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Phan MOT SO CHU THUYET ■ XA HOI HOC HIEN DAI Chu’o’ng THUYET CHlfC NANG M ot so lu a n d ie m goc Lich sti cua thuyet gan lien vdi ten tuoi cua cac nha xa hoi hoc nhU: Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, Emile Durkheim, Vilfredo Pareto (1848-1932), Athur RadcliffeBrown (1881-1955), Bronislaw Malinowski (1884-1942), Talcott Parsons (1902-1979), Robert Merton (sinh 1910), Peter Blau (1918 - 2002) va nhieu ngUdi khac Ve mat thuat ngti, chu thuyet chtic nang dUdc goi la thuyet chtic nang-cau true hay thuyet cau trtic-chtic nang Du vdi ten goi nao, cac tac gia cua chu thuyet chtic nang deu nhan manh tinh lien ket chat che cua cac bo phan cau nen mot chinh the ma mdi bo phan deu cd chtic nang nhat dinh gdp phan dam bao sU ton tai cua chinh the dd vdi tu cach la mot cau true tudng doi on dinh, ben vting Mot sd" tac gia coi thuyet chtic nang-cau true la mot dang xuat hien tUdng doi cham cua thuyet chtic nang xa hoi hoc Parsons va Merton da tting sti dung thuat ngti va tting dUdc coi la tac gia cua thuyet chtic nang-cau true 217 Nhiing sau nay, chinh Parsons da cho rang cum tii “chtic nang-cau true'’ la ten goi khong thich hdp ly thuyet xa hoi hoc va dung thay vao dd la thuyet he thong1 De tranh tranh luan khdng can thiet, d day chi dung mot ten goi chu thuyet chtic nang de chi mot tap hdp gom cac ly thuyet cau true, cac ly thuyet chiic nang va cac ly thuyet ket hdp chiic nang vdi cau true nhii chiic nang-cau true, cau trucchiic nang2 Cac ly thuyet khac ve nhieu diem nhiing deu thong nhat d nhiing luan diem goc, nhiing pham tru, khai niem cd ban va phiidng phap luan nghien ciiu Nguon goc ly luan cua thuyet cau truc-chiic nang la: thii nhat, truyen thong khoa hoc xa hoi Phap coi sii on dinh, trat tii cua he thong vdi cac bo phan cd quan he chiic nanghiiu cd vdi chinh the he thong; va thii hai, truyen thong khoa hoc Anh vdi thuyet tien hoa, thuyet kinh te, thuyet vi ldi, thuyet hiiu cd phat trien manh3 Tii hai truyen thong da sinh nhiing y tiidng khoa hoc ve xa hoi nhii la mot sinh the hiiu cd dac biet vdi he thong gom cac phan cd nhiing chiic nang nhat dinh tao cau true o’n dinh Comte la ngiidi dau tien de hiidng nghien ciiu tinh hoc xa hoi de tim hieu cac quy luat tri sii o’n dinh, trat tii cua Talcott Parsons The Present Status o f Structural-Functional Theory in Sociology, Lewis A Coser (Ed ) The Idea o f Social Structure: Papers in Honor o f Robert K Merton New York 1975 Tr 67 Do la nhiing ten goi khac cua cac bien the t i mot chu thuyet chic nang lich s i xa hoi hoc Hansjurgen Daheim Thuyet chtic nang-cau true., Cdc ly thuyet xa hoi hoc hien dai Guter Endruweit (chu bien) Nxb The Gidi Ha Noi -1999 Tr 49-160 218 cau true xa hoi Ong cho rang thieu sU phoi hdp nhip nhang giufa cac bo phan ma cau true xa hoi bi roi loan gay sU bat thudng xa hoi NhUng dng chua sti dung khai niem chtic nang vdi tu cach la pham tru xa hoi hoc Spencer da van dung hang loat cac khai