LÝ QUANG DIỆU VÀ BÀI HỌC THÀNH CÔNG CỦA SINGAPOR : NHÌN LẠI LỊCH SỬ VÀ LUẬN GIẢI

LY QUANG DIEU (1923-2015) V A BAI HOC THANH CONG CUA SINGAPORE: NHIN LAI U C H SU* V A LUAN GIAI TRAN THI VINH" S ingapore noi tieng the gi6i v6i trinh (Jo phat trien cong nghiep cao, vdi Sli phat tri§n nang dong cua mot da't niidc dUdc m$nh danh "con dai bang tai chinh phiictng D6ng" va la ndi giao thoa giiia nhCng net dep tinh te nhat cua van hoa phiidng Dong va phiidng Tay Dieu co th§ khong nhi^u ngiicfi bi&'t de'n la each day tren 150 nam, Singapore chi la mot lang chai nho be, dan cii thiia th6t va la ndi tni ngu cua nhiing ten cu6p bien Vi mot dat niidc nho nh§'t trong' khu viic Dong Nam A vk Ik m6t so' nhiing nii6c nho nhat the gidi lai trd mot quoc gia tam cd the' gidi va dling dau khu viic Dong Nam A? Muc dich cua bai vig't la giai dap cau hoi neu tren thong qua viec phan tich vai tro cua co Thu tudng Ly Quang Dieu, ngiidi dUdc menh danh la "tong cong trinh su" cua ky tich Singapore va nhiing bai hoc cong cua dao quoc lich s i va hien tai Bai hoc cong cua Singapore la sU ket hdp vo cung dac biet giiia nhflng gia tri, chinh sach, the che va kha nang cheo lai dat niidc cua ngiidi lanh dao Bai viet se tap trung v^o ba bai hoc sau day: - Sli ket hdp giiia gia tri dan toe vdi tam nhin the gidi cua ngiidi lanh dao - "Thang cuoc dua giao due se thang kinh te": Chinh sach dao tao, thu hut nhan tai - Mpt the che sach, mot chinh phu "khong de lang phi niem tin cua ngiidi dan quan tri toi va tham nhiing" Bai h o c thuf nhat: Sii ket http gii^a gia tri dan toe vdi tam nhin t h e gicfi cua ngiidi l a n h dao Vao thdi diem kho khan nha't buoi d^u lap quoe, Ly Quang Di$u da noi ve nhiing trd ngai dudng nhii khong the vUdt qua cua quoc dao nay: "Chiing toi da dm mat vdi nhflng xung dot ghe gdm ma cd hoi ton tai la vo vong Singapore khong phai la mot da't niidc tii nhien ma la mpt da't niidc ngudi tao nen, mot tram mau dich ma ngfldi Anh da phat trien mpt diem nut mgt de quoc co eo bien khap the gidi Chiing toi thfla hfldng hon dao ma khong CO phan npi dia, mpt trai tim khong the xac" (1) Trong nhflng nam la thupc dia Ciia Anh, Singapore la mpt trung tam chfla va Ipc dau, sua chfla va lap rap tau thuy Gianh dfldc dpc lap sau gan 150 nam la thupc dia cua Anh, Singapore chi la mpt hai cang trung chuyen hang hda cho cac nudc khu viie San xua't cong nghiep • GS.TS Khoa Lich sfl - Tnidng Dai hoc Su pham Ha Npi nho b6, khong hieu qua, chiem mdt ti trpng rat khiem ton (khoang 13,2%) n€n kinh te quoc dan, chu ye'u phuc vu cho nhu e^u ndi dia Nan ngheo ddi da trd "can benh b^m sinh" cua dat nUde dat canh tac hep, dan so tang nhanh Trong thdi gian nay, toe dp tang dan so' cua dao quoc kha cao (4,4%/nam), ti lg tha^t nghiep len dg'n 14%, tinh hinh xa hoi khong 6'n dinh (2) Them vao d6, vai tro trung chuyS'n cua Singapore gap ra't nhieu khd khan thdi ki doi diu gifla Indonesia va Malaysia viec lap Li§n bang Malaysia nhflng nam 1963-1965 D^ng thdi, viec taeh khoi Malaysia de trd mdt nUdc Cpng hoa doc lap nam 1965 da bupc Chinh phu Singapore phai gianh nhiing khoan chi phi ldn de xay dflng quan d6i va quoe phong Va'n de dat la, 'lam th§' nao de Singapore ton tai dfldc nd khong cdn la trung tam cua mot khu vflc rpng ldn ma ngfldi Anh da tflng cai tri nhfl mdt ddn vi tho'ng nha't eua ho?" (3) Tinh hinh trd nen toi te hdn vao thang 1-1968, Chinh phu Anh tuyen bd' se rut can cfl quSn sii dat tai Singapore, can cfl nky eung ca'p 25% GNP cua dao qud'c vdi 21.000 nhan eong dia phfldng Trong boi eanh d6, Thu tfl6ng Ly Quang Dieu thang thflng tfl cho'i nhflng khoan vien trd nflde ngoai, dng ehu trfldng kich thieh y ehi vfldn len, tinh t h i n tfl Iflc cua ngudi dan Ong khang dinh: "ThS' gidi khong nd chung ta cu6c sd'ng va ehung ta khong t h i song bang chiec bat an xin" (4) Thay vi nhan sfl ho trd, Chinh phu Singapore tan dung nhflng tai san ma quan Anh de lai, bie'n chung khu cong nghiep, diem du Iieh, bd qua cac nflde chau A lang gi§"ng de mdi goi d i u tfl tfl phfldng Tay Khat vgng vfldn Ign, sfl c l n cu, ham hpc hdi - nhflng gia tri eua dSn tpc la nhan to diu tign tao nen cdng cua Singapore cung vdi tam nhin the" gidi cua ngfldi lanh dao budi dau lap qudc D l thoat khdi tinh trang khd khan va "ngheo ddi b^m sinh", Ly Quang Dieu chu trfldng tig'n hanh chien Ifl^c cdng nghiep hda da't nUdc vdi hai giai doan: cong nghigp hda thay the nhap khau va cdng nghiep hda hiidng xua't kha,u vdi nhiing dJic trUng rigng biet cua dao quoc Ong khang dinh rang, "ehung tdi phai