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THU DOnN "NGU PHU - TRU LR" CUR TRUNG QUOC SUT DUNG D€ LRN DRN TCTNG BirdC, Rdl THUC HICN MOT CUOC "Tllu CH1€'N T R R N H " cudp DORT OURN ORO HORNG sn CUR vifT NRM OUR TI; ueu LUU TRU' CUR CHINH QUVCN VICT NRM CONG HOR (1954-1974) LUtI ANH R * N hin lai qua trinh lich sd, Trung Qud'c ttf chd khdng he co mpt yeu sdch chia quyen nao, khdng he dtfdc chfnh danh trdn trtfdng quo'c te nhtf mgt qud'c gia cd chii quyen tai Hoang Sa, de rdi sau chiem tron qu^n dao ttf tay cila Viet Nam, ba't chd'p cdng phap qud'c te va hien dang tdng tdc ttf nhiing gi chiem doat dtfdc tai Hodng Sa, dd day manh viec doi hoi quyen tron Bien Dong, cho tha'y thii doan "ve't d i u loang", "tdm dn dau" cua hg ttfng thyc hien mot each am tham ben bi va quyet liet la vd cung nguy hiem song lai hieu qua Nghien ctfu ve qua trinh Trung Quo'c ctfdp dogt Hoang Sa cua Viet Nam ttf ndm 1954 de'n nam 1975, chung toi nhan thfify rdng: Trung Qud'c da am tham mdt thcfi gian dai, sii dung vd boc "ngtf dan" viec hien dien tai Hoang Sa nhdm tao stf "hien hOu" hoat dgng kinh te trdn thtfc dia, sau dd la thu thap tin ttfc tinh bao, tid'p de'n Id len bd len dao de cdm cd hdng khdng dinh chii quyen, rdi cd cd hdi thi huy dgng mdt Itfc Itfdng quan stf Idn, gia dang ngtf dan de danh chiem todn bg qufin dao Hodng Sa ttf tay chinh "ThS Hoi Khoa hgc Lich sii Thdnh phd Da Ndng quyen Viet Nam Cdng hda (VNCH) Bang mot so' tai lieu dtfdc ltfu trii dUdi dang "Mat" va "Tuyet mat", ttfng dtfdc ltfu gitf tai Van phdng Phu Tong thd'ng Van phdng Phii Thu tudng cua chfnh quyen VNCH (ttf nam 1954 de'n 1974), chung toi xin trinh bay ddi net ve cac thii doan tren ciia Trung Qud'c Nhtf chiing ta deu biet, 5-8/9/1951, cac ntfdc dong minh The chien thtf II to chtfc hgi nghi d San Francisco (Hoa Ky) de thao luan va'n de cha'm dtft chie'n tranh tai chau A - Thai Binh Dtfdng va md quan he vdi Nhat Ban thdi ky hau chien, Hda tfdc San Francisco ghi ro: Nhat Ban phai ttf bd mgi quyen Idi va tham vgng vdi hai quan dao Paracels (Hoang Sa) va Spratly (TrUdng Sa) Hda Ude ciing phu nhan viec Nhat Ban nhin nhan chu quyen cua Trung Qud'c do'i vdi qudn dao Hoang Sa va nhtfng dao xa hdn d phia Nam Tai Hgi nghi San Francisco nay, vao 7-9-1951, Thii ttfdng kiem Ngoai trtfdng Tran Van Htfu cua Chinh phu Qudc gia Viet Nam ciia Bao Dai, da long trgng tuyen bd' trtfdc stf chtfng kien ciia 51 ntfdc tham du rang: hai 12 qu^n dao Hoang Sa va Trtfdng Sa la lanh thd lau ddi cua Viet Nam Ong Htfu ndi: "Viet Nam rd't htfng khdi ky nhan trtfdc nha't cho cong cugc tao dtfng hda binh Va ciing vi vay can phai that tranh thii ta't ca mgi cd hgi de dap tat tat ca nhtfng mam mdng tranh cha'p