niem sinh vat hoc nhu sU tien hoa, sU phan hoa chtic nang va dac biet la khai niem cau true va khai niem chtic nang de giai thich cac hien tudng cua sinh the/cd the xa hoi Spencer cho rang thdng qua qua trinh phan hoa, chuyen mon hoa ma xa hoi loai ngUdi da tien hoa tti hinh thtic ddn gian len phtic tap Ong chi rang sU bien do’i chtic nang cua cac bo phan keo theo sU bien doi cau true cua ca chinh the xa hoi Durkheim khdng nhting nghien ctiu chtic nang va cau true xa hoi ma dUa cac quy tac sti dung cac khai niem lam cdng cu phan tich xa hoi hoc Durkheim de yeu cau la nghien ctiu xa hoi hoc can phai phan biet ro nguyen nhan va chtic nang cua sU kien xa hdi Ong cho rang viec chi dUdc chtic nang ttic la ich ldi, tac dung hay sU thoa man mot nhu cau khdng cd nghia la giai thich dUdc sU hinh va ban chat cua sii kien xa hoi De lam dieu dd, can phai vach cac tac nhan gay su kien xa hoi Ddng gop vao xay dung thuyet chtic nang-cau true cd cac nha nghien ctiu khac Vilfredo Pareto (1848-1923)1 nhan Vilfredo Pareto (1848-1923) la nha xa hoi hoc, nha kinh te hoc ngiidi Italia Tac gia cuon sach Luan ve xa hoi hoc dai ctfdng (Tattato di Sociologia Generate) xuat ban nam 1916 Ngufdi dau tien diia thuat ngii "tinh hoa” (elite) de chi mot thieu so' ngiidi thong tri da so ngUdi khac xa hoi Tac gia bang phan loai hanh dong xa hoi logic va phi logic Pareto coi xa hoi hoc la mot khoa hoc tong hdp nghien ciiu xa hoi noi chung Ong viet ring: Xa hoi ngiidi la doi tUdng cua nhieu nghien ctiu Mot so tao 219 manh vai tro cua trang thai can b ln g dong sii bien doi cau true xa hoi Bronislaw Malinowski (1884-1942)1 la ngUdi dau tien van dung khai niem chiic nang vao nghien ciiu cac nhu cau va chiic nang tam ly cua cac ca nhan Tuy ma thuat la gia khoa hoc, nhung theo dng ma thuat cd nhiing chtic nang quan doi vdi ngUdi nhu nghi le hoa va cung co niem tin, hy vong, sii lac quan cua ngUdi cuoc dau tranh chong lai sU sd hai, nghi ngd va bi quan2 Thed dng, xa hoi dUdc to chiic de dap iing cac yeu cau va sii doi hoi tam ly cua ca nhan Radcliffe-Brown (1881-1955)3 chu trUdng nghien ciiu chiic nang cua cac thiet che" he thong xa hoi Theo dng, xa hoi hoc phai trd khoa hoc tu nhien (thuc chiing) ve xa hoi vdi nhiem vu chu yeu la phat hien cac quy luat cua nhiing bo mon chuyen nganh: luat, kinh te chinh tri, lich s i chinh tri, lich s i cac ton giao, v.v M ot so" khac chua diidc phan biet bang cac ten goi cu the Theo Pareto, tong hdp tat ca cac nghien ciiu nao nham muc dich tim hieu xa hoi noi chung, chung ta co the dat cho cai ten la X a hoi hoc Bronislaw Kaspar Malinowski (1884-1942) la nha nhan hoc xa hoi chic nang ngiidi Ba-lan Lay bang tien sy toan-ly, nhung sau chuyen sang nghien c iu nhan hoc xa hoi va (cung v6i Radcliffe-Brown) de thuyet cau tricch ic nang de giai thich cac hien tUdng van hoa, xa hoi, kinh te, chinh tri moi hen he tao mot chinh the cau true Ong giang day mon nhan hoc xa hoi tai trUdng Dai hoc Kinh te London, 1927-1938 Ly thuyet ch ic nang