tao m6t hinh thflc kinh te mdi, co gang ap dung nhflng phfldng phap, kg' hoach ma tnf6c day chfla tflng dfldc thfl d ba't cfl ndi nao tren the' gidi, bdi vi khdng co quoc gia nao giong nhu Singapore" (5) Y tfldng cong nghigp hda da dfldc Singapore dfla tif cud'i thap nien 50 cua the' ki XX, theo Cue phat trien cong nghigp Singapore da dUdc lap tfl nam 1957 Diu thap nien 1960, chien lUdc cdng nghiep hda dii^c trien khai tren thfle te Ly Quang Dieu yeu eiu Ngan hang the gidi giup ed' vS'n ve qua trinh edng nghiep hoa Phai doan dieu tra cdng nghigp eua Lien hdp quoc Ti^n si Albert Winsemius - chuygn gia kinh te Ha Lan da khao sat tinh hinh va dua bao eao ve ehien lUdc cdng nghigp hoa cua Singapore Winsemius trd co vik'n kinh tg' cd t i m quyet dinh tig'n trinh cong nghigp hda cua Singapore vdng 23 nam (1961-1984) (6) Trong sud't qua trinh thflc thi chig'n Ivfdc cdng nghiep hda, dng Ly Quang Digu chu trUdng kg't hdp hai hda c^c nguon lfle ben va ben ngoai de phat trie'n, trUdc heit la vigc t a n dung nhflng ldi the cua mot eang bien vdi vi tri chien Ifldc b nga tU chSu A Mac dfl Singapore khdng co tai nguy§n thign nhign nhflng vi tri chig'n Ifldc ch ngo Ddng Nam A da mang lai cho dao quoc nhig'u flu th^ Singapore dfldc coi U mdt trung tam thfldng mai - tai ehinh cua khu vflc, cd ldi th^ vg' vi tri dia H vdi cang Lf Quang Bieu (1923-2015^ nflde sau, he tho'ng tang cd sd, thong tin hgn lac kha phat triln, Iflc Ifldng lao ddng chu yeu ndi tie'ng Anh, diidc dao tao, tiep thu h$ thong luat phap va quan ly hanh chinh, kinh doanh hoan chinh Singapore da sit dung mot cdch hieu qua nhflng di san eua ngfldi Anh tren cd s5 mdt nin tang kinh tg' va luat phap tien tieh cung vdi nhiing moi quan hg kinh tg' qu6c te da chieu Qua trinh chuyin minh cua Singapore la tap hdp nhflng chien lUde dot pha chfla tilCng cd lich sit Trong thdi ky thiie hien chie'n lUdc cong nghiep hda hfldng xua't khliu, Chinh phu ehu triidng thu hut d i u tu cua nhflng edng ty da qu6c gia vao eac nganh san xua't ddi hoi nhig'u lao dong va thig't lap thi trfldng tai cac nflde cong nghi$p phat triln Cae bi^n phap t h i ehe' hda eung dUdc thflc hien nham thue d^y kinh tg' phat trien Cudi nam 1965, Dai hpi cdng doan toan qud'c (NTUC), Hgi cae nha san xua't va Lien doan cac chu doanh nghiep da thdng qua Hien chfldng vi sfl tien bp cdng nghidp, kgu ggi tat ca ngUdi dan hay vi sfl nghigp cdng nghiep hda Nam 1966, Luat cdng doan ddi vdi nhflng qui dinh chat che vg" lao ddng Nam 1968, Ngan hang phat trien Singapore (Development Bank of Singapore - DBS) lap vdi sii h6 tri? cua Nha nflde nhltm ca'p vd'n dai han vdi lai sua't tha'p eho cac xi nghigp san xua't hang xu3it khau Quy dfl phdng Trung fldng (Singapore's Central Provident Fund - CPF) dfldc lap dl tang eudng ngudn dfl trfl va kha nang ca'p vd'n eua Chinh phu (7) Nha nflde ciing tham gia tnic tie'p vao qua trinh edng nghigp hda bang each d i u tu vao san xua't nhU lap cac tap doan XI nghigp ldn ve ddng tau, d i u khi, xay dflng, cd dien tii Dong thdi, Chfnh phu thflc hi$n cae bi$n phap cai td hg thdng giao due tfl phd thdng de'n dai hge dg kip thdi dap flng nhflng yeu ciu cua qua trinh edng nghidp hda Rieng nam 1969 da cd trfldng day nghe dfldc lap vdi cac nganh ed khi, kig'n tnie, xay diing, kg' toan, quan l;y kinh doanh nham dao tao va cung ca'p Iflc Ifldng lao dpng cho cac nganh kinh te miii nhpn (8) Sau nhflng nam d i u thfle hign c6 higu qua chi^n lUde edng nghiep hda hUdng v^ xua't khiu, tfl nam 1970, Singapore tie'n hanh dieu chinh ed ca'u kinh tg' l i n thfl nha't, budc d i u thay thg' nhflng nganh cdng nghidp cu bang nhflng nganh cd ky thuat cao va gia tri gia tang Luat khuyen khich md rdng kinh tg' dfldc sfla dd'i nham Uu dai va tao dieu kien phat trign cac nganh cdng nghigp miii nhpn Vdi vigc tap trung d i u tU vao hai nganh cdng nghigp quan trpng la cdng nghiep loc d i u va dign, dign tfl, Singapore trd trung tdm Ipe d i u ldn thfl ba the' gidi, sau Rostecdam (Ha Lan) va Houston (Ml) vdi san Ifldng 1,1 trigu thung/ngay Cdng nghiep loc d i u chig'm tdi 1/3 gia tri san Ifldng eua eong nghigp Singapore Nhd cd nhflng bflde di thich hdp va sfl di^u chinh kip thdi, nhflng nam 1968 - 1973 la thdi ki tang trfldng kinh tg' cao nha't cua Singapore, binh quan m6i nam tang khoang 12% Trong thdi gian nay, ti trgng san xua't eong nghidp khdng ngflng tang Ign, dat trgn 30% toan bd nen kinh te', tao khoang 150.000 vigc lam mdi, ti lg tha't nghiep giam edn 4,5%, thu nhap qudc dan binh quan d i u ngfldi dat 1580 USD nam 