sau nay, chung tdi xac nhan chu quyen da co ttf lau ddi cua chiing tdi tren hai quan dao Hoang Sa va Trtfdng Sa" (1) Ldi xac nhan chii quyen dd cua phai doan Viet Nam dtfdc ghi vao van kien cua Hdi nghi San Francisco (1951) vdi da so' tan va khong he cd bat ky mgt phan tfng chd'ng do! hay mgt yeu sach nao cua ta't ca cac qud'c gia tham dtf Viec Chinh phu Qud'c gia Viet Nam giai doan tham dtf Hgi nghi San Francisco dtfdi stf bao trd cua Chinh phu Phap va tuyen bd' chu quyen lau ddi vdi hai quan dao Hoang Sa va Trtfdng Sa, la sU kien co y nghla qud'c te quan trgng chuoi cac stf kien minh chtfng cho stf xac lap chii quyen ttf ra't sdm ve phap Iy cdng nhtf ve" sU chie'm htfu thtfc te' mgt each hoa binh, lau dai va lien tuc ddi vdi hai quan dao Hoang Sa va Trtfdng Sa ciia ngtfdi Viet Nam Mot thtfc te cho tha'y, quan dao Hoang Sa cung nhtf cac ngtf trtfdng danh bat xung quanh dd deu la ngtf trtfdng truyen thdng cua ngtf dan Viet Nam, nha't la nhdm ngtf dan ttf Da Nang den Quang Ngai, ta't ca ngtf dan Trung Quo'c lich sii dieu bie't rd dieu Ong Ltf Dieu, ngtfdi lang Nam O (nay tru tai phtfdng Tam Thuan, quan Thanh Khe, Thanh phd Da Ndng), ngtfdi co mat tai Hoang Sa thdi Bao Dai cho bie't: "Tdi nhd cd lan (nam 1952) tau ca cua ngtf dan Trung Qud'c vao dao de xin ntfdc nggt, du luc a'y chung toi phai dung tiet kiem nhung van cung ca'p cho ho day du, Trtfdc hg di, Dao trtfdng chung tdi ndi vdi hg rang, day la vung bien thugc chu quyen ciia Rghien eiiu Lich sit s6 6.2014 Viet Nam nen khdng dtfpc xam pham, ho gat dau, cam dn roi quay trd lai thuyen" (2) Ldi dung stf than thien dd va ciing de che gia'u y xam Itfdc (thtfdng hi dtf luan the gidi phan tfng va trai vdi Cdng tfdc qud'c te ve "chiem htfu hda binh"), Trung Qudc da sif dung "vd bge ngtf dan", nham nd'p dUdi dang nhtfng ngtf dan Trung Qudc chan chinh, nhtf mgt bien phap hieu qua de "thtfc thi chu quyen" mao nhan cua minh, suo't mot thdi gian dai Vi le do, ttf nam 1954 den nam 1975, Itfc ltfdng bao ve Hoang Sa cua chinh quyen VNCH luon bat gitf nhieu vu Itfc ltfdng quan stf Trung Qudc gia dang ngtf dan, len lut bg len dao de cam cd, dtfng bia, nam tin ttfc tinh bao Theo cac dieu khoan Hiep dinh Gio-ne-vd dtfdc ky 20-7-1954, thi quan Phap phai rut lui khdi Viet Nam vao thang 4-1956, ldi dung cd hgi dd, 30-5-1956, Trung Qud'c dtfa Itfc Itfdng quan stf gia dgng ngtf dan ba't ngd bd len chidm ddng dao Phu Lam (ttfc He Boisee), dao Idn nha't cua quan dao Hoang Sa ciia Viet Nam Ngay lap ttfc, "ngay 1-6-1956, Bg trtfdng Ngoai giao VNCH la ong Vii Van Mau, len an hanh ddng va tuyen bd tai khdng dinh chii quyen cua Viet Nam ddi vdi hai quan dao Hoang Sa va Trtfdng Sa Vai ngdy sau, Phap ciing nhac lai