cua ong the hien ro nhat cuon: A Scientific Theory o f Culture (1944) Bronislaw Mahnowski M a thuat,khoa hoc vd ton gido, Hoi khoa hoc lich s i Nhiing van de nhan hoc ton gido Nxb Da N ln g 2006 Tr 212-213 Alfred Radcliffe-Brown (1881-1955) la nha nhan hoc ca'u tr ie -c h ic nang ngUdi Anh Tac gia thuyet xa hoi hoc so sanh nhan hoc Giang day d nhieu triidng dai hoc d Anh, M y, Uc, Nam Phi Tac pham chinh: Structure and Function in Primitive Society (1952) 220 moi quan he xa hoi gitia cac ca nhan Ong coi cau true xa hoi la hinh mau, mo hinh cua cac quan he xa hoi hinh thanh, bien doi dieu kien lich sti cu the Moi quan he dac biet gitia khai niem cau true xa hoi vdi tmh cach la cong cu, phUdng phap phan tich va hien thuc xa hoi gom cac moi lien he xa hoi diidc Claude Levi-Strauss (sinh 1908)1 lam ro nghien ctiu no’i tieng cua dng ve nhan hoc cau true Ong diia “Nguyen tac can ban la khai niem cau true xa hoi khdng cd quan he vdi thiic te kinh nghiem luan nhiing lai cd quan he vdi nhting md hinh diidc xay diing theo thiic te nay”2 Nhiing, theo dng, chi nhting md hinh nao dam bao bon dieu kien sau day mdi diidc goi la cau true (1) cau true cd tinh he thong vdi nghia la sii bien doi cua yeu to" cua md hinh se keo theo sii bien doi cua cac yeu to" khac, (2) mdi sii bien doi tUdng ting vdi mot md hinh, dd toan bo mot loai bien doi tao mot nhdm nhting md hinh tudng ting, (3) tti bien doi cua mot yeu to" ctia md hinh cd the du bao sii phan ting cua ca md hinh, (4) md hinh dUdc xay diing de giup Claude-Levi-Strauss (sinh 1908) la nha nhan hoc xa hoi ngiidi Phap Sinh d Bruxelles, Bi nam 1908 Nam 1914 gia dinh ong ve song d Versailles, Phap Ong hoc luat d Sorbome, nam 1928 diidc bau lam tong thii ky Lien doan sinh vien xa hoi chu nghia Hoan luan an tien sy ve Cau true ca ban cua he than toe nam 1947 d Dai hoc Sorbone Giang day dai hoc d nhieu ndi co Hoa Ky Ong co cong lap Phong thi nghiem nhan hoc xa hoi va sang lap Tap chi Nhan hoc Phap Mot nhQng cong trinh nghien ciiu noi tieng nhat cua ong la Nhan hoc cau true xuat ban nam 1958 Claude Levi-Strauss Nhan loai hoc cau true, Boris Lojkine va Benoit de Treglode M o t so van d i v i xa hoi hoc vd nhan loai hoc Nxb Khoa hoc xa hoi Ha Noi 1997 Tr 293-294 221 nhan thiic dUdc sii kien quan sat1 Nhu vay, sU phat trien cua thuyet cau truc-chiic nang la ket qua cua nhiing dong gop ly luan xa hoi hoc cua nhieu tac gia khac nhau, nhung thong nhat d cho cho rang de giai thich sii ton tai va van hanh cua xa hoi, can phan tich cau trucchiic nang cua no, tiic la chi cac phan cau (cau true) va cac cd che hoat dong (chiic nang) cua chung Cac luan diem goc cua thuyet cau truc-chiic nang deu nhan manh tinh can blng, on dinh va kha nang thich nghi cua cau true Thuyet cho rin g mot xa hoi ton tai, phat trien dUdc la cac bo phan cau cua nd hoat dong nhip nhang v6i de dam bao sii can b ln g chung cua ca cau true; bat ky mot sU thay doi nao d phan nao cung keo theo sU thay do’i d cac phan khac Sii bien do’i