1973 Chi vdng nam sau tuyen bd' dpc lap, Singapore trd nflde dflng d i u khu vflc Ddng Nam A v^ tich phat triln kinh tg'- xa hpi (9) Tfl cudi nhflng nam 1970, d i u nhflng nam 1980, Singapore bfldc sang mdt giai doan phat trign mdi tren ed sd hign dai hda cdng nghidp, vUdt khdi trinh dp cua mgt nflde thudc t h ^ gidi thfl ba de dat tdi trinh cua mdt nflde cdng nghigp mdi (Newly Industrialized Country - NIC) Cac nha lanh dao Singapore gpi day la thdi ki thfle hien "cudc each mang eong nghiep l i n thfl hai" De dat diidc mue tigu rpng ldn trgn, ehinh phu tap trung vao nhigm vu chuyen dich ed ca'u kinh te, flu tien phat triln eac nganh cdng nghe ki thuat eao nhfl phu tiing dtd, may cong cu, thie't hi y te eao ca'p, hoa cha't va dUde phim dac bigt, thie't bi va phin mem vi tfnh, dien tfl va thie't bi quang hpe, san pham cd chinh xae Viec dig'u chinh ed ca'u, chinh saeh da dem lai nhflng kg't qua dang ghi nhan Toe dp tang trfldng kinh te nhflng nam 1979-1984 dat mfle tang trung binh 8,4% nam, thu nhap qud'c dan binh quan dau ngucii tfl 4.060 USD (nam 1979) tang Ien 7.330 USD (nam 1984) Vdi sfl phat triln cua nganh eong nghiep dien, dign tfl, may vi tinh, Singapore nhanh chdng trd trung tam san xua't hang dien tfl ban d i n ldn nha't khu vflc Ddng Nam A (10) Vdi t i m nhin the'gidi va cd nhflng bi$n phap dieu chinh kip thdi cua Chinh phu, tfl nam 1987 kinh tg' Singapore tiep tuc tang tudng vdi toe dp eao Ndi ve dig'u nay, Thii tudng Ly Quang Di?u eho ring, "chung tdi phai di theo ba't efl hfldng nao ma hoan canh the' gidi hiidng tdi ne'u mud'n ton tai Ng'u khdng ke't ndi vdi the' gidi hien dai, ehung tdi se che't, se quay lai vdi nhUng ngdi lang chai ma ngfldi dan Singapore da tflng d each day ca tram nam" (11) Ong d^c bigt quan tam dg'n sfl phat trien ben vflng cua ng"n kinh tg', giam thieu nhflng tac ddng xa'u dd'i vdi mdi trfldng qua trinh phat trien, tao dieu kien de tang trudng gan lien vdi cdng bang xa hdi va nang eao mfle song ngfldi dan Md'i ban tam hang d i u cua dng la "dam bao quyg'n ldi cho mgi cong dan va tfldng lai eua hg", "mgi ngudi dan deu sd hflu ngdi nha cua hg" (12) Singapore dfldc xem la quoc gia chau A giai quyg't thSnh cong nha't chUdng trinh nha d cho ngfldi thu nhap tha'p Mo hinh nha d xa hpi Nha nudc dam nhiin thong qua mot cd quan chuydn traeh co tgn ggi la Cd quan phat trien nha d xa hgi (Housing Development Board - HDB) Dg'n gifla nhflng nam 1980, va'n de nha d cho ngfldi lao dgng d Singapore da dUpc giai quyg't ve cd ban Vdi chig'n Ifldc dung din tigp can nha d cha't Ifldng vdi gia phai chang, chi vdng 10 nam, Chinh phu Singapore da giai quyg't xong va'n d^ nha cl cho ngiidi dan Ty le ngfldi dan Singapore sd hflu nha la trgn 90%, dd khoang 85% ngfldi dan sd'ng eae can hp HDB xay dflng, so vdi so' 9% vao nam 1960 Ty le sd hflu nha d nhdm 20% ngudi nghgo nha't la 87% (13) Trong nhi^u nam lien tuc, Singapore cd to'c phat tridn vUdt xa td'c dp phat triln trung binh cua the gidi va cd ti lg lam phat tha'p hdn ti 1? trung binh cua thg' gidi Nhflng nam d i u thg' ky XXI, vdi ng'n tang kinh tg' vflng chic vd'n cd va nhiing nd Iflc mdi, Singapore dang tigp tuc giii vflng vi tri la trung tam cua mgt so' nganh edng nghiep ki thuat va cong nghiep cao, trung tam tai chinh, dich vu va thiidng mai ldn nha't khu vflc Ddng Nam A, mdt phd' mang tinh toan eiu, mdt mat xich chudi eac la trung tam cua he thong kinh te' the' gidi Dd chinh la di san quy gia nha't ma Singapore ed dflpc tfl sii ke't hdp nhflng gia tri dan tpc vdi t i m nhin thg' gidi cua Thu tudng Ly Quang DiSu, ngfldi dUi?c menh danh la ngUdi cha (The Father of Nation) cua dao qudc Bai h p c thU h a i : "Neu t h a n g c u o c d u a giao d u e se t h a n g t r o n g phat trie'n k i n h te^ - C h i n h sach dao tgo, trpng dung n h a n tai Sinh thdi, Thii tfldng Ly Quang Di$u da den Viet Nam ca thay sau l i n (1992, 1993, I>t Quang Bigu (1923-2015) 1995, 1997, 2007 va 2009) Trong chuye'n di Vigt Nam l i n thfl nam (nam 2007), dng chia se mdt dinh de n g i n gpn, c h i t loc tfl eau ehuyen cdng v6' giao due cua Singapore nfla the' ky qua: "Neu t h i n g eupe dua giao due, se t h i n g phat triln kinh tg*' Thdng digp chinh cua dng vg' ddng lfle dang sau sii cdng cua Singapore ra't ddn gian: "Chat lUdng nguon nhan Iflc cua mpt quoe gia Id yeu to' quan trpng nha't quyet dinh kha nang canh tranh cua nflde dd Sfl sang tao cua ngfldi dan, doanh nghigp, lam vige theo nhdm, va dao dflc nghe' nghiep mang lai ldi the' ldn manh nhat canh tranh" Ong khang dinh ring: "Nhan td^ quye't dinh la ngUdi vdi nhflng nd luc tfl nhien cung vdi hpe va'n va sU ren luyen cua hg" (14) Ban than Ly Quang Dieu la ta'm gUdng vg' qua trinh pha'n da'u, rgn luyen va nd lfle vfldt bac dg hoan thien minh La the' he thfl tu cua nhflng ngudi go'c Hoa nhap cfl, Ly Quang Di?u ldn Ign mdt khuon mau giao due CO truyen nhflng dfldc thu hfldng nen tang giao di^c tien tie'n cua phfldng Tay dng theo hpe trung hge tai mgt trfldng Anh d Singapore Ong ludn dflng danh sach nhflng sinh vien xua't sic nha't Singapore, thfldng xuyen d i n dau vg' dilm so" tai cac ky thi va nhan nhig'u hpc bong danh gia sud't thdi gian di hge Thdi gian du hoc tai TrUdng Kinh te London va Trfldng Luat tai Dai hpc Cambridge danh tieng da giup dng cd nen tang tri thflc uyen bac va t i m nhin xa trdng rpng cho qua trinh cheo lai da't nflde sau nky Vao cudi nhflng nam 1970, Singapore rdi vao tinh trang thie'u hut nhan tai t r i m trpng, khoang 5% ngfldi cd trinh van hda cao di cac quoe gia phfldng Tay thay dd'i chinh saeh nhap efl, cha'p nhan ngfldi di dan chau A Trong liic lanh dgo cua mdt so' quoc gia khu vflc lue ba'y gid dfldng nhfl vui mfliig vi cho rang hign tfldng chay mau chat xam thflc cha't la "chay mau nhiing rae rdi", thi dng Ly Quang Dieu rao rig't thflc hien chinh sach gifl ngfldi tai nflde va thu hut nguon nhan Iflc tfl nudc ngoai cho nen kinh te Nam 1980, ong cho lap hai uy ban ho trd nhan tai: mgt cd nhiem vu giup nhiing ngfldi cd nang Iflc lam dung nghg' va mdt ket hdp hp lai mdt xa hdi Vdi nhiing ngfldi xua't sac, uy ban co gang "thu hoach sdm" bing each de nghi hp viee lam trflde td'i nghiep (15) Ngoai ra, Singapore lap hai cd quan thu hut nhan tai tfl An Dp va eac nflde khu vflc Chinh phu eung bai bd quy dinh ea'm nfl edng dan Singapore dfla ehu rg nude ngoai nhap cfl Trong quan diem eua Ly Quang Dieu, mud'n xay dflng mdt ngdi nha be thg' sang trgng va be'n vflng at phai ed mdt nen mdng vflng chac Neu liic lUdng lao dgng cua Singapore hay nhflng vi tri cd't yg'u cd quan Chinh phu la nhflng nhan tai thi ba't cfl ehinh saeh nao eung cd thg hoan vdi ket qua vi dai Tren n^n tang dd, Singapore se nhanh chdng "hda rong" va la "mpt rong dich thflc" ehfl khong chi la hign tfldng Mdt nhflng tuyen bo quan trpng ciia Ly Quang Dieu tren cfldng vi Thu tudng dUdc b i u d i u tign cua dao qud'c sfl tfl sau gianh dUdc tii chu chinh quyg'n (self-government) vao thang nam 1959 la Singapore se xay diing lai da't nflde tren cd sd nhflng gia tri nen tang lau ddi cua ngUdi Anh Dd la: Nha nUde phap quyen (Rule of law), Long khoan dung ton giao (Religious tolerance) va Trgng dung nhan tai (Meritocracy) Trong mdt phdng va'n vdi nhat bao The Straits Times nam 1982, mdt bd phan lanh dao thupe the he dau tign eua PAP da de'n luc phai ve' hflu d l tre hda dpi ngu, dng cho ring: "Dl Singapore lgt vdng tay cua nhflng ke t i m thfldng la mgt tdi ldn" Hai mfldi lam nam sau dd, nam 2007, dng ndi rd hdn dieu vdi phdng vign The Straits Times: "Neu chung ta khdng CO mdt chfnh phu va ngfldi dan khac biet vdi cac nflde lang gieng theo each tich cue va ed t h i bao ve quyen ldi eua da^t nUdc, Singapore se khdng cdn tdn tai nfla" (16) Mue tigu cua he thd'ng giao due Singapore ehu ye'u la n h i m cung ca'p ngudn nhan liie cd cha't lUdng cao, qua dd tao sflc eanh tranh eua dao qud'c he thong kinh te' the' gidi Dig'u the hien tim nhin the gidi cua dng Ly Quang Dieu tfl b i t diu nhigm ky Thu tudng cua minh Dd cung cgi nguon cho bi quyg't cong cua Singapore De tao dfldc chd dflng vflng chac ne'n kinh te' toan cau, theo ong, cin cd yg'u to; Lam chu (tim kig'm ed hdi va tinh toan ky rui ro), Dd'i mdi (ludn cd san pham mdi va tao gia tri gia tang) va Quan l;y (md thi trUdng mdi va eae kenh phan phdi) Ngay tfl bud'i diu lap qud'c, Ly Quang Di^u da chu trfldng xay dung mdt ng'n giao due mang tinh dinh hUdng ra't rd; Phye vu kinh te hudng ngoai Chinh sach giao due va dao tao cua Singapore tap trung vao hai diem nhi'n la dua tig'ng Anh xuygn sud't cac bac hge cung vdi tig'ng me de (chinh saeh song ngfl) va de' cao tinh flng dung, tfnh thflc tiln ciia viec hge Vdi chinh saeh song ngfl, hoc sinh cd phUdng tien quan trpng nha't dg tidp can van hda, edng nghg ciia thg' gidi vin bao ton gia tri van hda dan toe Vdi ehinh sach giao due de eao tinh thflc tiln, the' hg tre Singapore cd kha nang tig'p can vdi tinh hinh thflc te va hdi nhap vdi thg' gidi tfl cdn ngoi tren ghe' nha trudng Nhin lai lich sfl ed the thsty, giao due Singapore da trai qua ba giai doan phat trien tfldng