cho Philippines bie't nhtfng quyen han ma Phap da co ddi vdi hai quan dao ndi tren ttf nam 1933 va khang dinh "nay da thudc stf cai quan cua quo'c gia Viet Nam" Mot tai lieu cila chinh quyen VNCH luc ba'y gid, cho bie't: "Ndm 1956, Trung Cgng dUa dan chai den xam chie'm cac dao Phu Lam va Linh Cdn thugc quan dao Hoang Sa, roi dan dan thay the' bang quan dgi, lap nen nhiing cd sd va cdng sU kien c6^' (3) De khang dinh chii quydn va kip thdi bao ve Hoang Sa, 22-81956, hai quan VNCH da dd bd len cac dao cdn lai ciia Hoang Sa va dtfng bia, kdo ccf Thii doan "Rgir phii - tau la" eiia Trung Quoc chii quyen tgi day Song song vdi viec dtfa Itfe Itfdng hai quan va Knh bao an dao dl bao ve, chinh quyen VNCH da t l chtfc mgt sd boat dgng tai quan dao Hoang Sa nhU: ldp doan nghien ctfu thuy van Saurin d i n dau, ca'p gia'y phep cho ky nghe gia Le Van Cang tien hanh khai thae phot phat Hoang Sa, phuc hdi dai tUdng Hodng Sa, xay dtfng cau cang (4) Nhtf chung ta da biet theo tinh than Hiep dinh Gid-ne-vd (Trung Qudc cdng da ky ket), chfnh quyen VNCH mdi la chfnh quyen co trach nhiem quan ly chu quyen ddi vdi quan dao Hoang Sa va Trtfdng Sa, vi hai quan dao deu nam phia dudi vi tuye'n 17, thugc mien Nam Viet Nam Trong tinh canh da't ntfdc bi chia hai mien Nam - Bdc, tai Nam Viet Nam, cac chinh quyen ke' tie'p ciia VNCH dtfdi sU hau thuSn ciia Hoa Ky, da ttfng btfdc xay dtfng mot lUc lUdng hai quan dii manh (cimg vdi luc Itfdng himg hau hai quan Hoa Ky nha't la Ham dgi VII ludn hien dien tren khap Bien Ddng de h6 trd cho quan dgi My cugc chie'n tranh Viet Nam) ciing da giiip cho viec quan ly, khai thdc, bao ve Hoang Sa va Trtfdng Sa cua chinh quyen VNCH them htfu hieu: han che dUdc stf la'n Itfdt va y xam chie'm ttfng btfdc theo kieu "vet dau loang" cua Trung Qudc Doi vdi cac quo'c gia cd stf tranh gianh vdi VNCH ve chii quyen tai Hoang Sa va Trudng Sa thi chinh quyen Sai Gdn thuc hien chii trtfdng nha't quan, nhtf hg da xac dinh: "Viet Nam Cgng hda luc nao ciing sdn sang theo phUdng thtfc thUdng nghi dn hda de giai quyd't tranh chd'p quo'c te Dieu cang dung hdn ddi vdi cac qud'c gia than htfu nhU Trung Hoa Dan quo'c va Philippines" (5) Sau chiem dUdc dao Phu Lam, Trung Qud'c khdng chi dtfng d dd, ma len lut, am thdm dUa cac ngtf dan va lUc Itfdng quan stf gia dang ngtf dan de tim each bg bat hdp phap len cac dao cdn lai VNCH canh gitf nham thu thap tin ttfc, "cam cd la", theo ke sach "tam an dau", "nin nhin chd thdi" Hanh dgng da khdng qua dtfdc mat cua itfc Itfdng bao ve quan dao Hoang Sa, chfnh quyen VNCH cii tru ddng tai day Mdt tai lieu mat cua Bg Qud'c phdng gifi Phu Tong tho'ng cho biet: "Ngay 1-3-61 hdi 17 gid, Bg Tong tham mtfu Phong Nhi chung