cua cau true tuan theo quy luat tien hoa, thich nghi mdi trUdng song thay doi; sii bien doi cua cau true luon hu6ng t6i thiet lap lai trang thai can bang, o’n dinh Doi vdi cau true xa hoi, cac dai dien cua chu thuyet chiic nang viia nhan manh tinh he thong cua nd vCfa de cao vai tro quan cua he gia tri, he chuan miic xa hoi viec tao diing sii nhat tri, thong nhat, o’n dinh, trat tu xa hoi PhUdng phap luan Thuyet chiic nang hudng vao giai quyet van de ban chat cua cau true xa hoi va he qua cua cau true xa hoi2 Doi vdi bat ky sii kien, hien tudng xa hoi nao, Claude Levi-Strauss Nhan loai hoc cau true, Boris Lojkine va Benoit de Treglode M ot so van de ve xa hoi hoc va nhan loai hoc Nxb Khoa hoc xa hoi Ha Noi 1997 Tr 294-295 Can chu y t6i y nghia phUdng phap luan cua khai niem cau true ma Claude Levi-Strauss da neu len nhu sau: “Khai niem cau true khong phai la 222 nhiing ngudi theo thuyet chiic nang deu hudng vao viec phan tich cac phan tao nen cau true cua chung, xem cac phan co moi lien he vdi nhii the nao va dac biet xet quan he cua chung doi vdi nhu cau chung cua sii ton tai, phat trien sii kien, hien tiidng dd Dong thdi, ve mat phiidng phap luan, chu thuyet ddi hoi phai tim hieu cd che hoat dong cua tiing phan de biet chung cd chiic nang, tac dung gi doi vdi sii ton tai mot cach can bang, on dinh cua cau true xa hoi Vdi tat ca nhiing dac diem cd ban neu tren, chu thuyet cd the goi la thuyet cau truc-chiic nang hay thuyet chiic nang-cau true M ot so k h a i n ie m co? b a n Cau true vd he thong Cac tac gia khac cua thuyet chiic nang cd quan niem khdng giong ve cau true, he thong va quan he giiia chung Tuy nhien, cd the neu mot each khai quat: cau true la kieu quan he giiia ngUdi va xa hoi dUdc dinh hinh mot each on dinh, ben viing VI du, cau true phan tang xa hoi, cau true to chiic nhiem sd, cau true thi trUdng, cau mot hoc thuyet triet ly, m a la mot phiidng phap” “No trich lay nhiing sii kien xa hoi co kinh nghiem, dem vao phong thi nghiem Noi day, no co' cong de dinh chiing diidi hinh thiic khuon mau, liic nao cung xem khong phai nhiing ddn to, ma la nhiing hen quan giiia cac ddn to” Trich theo Tran Thien Dao Chu nghia hien sinh & Thuyet cau true Nxb Van hoc Ha Noi 2001 Tr 339 Claude Levi-Strauss da ap dung he tho'ng phUdng phap cau true vao nghien ciiu cau true lich dai (cac hang bang phan tich) va cau true dong dai (cac cot) cua than thoai Claude LeviStrauss “Cau true cua than thoai’, Hoi khoa hoc lich sii Nhiing van d i nhan hoc ton gido Nxb Da Nang 2006 Tr 214-241 223 true he gia tri van hoa la nhiing hinh thiic bieu hien cu the cua cau true xa hoi Khai niem “he thong” nhan manh tinh chinh the, tinh toan ven, tinh thong nhat cua cac to" Vi du, Gordon M arshall dinh nghia: “He thong la bat ky moi lien he co cau true hay dUdc dinh hinh cua bat ky mot so" cac yeu to nao ma he thong tao mot chinh the hay mot the thong nhat” Ca hai khai niem deu noi tdi mot tap hdp cac phan, bo phan co mo"i lien he chat che, hiiu cd