thich vdi sfl phat trien cua ng'n kinh tg' giai doan diu (1959-1978), muc tieu trpng tam cua giao due la xda nan mu chfl, phd' cap giao due phd' thong, hfldng tdi xay dflng "ngUdi cdng dan hflu ieh" nhim dap flng nhu ciu cua thi trfldng lao ddng Trong thdi gian nay, Singapore tap trung vao viee giai quyet va'n ngn tha't nghigp, tgo viec lam cho nhflng ngfldi lao dgng phd' thdng Tuy nhien, day la giai dogn chuin bi dg Singapore bfldc sang thdi k^ canh tranh thi trfldng lao ddng toan ciu giai doan thfl hai (1978-1997), Chinh phii Singapore da chuyen ldi thg' canh tranh cua minh tren thi trfldng lao dpng qud'c tg' tfl chi phi lao dpng tha'p den cha't Ifldng lao dpng cao Vi vgy, trpng tam eua ehfnh sach giao due qud'c gia bat d i u chuyen sang mue tieu tig'n tdi mdt nen giao due theo tieu chuin toan ciu Vien Phat triln Cac chfldng trinh giang day cua Singapore dfldc lap de hd trd sfl phat trien nhu ciu hge tip cua c^c ddl tUdng khac n h i m ddp flng ngu^n nhan lfle cha't lUdng cao cho sfl phat triln kinh tg' Trong giai doan thfl ba (tfl nam 1997 dd'n nay), Singapore thflc thi tim nhin chig'n Iflde "Thinking School, Learning Nation" (Nha trfldng tfl duy, Qu6c gia hoc tap) nhu mdt dinh hUdng doi mdi giao due bao ham hai to: (i) Nha trudng trci ndi phat huy tu sang tgo, tinh t h i n say me hoc tap sud't ddi va hun diic tinh than phuc vu da't nUde; (ii) Hge tap tr5 van hda qudc gia, sfl sang tgo va doi mdi trd gia tri dan tgc Trong bai phat bieu vg' tam nhin mdi cua giao due Singapore thang 6-1997, Thu tfldng Goh Chok Tong tin r i n g "sfl thinh vfldng ciia Singapore the' ky XXI thudc vko kha nang hge tap cua toan dan" (17) Vigc Chinh phii tap trung vao khfa cgnh ngfldi tfl buoi d i u lap qu6c da tao ng'n tang vflng chic cho cac chig'n Ifldc phat trien kinh te' cua Singapore nhieu thap ky Singapore la qud'c gia dfldc danh gia la di tign phong vige hoach Lt Quang Bi^u (t923-20151 dinh cae chinh sach ve' nguon nhan lfle dig'u kien hgi nhap toan eiu vdi phUdng cham xay dflng mdt dpi ngu lao dpng ed ding ca'p quoc tg' vdi ehinh saeh dao tao hfldng tdi nguon nhan lfle cd ding ca'p qud'c tg', dfldc trang bi diy du kig'n thfle, ki nang chuyen mdn, dfldc cap nhat kig'n thflc mdi Trgn thflc tg', chfnh sach giao due d l eao tinh thflc tiln, tinh sang tao, mong mud'n thfl nghidm mpi thfl da sinh mdt thd' he eac doanh nhan Singapore eo kha nang bien nhflng eon so' trd nhflng bieu tUdng cua Singapore he thd'ng kinh tg' toan ciu nhfl Hang hing khdng Singapore Airlines, Ngan hang Phat trien Singapore (DBS), Cong ty ST Engineering, s a n bay Changi, Cdng ty Singtel Singapore dfldc danh gia la quoc gia cd chinh sach thu hut nhan tai nflde ngoai bai ban nha't the' gidi Dieu cung dd hieu bdi tfl mdi len cim quyd'n, Thu tudng Ly Quang Didu da xae dinh ro nhan tai la ye'u to' then chd't quyd't dinh kha nang cgnh tranh va phat tridn cua nen kinh td' Ong khang dinh, "khdng ed tai nkng nUdc ngoai, chung toi da khdng lam dfl^c Trong npi cae d i u tidn gom 10 ngfldi eua tdi, ehi cd tdi la ngfldi nha't dfldc sinh va hoc hanh d Singapore" Tham chi, dng Ly Quang Digu cdn khang dinh, ng'u mot nao dd, bg may ehinh quyg'n Singapore toan la ngfldi cd xua't xfl nflde ngoai cung khong ed gi qua ngge nhien Trong hoi ky cua minh, dng viet, "sau nhid'u nam d chfnh phu, tdi nhan rang tdi eang cd nhig'u nhan tai nhfl nhflng vi Bd trfldng, cac nha quan tri va nhflng ngfldi cd chuygn mdn eao thi cac ehinh sach cua tdi eang cd nhieu anh hfldng va kd't qua dgt dfldc cang tot hdn" (18) Chinh vi thg', suot nhflng nam qua, thu hut nhan tai, dac bidt la nhan tai nflde ngoai da trd chie'n Ifldc flu tidn hang d i u ciaa Singapore La qudc gia dfldc tgo dflng tfl nhflng ngudi nh^p cU, Singapore chao ddn ta't ca nhflng co the ddng gdp p h i n minh vao cdng cudc phat tridn kinh tg' ciia da't nude Nam 1998, sau eupe khung hoang tai chinh chau A, Singapore lap Uy ban Tuyen dung Tai nang Singapore Vdi ehinh sach dd, Singapore da thu hut dUde mdt ban danh sach a'n tfldng nhflng nha khoa hpe ldi Igc cua thg' gidi, dd cd nhflng nha giai p h i u t h i n kinh hpc, cac lap trinh vidn p h i n mg'm, cac giam dd'c ngan hang, eae cac sigu chuygn gia t i m cd thg' gidi va eae giao sfl linh vflc nghidn cflu va phat triln Theo each dien giai cua dng Ly Quang Didu, "hp chinh la nhflng megabyte bo sung cdng nghd may tinh Singapore Ndu ehflng tdi khong la'p chd trd'ng b i n g bang nhflng tai nang nUde ngoai, chiing tdi se khdng lam cho da't nude vfldn ldn hang dau dfldc" (19) Dd la Iy dd Tgp ehf