tdi da bao cao bang dien thoai cung quy bg ve viec ngtfdi Trung Hoa ty nan cap be'n tai dao Hoang Sa va quy vi da chi thi trtfc tiep cho hai quan dUa ma'y ngUdi tren ve Sai Gdn de giao lai cho Sd Nghien ctfu chinh tri xa hgi Nay chung tdi nhan dtfdc mgt cong dien ciia Quan khu cho biet them chi tiet ve vu tran trgng kinh trinh ong Bg trtfcfng rd: Ngay 13-61 luc 16 gid, CO mgt ghe buom la tren chd ngtfdi Trung Hoa da cap ben tai dao Hoang Sa Theo ldi khai cila cac dtfdng stf thi hg ttf dao Hai Nam chay tro'n che dp cong san Tren ghe gom co: ctfu Giao stf, ctfu thieu liy Trung Hoa Qud'c gia, ngtf phu, nong dan Vat lieu dem theo gdm cd: ban do, dia ban" (6) Tiep nhtfng "ngtf phu" cd vu trang cila Trung Qud'c, da tie'p tuc len liit dd bg len cac dao Htfu Nhat, Duy Mgng, Quang Hoa (nhdm dao phia Tay ciia quan dao Hoang Sa) nhtfng da bi hai quan VNCH bat gitf (82 ngtfdi) va dtfa ve cang Da Nang de xii Iy, roi trao tra lai cho phia Trung Quo'c Mgt tai lieu khae cho biet: "Ha tudn thang nam 1959, sau nhan dUgc tin Trung Cgng dem quan chiem dong Hoang Sa Hai quan Viet Nam da giii chie'n ham HQ.225 tham sat va phoi kiem tin ttfc tren Chien ham da bat gap mgt so' Idn ghe thuyen gdm khoang 30 chiec, 10 chiec cd gdn may va 20 chiec cd chd vat lieu, nhan so' mdi chiec chtfng 15 ngtfdi Doan 14 thuyen da chie'm cac dao d phia Nam thugc nhdm Nguydt-Thiem gdm cac dao Cam Tuyen, Quang Hda, Duy Mdng Hai quan Vidt Nam da td chtfc mgt cudc hanh quan vdi muc dich bdt gitf cdc ghe thuyen xam nhap khu vtfc nhdm Nguyet Thiem va chtfng minh chu quyen Viet Nam tren cac dao thudc nhdm Ltfc Itfdng Hai quan tham dtf gdm co cac chien ham: HQ.04, HQ.05, HQ.02, HQ.225, HQ.328, HQ.402 Ngoai ra, cdn mgt dai dpi thuoc tieu doan thiiy quan luc chie'n tang ctfdng cung vdi mdt trung dgi thuy quan luc chidn hien don tru tai Hoang Sa Tat ca ltfc Itfdng tham dtf dtfdc dat dtfdi quyen dieu khien cua Ham trtfdng hg to'ng Ham Tuy Dgng Ket qua, cac chien ham da ngan chan va bat gitf dtfdc mgt so' ngtf phu Trung Cong khoang 80 ngtfdi xam nhap bd't hdp phap hai phan Viet Nam, tai cac dao Quang Hda, Duy Mgng Cac nhan vien Trung-Cgng da dtfdc HQ.04 dtfa ttf Hoang Sa ve tdi Da Nang vao 24-21959 de khai thae Sau dtfdc bie't hg chi la nhtfng ngtf phii nen da dtfdc HQ.02 dtfa Hoang Sa tra hg ve cac ghe thuyen cua hg vao 6-3-1959" (7) Ciing vdi viec dtfa "ngtf phu" len lilt xam chiem, bg len cac dao, Trung Qud'c cdn day manh viec dtfa tau danh ca, tau tham dd dau tien sau vao vung lanh hai cila VNCH tai Hoang Sa nha't la viec day manh viec xay dtfng cac cd sd tang tren dao Phu Lam - ndi ma Trung Qud'c vtfa chie'm ddng bat hdp phap vao nam 1956 De lam dtfdc dieu do, nham che mat dtf luan the