tao mot chinh the ton tai mo"i quan he tUdng tac, trao doi vdi mdi trUdng song xung quanh Ca hai khai niem deu nhan manh rang bat ky mot thay do’i d bo phan nao cung gay nhiing thay doi d bo phan khac va d toan bo cac bo phan khac Ca hai khai niem deu dUdc trien khai tren cac cap khac tii vl md den vi md, vi du mdi he thong ldn deu chiia diing nhieu he thong nho, tUdng tu nhu vay mdi mot cau true ldn deu cd nhieu cac phan cau true nho Trong nhieu trUdng hdp, khai niem cau true dUdc dung vdi nghia tUdng tu nhu khai niem he thong Viec sti dung tUdng dudng hai khai niem the hien rd nhat ly thuyet cua Foucault, Parsons va Merton Vi du, cac nghien ctiu cua Parsons, khai niem “cau true cua hanh dong xa hoi” dUdc hieu la “he thong cua hanh dong xa hoi" Gordon Marshall Oxford Dictionary o f Sociology 2nd Edition New York: Oxford University Press 1998 1998 Tr 659 224 vd sit phe phan cuon sach cua ong Stcf-ru-ve ve noi dung do” (1895), Toan tap Tap Nxb Tien bo - Matxcdva 1978 Tr 521 Lenin: V.I Lenin Toan tap Tap 23 Nxb Tien Bo - Matxcdva 1980 Tr 50 Linton: Ralph Linton “Status and Roles Explain Social Behavior”, Lynn Barteck Karren Mullin Enduring Issues in Sociology CA: Greenhaven Press, Inc 1995 Luan: Trinh Duy Luan “Xd hoi hoc Viet Nam: Mot so dinh hitting tiep tuc xay ditng vd phat trien” Tap chi Xd hoi hoc So 2001 Luhmann: Niklas Luhmann The Differentiation o f Society New York: Comlumbia University Press 1982 Lyortard: Jean-Francois Lyortard “The Postmodern Condition”, Steven Seidman and Alexander: Jeffrey C Alexander (eds) The New Social Reader New York: Routledge 2001 Tr 169 Mac: C Mac - Ph Angghen Toan tap Tap 27 Nxb Chinh tri Quoc gia-Su that Ha Noi 1993 Tr 657 Mac: C Mac - Ph Angghen Toan tap Tap 46 Nxb Chinh tri Quoc gia-Su that Ha Noi 1993 Mac: C Mac “Tit bdn: Phe phan khoa kinh te chinh tri”, C Mac va Ph Angghen Toan tap Tap 23 Nxb Chinh tri Quoc gia-Su that Ha Noi 1993 Mac: C Mac va Ph Angghen (1844) “Gia dinh than hay la phe phan sit phe phan co tinh phe phan: chong Bru-no Bau-cf vd dong bon”, C Mac va 464 Ph Angghen Toan tap Tap Nxb Chinh tri Quoc giaSu that Ha Noi 1995 Tr 199-200 Mac: C Mac va Ph Angghen “Tuyen ngon Ddng cong san” Toan tap Tap Nxb Chinh tri Quoc gia Su that - Ha Noi 1995 Tr 602 Mac: C Mac va Ph Angghen Toan tap Tap 19 Nxb Chinh tri Quoic gia-Su that Ha Noi 1994 Tr 336 Mac: C Mac va Ph Angghen Toan tap Tap 20 Nxb Chinh tri Quoc gia-Su that Ha Noi 1994 Tr 45 Mac: C Mac va Ph Angghen Toan tap Tap 21 Nxb Chinh tri Quoc gia Su that-Ha Noi 1995 Mac: C Mac va Ph Angghen Toan tap Tap Nxb Chinh tri Quoc gia Su that-Ha Noi 1995 Mac: C Mac “Bdn thao kinh te-triet hoc nam 1844”, C Mac va Ph Angghen Toan tap Tap 42 Nxb Chinh tri Quoc gia-Su that Ha Noi 2000 Mac: C Mac “Luan cuang ve Phoi-cf-Bac”, C Mac va Ph Angghen Toan tap Tap 42 Nxb Chinh tri Quoc gia-Su that Ha Noi 2000 Mac: C Mac “Ngay 18 thdng Sitting Mu cua Lu-1 Bd-NaPac-Td”, C Mac - Ph Angghen Toan tap Tap Nxb Chinh tri Quoc gia-Su that Ha Noi 1993 Mac: C Mac ”Gop phan phe phan khoa kinh te chinh tri” (1859), Cac Mac - Phri-drich Angghen Tuyen tap Tap Nxb Su that Ha Noi 1981 Mac: Cac Mac - Phridrich Angghen Tuyen tap Tap Nxb Su that Ha Noi 1982 Mac: Cac Mac - Phridrich Angghen Tuyen tap Tap VI Nxb Su that - Ha Noi 1984 465 Mac: Cac Mac: “Gop phan phe phan triet hoc phap quyen cua He-ghen” (1844), Cac Mac - Phri-drich Angghen Tuyen tap Tap Nxb Stf that Ha Noi 1980 Mac: Mac va Ph Angghen Toan tap Tap 23 Nxb Chinh tri Quoc gia-Stf that Ha Noi 1993 Malinowski: Bronislaw Malinowski “Ma thuat,khoa hoc vd ton gido” , Hoi khoa hoc lich sti Nhitng van de nhan hoc ton gido Nxb Da Nang 2006 Tr 147-213 Marcuse: Herbert Marcuse One-dimentional Man Boston: Beacon Press 1963 Marschall: Gordon Marshall Oxford Dictionary o f Sociology New York: Oxfor University Press 1998 Matthes: Joachim Matthes Mot so van d i ly luan vd phitdng phap nghien citu ngiibi vd xd hoi Ha Noi 1994 Mauss: Marcel.Maus “Khao luan v i qua tang” , Boris Lojkine va Benoit de Treglode Mot so van d i v i xd hoi hoc vd nhan loai hoc Nxb Khoa hoc xa hoi Ha Noi 1997 Tr 207-281 Mead: George H Mead Mind, Self and Society: from the Standpoint of a Social Behaviorist Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press 1934, 1962 Merton: Robert K Merton On Theoretical Sociology London: The Free Press 1967 Michels Robert Michels “A Few Control the Many”, Lynn Barteck Karren Mullin Enduring Issues in Sociology CA: Greenhaven Press, Inc 1995 Tr 233-234 Mills: C Wright Mills “The Structure o f Power in American Society”, James M Henslin Down to Earth 466 Sociology: Introductory Readings The Free Press A Division Macmillan Inc 1991 Mills: C Wright Mills From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology New York: Oxford University Press 1958 Tr 194 Mills: Wright Mills The Sociological Imagination Abstracted Empiricism Oxford University Press 1959 Mot vdi van de ve Xd hoi hoc vd Nhan loai hoc (Mot so" bai dich) Nxb Khoa hoc Xa hoi Thanh pho" Ho Chi Minh 1996 Tr 115-117 Mucchielli: Laurent Mucchielli Huyen thoai vd lich sti cdc khoa hoc nhan van Nxb The Gidi Ha Noi 2006 Nedelmann: Birgita Nedelmann “The Continuing Relevance o f Georg Simmel: Staking Out Anew the Field of Sociology”, George Ritzer and Barry Smart (eds) Handbook o f Social Theory London: Sage Publications 2001 Nguyen Thi Hien - Le Ngoc Hung Nang cao nang ltfc phat trien bin vting: Binh ddng gidi & giam ngheo Nxb Ly luan chinh tri Ha Noi 2004 Nisbet: Robert Nisbet Sociology as an Art Form London: Heinemann 1976 Osipov: G.V Osipov “Xd hoi hoc vd chu nghia xd hoi”, Cdi mdi khoa hoc xahoi Xd hoi hoc vd thdi dai Tap So 23 Ha Noi 1992 Parsons: Talcott Parsons “On Building Social System Theory: A Personal History” Daedalus 99 1970 Tr 849 467 Parsons: Talcott Parsons “Several Interdependent Functions Define Society”, Lynn Barteck and Karen Mullin Enduring Issues in Sociology CA: Greenhaven Press, Inc 1995 Tr 62 Parsons: Talcott Parsons “The Present Status o