Foreign Policy xdp Singapore la qud'c gia toan cau hda nha't trdn thg' gidi Thflc thi chinh sach thu hut, trgng dung nhan tai mang tinh chie'n Ifldc, Singapore xflng dang vdi tdn gpi 'Trung tam thu hut nhan tai" cOia thd' gidi Bai hoc thfl b a : Mot the' chd^ t r o n g sach, m o t c h i n h p h u " k h o n g dd Iang p h i n i e m t i n c u a ngfldii dSn cai t r i toi va t h a m n h u n g " Ngay sau gianh dfldc ddc lap, Chinh phli Singapore dfldc thidt lap vdi su phan ci'p rd rang ve chflc nang, nhidm vu va cd ca'u gpn nhe Vao thdi didm do, dng Ly Quang Dieu nhan thflc ring, "tai san ldn nha't eua chung tdi la sfl tin nhiem va long tin cua nhan dSn Chung tdi can than khdng dd lang phi nid'm tin vfla mdi gianh dfldc cai tri toi va tham nhung" (20) Singapore may m i n dfldc d i n d i t bdi nhflng nha lanh dgo tai nang nhfl Thu tfldng Ly Quang Dieu, Bp trfldng Ngoai giao S.Rajaratnam va Pho thu tudng Goh Keng Swee buoi dau lap quoc Quan diem cua ong Ly Quang Dieu ve vai tro cua thil tudng va cae vien ehfnh phu ra't rd rang: "Vigc lanh dao mdt chfnh phii khdng khae vdi viec chi huy mpt dan nhgc Khdng cd vi thu tUdng nao cd the dat dfldc nhid'u tiiu neu khdng cd mdt dpi ngu cd nang liic" (21) Chinh phu Singapore da kd' thfla hd tho'ng phap lugt cua ngudi Anh bing each thfla nhan quyg'n tu hflu nhung van dung mpt each nhuan nhuyen va linh hogt eae dgo luat cho phep nha nUdc nam quyen sd hflu, sfl dung va khai thae da't dai phuc vu ldi fch cua toan dan Vdi tridt ly hanh dgng "dan chu xa hdi chu nghia", Chinh phu bidn ly tudng va sfl mdnh cua minh thanh qua cu the la ngudi dan cung cd nha d va taeh bach rd chflc nang lanh dao cua dang cam quyd'n va quan ly ciia nha nude Nhflng cudc dd'i thogi cua cong dan vdi Chfnh phu Singapore diln thudng xuygn suo't 12 thang moi nam vdi tgn gpi "Do'i thoai Singapore" ("The Singapore Conversation") la ciu noi dich thue gifla Chfnh phu vdi ngfldi dan (22) Vide xay dflng va tri mpt chinh phu sach, khdng tham nhung da trd ddng lfle de thuc day sii phat trien bd'n vflng cua dd't nude Ddng thdi, he thong phap luat ehat chd va trat tii xa hgi nghiem minh dfldc thig't lap tfl nhflng nam d i u tien va gdp phin vao sii tang trudng kinh tg' cua dao qud'c Trong thap nign 1990, Singapore dUde Nien gidm canh tranh the gidi xg'p vi tri dflng dau chau a vd' cae cd quan chflc nang va he thong phap luat Nam 1997, Didn dan kinh te' the' gidi xd'p Singapore dflng dau thd' gidi vd' an ninh va mdi trfldng kinh doanh cugc canh tranh toan ciu Chinh phu da tao dflng cd sd vflng chic cho ngudi dan cd nid'm tin vao mdt t h i chd' sgch va nd'n chinh tri trgng dung nhan tai gom nhflng ngfldi ehinh trfle, cd nang Iflc dfldc ngfldi dan tin tudng va giao trpng traeh lanh dgo qud'c gia phuc vu eho quyd'n ldi ciia ngudi dan Chfnh phil Singapore da thig't ke edng eac chie'n Ifldc phat triln kinh tg', kg't hdp dong bp gifla phat triln kinh tg' vdi dn dinh xa hgi va thue thi eac chfldng trinh vi sfl tid'n bd xa hdi Trong cupc khiing hoang tai chinh - tig'n td nam 1997, Singapore la nude ehiu thiet hai it nha't so vdi eac nudc khu viic Chinh phii nflde da nhanh chdng co nhflng bidn phap flng phd, thflc hign cac ehUdng trinh h a n h ddng ed hidu qua n h i m cai thidn tinh hinh nUdc vk thich flng vdi moi trfldng kinh doanh qud'c td' Vdi hd thd'ng phap ly chat che, thd ehe' kinh tg' vflng chic va each tiep can linh hogt quan ly kinh te vi mo, Chfnh phii Singapore da ban chg' toi da nhflng tac dgng tieu cflc cua khiing hoang, n h a n h chdng phue h6i va phat t r i l n kinh te', d'n dinh xa hgi O moi thdi ky phat triln khae nhau, Chinh phii da cd nhflng did'u chinh kip thdi nham giam t h i l u tfnh ba't hdp ly ed ca'u kinh td', tang cfldng cae bien phap nham da dgng hda nen kinh te, khuyg'n khieh khu vue dieh vu, dae bigt la dich vu tai ehfnh, tang nhu ciu ndi dia, giam ehi phi kinh doanh, khdi phuc tinh egnh tranh cua nd'n kinh te, xflc tien chinh saeh didu ehinh cd ca'u kinh td' theo hfldng hidn dgi hoa cdng nghe va sfl dung nhieu cha't xam, tao dig'u kign dl Singapore trd mdt nudc cdng nghigp mdi Trong hai nam dau thap nien 90 thg' ky XX, sU giam sut mfle tigu thu hang hda eua Singapore tren thi trfldng Mi va chau Au da anh hfldng de'n toe dd tang trfldng kinh t^ Nam 1991, toe tang trudng kinh td' ehi Ly Quang Bieu (1923-2Q15) dat 6,7% va tig'p tuc giam cdn 5,8% (nam 1992) Tuy nhign, tfl nam 1993 toe tang trfldng da vfldt qua cac nude khu vUe, dgt 9,9% (nam 1993), 10,1% (nam 1994), 8,3% (nam 1995), 6,9% (nam 1996) va 7,8% (nam 