gidi, Trung Qud'c da len lut huy ddng cac "tau ca" chd ximang, sat, cat dao Phu Lam Mdt bao cao cua ltfc Itfdng tinh bao VNCH cho hay: "Can ctf theo cac khdng anh De tha't ham dgi Hoa Ky chup 29-71960 va sau so sanh vdi nhieu thi Heu Rghien eiru Xueh siSr so 6.2014 khdng anh cua ta chup 5-3-1959, thiem Bd dtfdc biet, Trung Cgng da thiet lap them mgt dtfdng xe hdi cd the chay dtfdc, xuyen ttf Tay Nam tdi Ddng Bac dao va da iam them mdt khu cdng thtf gdm cd day nha can (mdi can rdng khoang thtfdc) - day nha can, day nha can va cdt antennes cao khoang 12 thtfdc" (8) Nhan thay mtfu sii dung "tau danh ca" va "chtfdng trinh tham dd dau bien , Hoa Nam" ciia Trung Qud'c, chinh quyen VNCH khdng ngtfng gia tang stf bao vd, kiem soat dao va vung ntfdc phu can, dong thdi len an ctfc ltfc hanh dgng leo thang cua Trung Qud'c Tuyen cao thang nam 1967, cua Chinh phii Viet Nam Cgng hda da tai xac dinh vd'n de dac quyen lanh hai eiia minh, theo dd: "Phan them luc dia tie'p can vdi lanh hai Viet Nam Cgng hda thudc phap quyen chuyen dgc va chiu sU kiem soat trtfc tiep eiia Chinh phii Vidt Nam Cdng hda Ranh gidi ciia phan them luc dia da dtfdc Chinh phu Viet Nam Cgng hda a'n dinh chieu theo cac quy tfdc, tieu chuan qud'c te va da dtfdc cdng bd' day du Bdi vay, Chinh phii Viet Nam Cong hda coi la vo gia tri va vd hieu ltfc mgi quyen dac nhtfdng, mgt quo'c gia khae ca'p dtf la'n vao phdn them luc dia ciia Viet Nam Cgng hda Nhtfng cdng ty thu thtfdng quyen dac nhtfdng trai phep a'y, phai ganh chiu mgi trach nhiem va mgi rui ro neu hg tie'n hanh nhtfng cong tac tim kiem va khai thdc khoang san tren phan them lue dia ciia Vidt Nam Cgng hda, ma khdng cd stf cd'p quyen hop le cua Chinh phu Viet Nam Cdng hda" (9) ChUa he't, gitfa nam 1971, tin ttfc khong tham ciia De tha't Ham dgi Hoa Ky cho hay cac hoat ddng cua Trung Quo'c tai hai dao Phu Lam va Linh Cdn thuoc quan dao Hoang Sa cila Viet Nam dang bi Trung Qud'c chiem gitf dang trd ndn "ra't sdi dgng" nhtf sau: "Tin ttfc khdng Thii doan "!F^ phii - tau la" da Tnmg Quoc tham De Ham ddi Hoa Ky thong bao cho biet cac hoat dgng ciia Trung Cgng tai dao Woody va Lincoln day Hoang Sa dtfdc ghi nhan nhtf sau: Tai dao Woody, ve htfdng Bac Dong Bdc da cd 50 cd sd gom nhd ciia dang xdy cd't; Mgt cau tau dai khoang 100 met dtfdc thiet lap ttf dao bien hUdng Bdc Ddng Bae; Ke' can c^u tau glii nhan cd tau hang ciia Trung Cdng dang cap ben, tau keo va xa lan chd day vdt Heu kie'n true; Tai dao Lincoln cd nhieu ngtfdi cua Hai quan Trung Cgng hien dien, hinh nhtf dang thiet lap cd sd Viec Trung Cgng tang ctfdng hoat dgng d quan dao Hoang Sa cho tha'y Bac Kinh cd the dang banh trtfdng viec xay dtfng cac hdn dao tren de trd cac can