f StructuralFunctional Theory in Sociology”, Lewis A Coser (Ed ) The Idea o f Social Structure: Papers in Honor of Robert K Merton New york 1975 Tr 67 Parsons: Talcott Parsons “The Social System”, James Farganis Readings in Social Theory: The Clasic Trandition to Post-Modernism McGraw-Hill, Inc 1993 Tr 213-216 Parsons: Talcott Parsons The Social System Glencoe, Illinais: The Pree Press 1951 Passeron: Jean-Claude Passeron Ly luan xd hoi hoc Nxb The Gidi Ha Noi 2002 % Perdue: William D Perdue Sociological Theory California: Mayfield Publishing Company 1986 Rabinow: Paul Rabinow The Foucault Reader New York: Pantheon Books 1984 Ritzer: George Ritzer and Barry Smart (eds) Handbook of Social Theory London: Sage Publications 2001 Ritzer: George Ritzer Contemporary Sociological Theory New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc 1992 Sandstrom: Kent L Sandstrom, Daniel D Martin and Gary Alan Fine “Symbolic Interactionism at the End o f the Century”, George Ritzer and Barry Smart (eds) Handbook o f Social Theory London: Sage Publications 2001 Tr 217 468 Schumpeter: Joseph Schumpeter Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy London: Unwin University Books 1943 Tr 131-155 Schumpeter: Joshep Schumpeter Essays on Entrepreneurs, Innovations, Business Cycles, and the Evolution of Capitalism (1949) New Brunswick NJ: Transaction Publishers 1989 Seidman: Steven Seidman and Jeffrey C Alexander (eds) The New Social Theory Reader New York: Routledge 2001 Sen: Amartya Sen Phat trien la quyen tiC Nxb Thong Ke Ha Noi 2002 Simmel: Georg Simmel “Fundermental Problems of Sociology”, Kurt Wolff The Sociology o f Georg Simmel New York: Frees Press, 1950 Tr 11, 22 Simmel: Georg Simmel “The Metropolis and Mental Life”, John J Macionis - Nijole V Benokraitis Seeing Ourselves: Classic, Contemporary and Cross-Cultural Readings in Sociology New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc 1989 Tr 404 Simmel: Georg Simmel."Social Affiliations Define Society”, Lynn Barteck and Karen Mullin Enduring Issues in Sociology CA: Freenhaven Press, Inc 1995 Tr 51 “Sociological Forum: Special Issue - WhatOs Wrong with Sociology” Vol No 1994 Spencer: Herbert Spencer “Social Change Arises Through Natural Selection", Lynn Barteck and Karren 469 Mullin Enduring Issues in Sociology CA: 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Vilfredo Pareto (1848-19 32) , Athur RadcliffeBrown (1881-1955), Bronislaw Malinowski (1884-19 42) , Talcott Parsons (19 02- 1979), Robert Merton (sinh 1910), Peter Blau (1918 - 20 02) va nhieu ngUdi khac... xa hoi Ha Noi 1997 Tr 29 4 -29 5 Can chu y t6i y nghia phUdng phap luan cua khai niem cau true ma Claude Levi-Strauss da neu len nhu sau: “Khai niem cau true khong phai la 22 2 nhiing ngudi theo thuyet... true cua than thoai’, Hoi khoa hoc lich sii Nhiing van d i nhan hoc ton gido Nxb Da Nang 20 06 Tr 21 4 -24 1 22 3 true he gia tri van hoa la nhiing hinh thiic bieu hien cu the cua cau true xa hoi Khai