1997) Trong dd, ti Ig Iam phat dUdc gifl d mfle tha'p nha't khu vue va chau a, vdi mfle trung binh 2% nhflng nam 1991 - 1994, va khoang 1,4% nam 1999 Nhflng tflu dang ghi nhan, nam 1996 Singapore da trd qud'c gia diu tien d Ddng Nam A dfldc To' chflc phat trien kinh te' va van hda OECD xg'p vao hang ngii cac nflde phat triln tren thg'gidi (23) Nhflng nam d i u the ky XXI, Uy ban nghien cflu kinh te (ERC) cd quan tap hdp nhieu nha kinh td' hang dau ciia Singapore da chinh thflc eong bo Chien litdc doi mdi nen kinh te, vdi tu each la chien lUde flng phd mdi ctia Singapore Chid'n lUde mdi da xem xdt Igi toan bg cac khia cgnh ciia ne'n kinh td' va eong tac quan Iy kinh te', dua hang loat nhflng chfnh sach bidn phap can phai cai each va doi mdi mdt each tridt de d mdt so linh vfle ma Chfnh phii ehi phd'i, dong thdi cung tidn hanh dieu chinh d mfle dp nhe hdn doi vdi mdt sd' Iinh viic khac Chid'n Ifldc dd'i mdi nd'n kinh td' cd y nghia ldn lao khdng ehi ddi vdi sfl phat tridn cua nd'n kinh td' Singapore ma cdn anh hfldng tdi mdt so' nudc khu vfle va thd' gidi, vd'n la bgn hang hoac ddi thii canh tranh ciia nude trdn thi trfldng qudc te Singapore tap trung nguon liic nham dat dfldc muc tidu trd mgt trung tam cdng nghidp y sinh khu vUc, mdt trung tam hdu can toan ciu va trung tam quan ly hg thd'ng eung cd'p d chdu A Nhin chung, sau g i n 40 nam phat tridn, nhd he thd'ng phap ly toan didn, thd chd' kinh td' vflng mgnh va each tidp can linh hogt quan ly kinh te vi md, Singapore da vUdt qua nhflng han ehd' vd' nguon tai nguygn thidn nhien, nguon nhan luc "dl bd lgi sau lung nhflng vd'n dd' ngheo nan cua The' gidi thfl ba", vfldn ldn trd nude cdng nghidp mdi (NIC) dau tidn d Ddng Nam A va la mdt bd'n rong chau A Thu nhap qud'c dan binh quan diu ngudi (GDP per/cap) tfl 400 USD (nam 1959) tang Ign 12.000 USD (nam 1990) va dat mfle 22.000 USD vao nam 1999, tgi thdi diem cd nhieu bidn dpng to ldn vd' kinh td' va chinh tri tren thd' gidi (24) Theo td Wall Street Journal, bao eao tfl Knight Frank va Citi Private Wealth, tfl nam 2012, GDP binh quan d i u ngudi eua Singapore da dat mfle cao nha't thd' gidi, vdi 56.532 USD tinh theo ddng gia sflc mua (PPP), (GDP binh quan ddu ngfldi tinh theo PPP cua Nauy, theo bao cao nay, la 51.226 USD, cua My la 45.511 USD, eiia Hdng Kdng la 45.301 USD) Bao cao cung du bao, Singapore se gifl vflng vi tri mgt nhflng nUdc giau nha't trgn the' gidi tren phUdng didn GDP binh quan d i u ngudi cho tdi nam 2050 (25) Vdi muc tidu lam sach bg may cdng quyd'n, Ly Quang Dieu nhdn thflc rang phai chdng tham nhung thi mdi dat dUdc muc tigu phat trien Ong khang dinh, "ngay tfl len nam chfnh quyd'n vao thang 6-1959, chung tdi ehae chin r i n g mdi dong la tong thu nhap dd'u phai dupe giai thieh mgt each hdp ly va se dd'n vdi ngUdi dan nguygn ven la mdt ddng dd la khdng bi rut bdt d dgc dUdng" (26) Trong ba ye'u to' tgo nen tham nhung (lUdng tha'p, ed hdi tham nhung, ed che' long leo), thdi gian dau, chfla the tdng lUdng vi luc Singapore v i n la nflde ngheo, Chfnh phu tdp trung vao hai va'n dd': giam thieu cd hdi tham nhung va tang cudng hinh phat Dg'n thgp nidn 1980, kinh td' da phat trien, Singapore mdi du dig'u kidn thlie thi phin cdn lgi chid'n lUdc cho'ng tham nhung la tang lUdng eho nhan vidn Thang 3-1985, Thu tudng Ly Quang Didu tuygn bo cdc lanh dao chfnh tri can dUdc tra lUdng that cao dl bao dam ehinh quyg'n sgch Theo ong, sU tra edng thda dang la nhan to" quan trpng doi vdi chuin mUc Hem khie't cua nhiing ngudi lanh dgo va vign chflc cao cip Ong ndi, each tot nhit cho'ng tham nhiing la "di ciing thi trfldng", thay vi thdi dao dfle gia da tgo ngn tham nhung Tuy nhidn, dng eung cho ring, vide dUa nhflng chuan miic dao dfle eao, ldn an manh me vd de quyd't tam tigu diet tham nhflng thi dd dang nhung song theo nhflng ly tudng thi vd eung khd khan, trfl ngfldi lanh dgo cd du manh md va quyd't tdm de dfldng diu vdi ke pham tgi va khdng cd sfl ngoai Id nao (27) Theo Giao sU Jon S.T Quah, Khoa Chfnh tri hge d Dgi hpe Qud'c gia Singapore (NUS), kinh nghidm eua Singapore khdng dl Idp lai d cae nUdc vi hodn canh dge thu vk vi nhflng chi phi kinh td' cua vide tra lUdng cao Tuy nhidn, cd sau bai hpe cd thd tham khao: Thii; nhat, bg may lanh dgo phai thflc tam cho'ng tham nhiing va trflng phat bd't cfl cd hanh vi tai tidng Thu! hai, phai ed cdc bien phap cho'ng tham nhung diy dli, khong cd 16 hd'ng va thfldng xuygn dfldc xem lgi dd thay doi, ndu cin thidt Thli ba cd quan chong tham nhung phai saeh Khdng nha't thidt