xufit 46 tridu, nhfip 35 tridu) tfing ldn 171 trieu dong nam 1902 (xufit 74 trieu, nhfip 97 trieu) ldn 179 trieu dong nam 1907 (xufit 98 trieu, nhfip 81 trieu), roi 192 trieu dong nfim 1912 (xufit 102 tridu, nhfip 90 trieu) tridu, nhfip 81 trieu), va 580 tridu francs (tUdng dfldi^ 235 tridu dong) nfim 1913 (3) Cung nhfl vay, sii phat triln ciia ngoai thUdng thdi ky nfiy cdn dUdc bieu hi$n d tinh trang vUdt trdi cua cfin cfin xufit nhfip khfiu Ket qua nghien eflu 16 nfim tfl 1897 den 1912 cho thfi'y, ehi cd nam (1900 - 1906) nhfip khiu vUdt xufi't khiu, nfim cdn lai, xufit khfiu ludn vfldt so vdi nhfip khiu, thudng lfi tren dfldi 10 tridu ding (4), cu the lfi (tinh bfing dong): 1897: 11 tridu; 1898: 10 tridu; 1899: tri$u; 1908: tridu; 1909: 11 trieu; 1910: 18 tridu; 1911: 11 trieu va 1912: 12 tridu (5) Cudi ciing, sii phfit trien cua ngoai thfldng cd the dflde nhfin thfiy d sii tfing ldn ctia gia tri xufit nhfip khfiu hfing hda Tfl 140 trieu dong la gia tri xufit, nhfip khfiu tnmg binh hfing nfim nhflng nfim 1899-1903 (trong dd xufit khfiu lfi 62 trieu dong vfi nhfip khfiu 78 tridu dong), s i nfiy tfing ldn 197 tridu ding nhflng nfim 1909-1913 (trong dd xufit khfiu lfi 105 tridu dong vfi nhfip khfiu lfi 92 trieu dong) (6) Tuy nhien, vdi muc dich ddc chilm thi tnidng Vidt Nam, Phfip tilp tuc fip dung dao luat quan t h u i nfim 1892 Theo dd, hfing hda Phfip vfio Viet Nam dfldc mien thue, hfing hda cfic nfldc khfic phai ddng t h u i tfl 25% dd'n 120% gifi tri hang hda Vi vfiy, Vidt Nam chii ylu nhfip khiu hang hda ciia Phfip hay ndi dung hdn lfi hfing hda Phfip da chiem linh thi trfldng Hghian euru IJeh sir s6 6.201 Vidt Nam, chdn Ip hang hda vfi cfic ngfinh san xufit ndi dia cung nhfl hfing hda tfl nfldc khfic, nhfijt la ciia Trung QuIc nhfip vfio thi trfldng Ddng Dfldng b Noi thxtn di cfic nUdc vi nhiing ly d trdn Tren thi tinh ciia Cambodge (Ndng Pdnh, Krake, tnidng, bay gid day khdng phai chi cd nhflng Stungsteng, Battambang ) Ngofii edn mfit hfing quen thudc cua mdt nln kinh t l mpt tfiu hdi nudc cung cua Lien dofin tren tfl Ifiy ndng nghidp lfim trpng tfim nfla mfi dfi Sfii Gron chd hfing di Bfing C6c, hay tdi Hdn xufit hidn nhflng loai hfing hda mdi nhu dfiu Chdng, dao Phfl Quoc de mua hat tidu Cudi hoa, cfic san phim chd' tao cdng nghidp tfl cflng, cfic sfi lflp cua ngfldi Hoa chd hfing tfl may mfic den kim din cfic hfing xa xi Sfii Gdn tdi Vung Tfiu hay tfl Sfii Gdn di Thu hay nhu cfic san phfim ndng nghidp mdi Dfiu Mdt, tfl My Tho tdi Trfi Vinh, di Sa dflpc san xufit tren cfic don diln nhfl cfi Ddc, qua Cai Bd, Vinh Long (24) phd, sfla, phd mfit thfim chi cdn xufit hi$n Budn ban ndi dia tfing ldn, sd ca cfic loai hfing hda dS.c bi$t nhfl bfi't ddng thfldng gia tfing ldn vfi t h u i mdn bfii ndi san, dien, nfldc vfi sinh cfic ngfinh budn ehung cung tfing ldn, dd cd thud' dfinh ban tiidng flng: kinh doanh bfit dong san, vfio budn bfin dien, nflde Sfl xufi't hien cua nhflng san Hfi Ndi, nfim 1901 cd tong cdng 4.504 phfim nfiy trdn thi tnidng din Iflpt chiing lai ngudi phai nop t h u i mdn bfii (205 ngfldi cd tfic dung kich thich sfl phfit trien eua cfic Au, 203 ngfldi A vfi 4096 ngfldi ban xfl), ngfinh kinh te d nfldc cung nhu sti nfim 1907 tfing them 766 the mdn bfii nfla phfit triln ciia ngoai thfldng, lfim hiln doi cd Rghian curu Lich si stf S.2Q13 cfiu dfin cfl vfi ddi sd'ng kinh t l - xa hdi ciia nhflng viing cd n l n kinh t l ndi thfldng phat triln Viec budn ban phfit dat dfi tao dilu kien cho mdt so thfldng nhfin ngfldi Viet tu Ifip cfic edng ty thUdng mai cua rieng mmh dl canh branh vdi cfic dm thii khac Khdng "rfSi mM" "duy tdn" dfiu thg' ky XX cdn khien ca eac