ctf hai quan nhdm yem trd Ham dgi Trung Cong hidn dang phat tridn manh d viing bidn Dong Nam A" (10) Trong qua trinh thu thap, khai thae ttf lieu ve Hoang Sa tai cac Trung tam Luu trtf Quo'c gia, chiing tdi- da tie'p can nhieu anh ttf Heu quan dgi Hoa K^ va VNCH chup dUdc, cho tha'y cac "ngtf phii" gia dang cua Trung Qudc chd vdt lieu va xay dUng cac cd sd qudn stf tai Hoang Sa thdi gian Bat ddu vao nam 1970, cue dien chinh tri tren the gidi cd nhieu thay ddi My vuo't ve va thda hiep vdi Trung Quo'c hdng cho'ng Lien X6 va mong thoat khoi cuoc chie'n tranh dang sa lay tai Viet Nam Ldi dung cd hgi dd, Trung Quo'c rao riet day manh kd' hoach xam nhap cac dao cdn lai cila Hoang Sa va am tham ehuan bi ltfc ltfdng cho mdt cugc "tieu chie'n tranh" ma hg da vach sdn Dd'n nam 1972, Thdng cao chung Thtfdng Hai gitfa My va Trung Quo'c duoc ban bd' da tao stf ran ntft khdng the hdn gdn giiia Lien X6 va Trung Quo'c Them vdo dd, cudc chie'n tranh Viet Nam dang giai dogn gin ke't thuc, cue dien chfnh tri the' gidi bien ddi manh, da tao dieu kien cho y thdn tinh Hoang Sa cua Trung Quo'c them chin mudi Vi vay, chi hai nam sau (1974), Trung Qud'c da quye't dinh dimg vu luc chie'm dong mot each ba't hdp phap toan bg quan dao Hoang Sa cua Viet Nam De thtfc hien y tren, gan de'n "hai chien Hoang Sa", Trung Qud'c van suf dung phtfdng thtfc "tau ca" nguy trang, am tham chd den hang tram "ngtf phii" (thtfc cha't la quan dgi chfnh quy Trung Quo'c) cung vdi vu khi, dan dtfdc ap sat quan dao Hoang Sa de chd khai hda De cd cd "dgng binh", Trung Quo'c lu loa tren toan the' gidi ve "chu quyen ba't kha xam pham cila minh" tai Hoang Sa va stfc "nhii cho moi rdi vao cai bay" minh giang san ba'y lau Mgt van ban dang chu y ciia Bg Ngoai giao VNCH luc bay gid cho bie't: "Ngay 11-01-1974, Bg Ngoai giao Trung Cgng bong nhien len tieng mao nhan chii quyen tren cac quan dac Hoang Sa va TrUdng Sa cua VNCH Ngay hdm sau, phat ngdn vien cila Bg Ngoai giao VNCH da bac bd sU ddi hdi vo can ctf dd Mac du vay, nhtfng gan day nha cam quyen Trung Cgng khong nhtfng khong riit lai stf doi hdi vo Iy ciia minh lai cdn ngang nhien xam pham vao lanh thd ciia VNCH bang each cho ngUdi va tau be xam nhap vao vung lanh hai chung quanh cac dao Cam Tuyen (Robert), Quang Hao (Duncan) va Duy Mgng (Drumond) thugc quan dao Hoang Sa (Paracels Islands) cda VNCH Tham chf bon ngUcfi cdn dam dat chan len cac hdn dao nay, dtfng chdi va keo ed cua Trung Cgng, trang trdn cha dap len chii quyen va stf toan ven lanh tho ciia Viet Nam Cgng hda" (11) Va nhu the, chie'n tranh dang ra't gan ke Phat hien dUdc da tam ciia Trung Quo'c, 16-1-1974, Hgi ddng Ngi cac chinh Rghien euru Ljch s& s6 6.2014 phu VNCH da td chtfc