phai ed qua nhig'u nhan vign, va bd't ky tra nao tham nhiing cung phai bi trflng phat va dud'i khdi nganh Th^ tif, cd quan cho'ng tham nhung phai taeh khdi bp may canh sat Thj2 ndm, de giam cd hgi tham nhung tgi cac nganh dd sa nga nhfl hai quan, thud' vu, cdng an giao thdng, cdc ed quan phai thudng xuydn kiem tra va thay dd'i qui dinh iam viec Thii sdu, ddng cd tham nhung khoi nhan vien nha nflde va quan chflc ed t h i giam bdt ne'u Ifldng va phu cd'p cho hp cd tinh cgnh tranh vdi khu vflc tfl nhan (28) Chinh phii Singapore da thflc hidn giai phap "4 khdng vdi tham nhung" mgt each thfle sfl hflu hieu, d l moi quan chflc cua bd may cdng quydn: "Khdng dam tham nhung; Khong thg tham nhung; Khong ein phai tham nhung vk Khong dfldc tham nhiing" Tfl nhflng did'u lullt dfldc ban hanh eu t h i , each quan ly ehSt ehe vd dUdc thfle hidn mdt each nghidm minh va'n de phdng chdng tham nhung, Singapore da logi dfldc tg ngn tham nhung khdi da't nflde Nhd dd, Singapore ludn ludn n i m td'p eae nudc it tham nhung nha't thd'gidi (29) Kig'n tgo sU thinh vUdng ciia dd't nUdc, big'n Singapore tfl mdt hon dao khd ein trcl thdnh mpt nhflng nd'n kinh td' manh nha't chau A la muc tidu ma dng Ly Quang Digu theo dud'i su^t cudc ddi 6ng de Iai nhflng da'u a'n ddm ndt mpi sic thai cua ddi song kinh tg', ehinh tri, xa hpi, van hda cua da't nUde Singapore Trong sudl 31 ndm trdn efldng vi Thu tUdng, dng la kidn true sU trUdng cua td't ea thay dfii he thd'ng ehinh tri phu hi?p vdi dilu kien dge thfl cua mot qud'c gia bd nhd, mdt dp ddn sd' cao va khdng cd tdi nguygn Du rdi ghd' Thu tfldng vdo nam 1990 sau 31 nam nam quyd'n, dng Ly Quang Didu vdn gifl trgng traeh la Bg trfldng Cao cd'p va la ngudi eo' vd'n ehinh phu hai thap nign tig'p theo Cflu Td'ng thd'ng My Bill Clinton tflng md ta dng la "mdt nhflng nha lanh dgo thdng minh, hilu bid't va tai nang nhd't trdn thd' gidi 50 nam qua" Tong thong My Barack Obama gpi dng la "mot ngfldi khdng lo thflc sfl ciia lich svt, se dfldc nhilu thd' h^ nhd tdi vdi tu each la ngfldi cha sang lap da't nflde Singapore hien dgi va Id mgt nhflng chig'n Ifldc gia vi dgi nhd't eua chau A" Ddi vdi thg' he lanh dgo thfl ba cua dao qud'c Singapore: "Ong Id ngfldi da Ly Quang Bieu 0923-20151 song va thd cung dd't nflde Cac quan nam eao phd Phdn quyd't eudi eung diem va Iy tfldng cua ong se tig'p tuc song se la cac nghidn cflu sinh tie'n si dao mai ehinh phii va d i n loi ngfldi dan xdi kho luu trfl, dge nhflng bdi bao cu vg' Singapore Cugc s6ng eiia dng se ludn tdi, danh gia nhflng gi ke thu cua toi noi, truyen cam hflng cho ngudi Singapore va chpn Ipe bang chflng va tim sfl thdt Tdi nhflng the' he sau" (30) Cdn dfldc hdi khdng ndi mpi vide minh iam dd'u dung, vd chinh minh, ong Ly Quang Didu eho nhung toi da lam td't ca vi mdt muc dich r i n g : "Phan quyd't cudi cflng se khong eao quy" (31) CHU THICH (1) Ly Quang Difu Bi quyet hod rong Lich su" Singapore 1965 - 2000 Nxb Tre Tp U6 Chi Minh, 2001, t r l (16) Vietnam business centre in Singapore (2), (7) Singapore Board (14) Ly Quang Di&u Hoi ky Nxb Tp H Chi Minh 2000, tr.6 Our Economic History Development The Sixties, http://kinhnghiemsingapore.wordpress.com/ (17) Goh Choc Tong, Shaping our Future: https://www.edb.gov.sg/content/edb/en/why- Thinking 3ingapore/about-singapore/our-history/1960s.html http://www moe gov sg/media/speeches/199 7/02 069 (3), (5), (6), (12), (15), (18), (19), (20), (21), (24), (26), (27), (29) Ly Quang Di?u Bi quyei hod rong Lich si Singapore 1965-2000, edd, tr 23, 23, 75, 110, 146, 139, 147 24, 201, 13, 162 166, 167 Schools, Learning Nation, June 1997 7.htm (22) Our Singapore Conversations, http; //www reach gov sg/Micr osite/o sc/index.html (23) Tong hop tiJt The Straitre Times (Thcii bao Eo biln Singapore) Singapore 1997 • 1999 (4) The Straite Times, Singapore, 1968 (25) (8), (10) Ludng Ninh (Chu bign), D6 Thanh Vneconomy 16/8/2012, http.7ATieconomy.vn/2012081612O833945P0C99/si Binh, Trdn Tki Vinh Lich sii Ddng Nam A, Nxb ngapore-dung-dau-the-gioi-ve-thu-nhap-binh- Giao Dye, Ha N§i, 2005, tr 457 493 quan-dau-nguoi.htm (9) The Straitre Times, Singapore, 1973 (11) Channel News Asia The Singapore (28) Jon S.T Quah Public Story http://www,channelne wsasia.com/archives/singapo Singapore-Style Analysis and (Research in Management), Administration Public Policy Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2010, p.85 (13) Statistics http://www.singstat.gov.8g/ Singapore, (30) The Straite Times, Singapore, 29-3-2015 (31) New York Times, 13-9-2010