nhan si, si phu von chl eoi trpng nghi "sV, coi re nghe "thuang" phai thay doi cfich nghi, each lfim Hp da dflng hd hao hay tfl lfip cac hang budn, cfic to chfle thiidng nghidp, ehfing h^n nhfl: Nguyen Quyen lfip Hong Tdn HUng; Hofing Tfing Bi lfip Bdng Thdnh XUdng b Hfi Ndi; Dang Nguyen Cfin, Lg Hufin, Ngd Diic Ke lfip Triiu BUOng thUOng qudn b Nghe An; Nguyin Quyin va Hofing Tfing Bi lflp Qudng Nam hiip thuang Cdng ty Noi len luc bfi'y gid la; hdng budn Qudng Hung Long; hdng budn Qudng Hop tch b Bfic K^; Qudng Nam hiip thiidng cdng ty; Cdng ty Phuang Ldn b Trung Kf; Cdng ty nUdc mdm Liin Thdnh b Nam Ky (28) Cdng ty Qudng Hung Long thfinh lfip nfim 1907 d Hfi Ndi la mdt cdng ty budn ban ldn nhfi't cua ngfldi Vidt dfiu t h I k y XX Cdng ty Qudng Hop fch thfinh lfip nfim 1907 d Hfi Npi eiing di ldn cflng kilu vdi Qudng HUng Long chuyen budn the, lua, sa, xuyin, vflc, nhieu Cdng ty Liin Thdnh (29) dfldc mdt s i thfin SI phong trfio Bdng Kinh nghia thuc lfip nfim 1907, dflng dfiu lfi bfic si H i Tfi Bang, vdi sfl ho trd ciia m^t so k^ hfio (anh em ho Hujhih lfi Ba Dfiu vfi Mfldi Ngd) ciing vdi sfl hd trp ciia mpt so thUdng gia giau cd ngfldi Hoa (Trfin Gia Hda hay Ba Xi) cd tru sd tai Sfii Gdn vfi Phan Thilt chuydn budn ban vfi san xufit nfldc mfim Tdm lai, khudn k h i ciia cudc khai thac thudc dia Ifin thfl nhfit cua thiic dan Phfip, thfldng mai cua Ddng Dfldng ndi ehung, eiia Vipt Nam ndi ridng da cd nhflng bflde phfit triln nhfit dinh, dfldc bilu hidn ol ca ngo£U thfldng vfi ndi thfldng ciing nhfl d sfl xufit hien cua nhflng nhfin to" ciia mdt nln thfldng mai hipn d^ Tuy nhidn, mdt nln thUdng mai nam tay ngfldi Phap chi lfi hinh thflc tfldc doat nguIn tfii nguyen vfi san ph^m thudc dia dl lfim ldi cho cfic nhfi tfl ban, cae cdng ty tfl ban boat ddng Snh vflc thfldng mai Phfip mfi thdi CHU THICH (1) Andr6 Dumarest: La formation de classes sociales en Pays Annamites, Lyon, 1935, ban d i n h miy tr 30 situation de I'Indochine de 1902 d 1907, S&i Gon 1908 tr 462, 462, 463, 463, 464, 467, 467, 467, 467, 467,469.470,470,471,249, 249,257 (?)• (6) Charles Robequain: L 'Evolution economique de f//idocAme^wicnise", Paris, 1939, tr 189, 342 (3) (4), (5), (8) Resume Statistique relatif aux annees 1913-1940 (7) Nguyin Khanh Toin Lich svl Viit Nam tflp II 1858-1945, Nxb Khoa hpc xa h6i H i Nfti, 2004, tr 120 (12) Pierre Richard Peray: Le Vi4t Nam au XX" siicle, Paris, 1979, tr 44 (9) Diidng Kinh Quoc: Viet Nam nhffng sU kiin tich sur 1858-1918, Nxb Giao due H i N^i, 1999, tr 267-268 (10) (11), (13), (14), (15), (16), (17), (18), (19), (20), (21), (22) (23), (24), (25), (26), (27) Paul Beau: La (28) Nguyin CSng Binh: K m hieu giai cdp tU sdn Viit Nam thdi Phdp thudc, Nxb V i n - Sil • Dia, H i N$i, 1969, tr 42-43 (29) Tham kb?o bfii vilt cua Trjnh V i n Thao: i a T h i n h (1906-1975) v i ai^ thay dli cua m^* doanh nghidp t i n tien" (Li6n T h i n h 1906-1975 et transfiguration d'une entreprise modemiate Esaai de aociologie historique), Vi^r Nam: Le moment moderniste, Univerait^ de Provence, 2009, tr 149-169 ... Lich svl Viit Nam tflp II 1858-1945, Nxb Khoa hpc xa h6i H i Nfti, 2004, tr 120 (12) Pierre Richard Peray: Le Vi4t Nam au XX" siicle, Paris, 1979, tr 44 (9) Diidng Kinh Quoc: Viet Nam nhffng sU... budn bto ndi dia nfiy, budn ban ndi xfl Nam KJ trung binh lfi 8.307.000 francs /nam Ren kinh t£ Hiircmg n g h i ^ eiSa Vi^ Ram Bang 4: Buon b i n ven bd ciia Nam Ky tit 1897 d i n 1906 (21) Nim 1897... lfim cho Vidt Nam francs nfim 1911 ldn 800 tri^u nfim 1918 vJ phu thudc vfio Phap, n l n kinh t l Viet Nam 1,8 ty francs nfim 1919 thi gifi tri hfing h6a trd thfinh cai dudi cua kinh t l chinh