mdt phien hgp, di ddn ke't luan "tinh hinh Hodng Sa da trd ndn bao dgng", ddng thdi thdng bao chi thi cua Tdng thd'ng VNCH, neu rd: "Bg Ngoai giao lam td't ca mgi hanh ddng edn lam dupe cd tinh each qud'c te vd phap ly qud'c td', de xac nhan them lan chdt chu quyen cua ta tren quan dao Hoang Sa, ttf khia canh lich svt den cdng phap quo'c te qua cac hgi nghi qud'c te Thdng bao bang mgi each cho cac qud'c gia vi pham; Phd bien mgt each long trgng va rdng rai nhtfng hanh dgng va tuyen cao hoac tuyen bd cua Chinh phii hdm 16-01-1974 Ddi vdi tdu vdghe lg hien co tgi cdc ddo (chung tdi nhan manh - Tg), Hai quan sii dung to! da luat le quo'c te' den sommations va dan vdi muc dich dudi di Ne'u hg sii dung vii lUc thi tra ldi bang vu luc Cho linh Hai quan dd bg len Robert va Duncan, nho cd lg, cam cd Viet Nam, duoi ngudi lg di (chung tdi nha'n manh - Tg) Hai quan co nhiem vu ngan ngtfa mgi hanh dgng cam cd va bg ngtfdi len cac dao cdn lai, vi du nhtf Drummond va Money Hai quan, ne'u can, phai dtfdc tang ctfdng phUdng tien de bao ve tdi da chii quyen Viet Nam tai quan dao Crescent va bang mgi hanh dgng thich tfng ein" (12) The roi, 17 va 18 thang nam 1974, Trung Qud'c trdng trdn tang ctfdng ltfc Itfdng quan stf va cd' tinh khieu khieh, hg huy dgng cac chie'n ham tien sau vao hai phan phi'a Tay quan dao Hoang Sa cai the chang dang dtfng, VNCH da quye't dinh khai chie'n Va, di nhien Trung Quo'c chi chd eo the Tran hai chie'n Idn nha't va dfl dgi nha't gitfa hai quan Viet Nam Cgng hoa va hai quan Trung Qudc nd vao sang 19 thang nam 1974 Mgt bao eao mat luc bay gid cho bie't: "Ngay 19 thang nam 1974, luc gid, binh si Trung Hoa no sung vao cde binh si Viet Nam tru ddng trdn dao Quang Hda (cung dtfdc ggi la dao Duncan) Ddng thdi, cac chie'n ham Trung Cgng khieu chie'n cac chie'n ham Viet Nam vnng, gay nhieu thtfdng vong va thiet hai vat cha't Ngay 20 thang 1, 19 phi cd cua khdng ltfc Trung Cdng da ttfng bay khdng phan cua vung ttf trtfdc, tham gia chie'n tran va tha bom xud'ng cac vi tri Viet Nam tren cac dao Hoang Sa (Pattle), Cam Tuyen (Robert) va Vinh Lac (Money) De'n chieu 20 thang nam 1974, binh si Trung Hoa da do' bg len ta't ca cac dao thudc quan dao Hoang Sa va ltfc Itfdng dac nhiem Hai quan Trung Hoa cd ve chuan bi trtfc chi quan dao Trtfdng Sa" (13) Vdi cugc "tieu chie'n tranh" chdp nhoang dd, Trung Qud'c da chie'm not phan phia Tay ciia quan dao Hoang Sa ciia Viet Nam va lam cho 58 binh si VNCH hy sinh bao ve Hoang Sa Ngay 2701-1974, dai BBC da nhan dinh: "Viec doi chii quyen cua Trung Cgng khdng cd gi la mdi me ca, dieu mdi me la Trung Cgng da dung tdi vu ltfc Viec chie'm ddng Hoang Sa cua Trung Cgng la de dam bao r i n g cac quan dao nho rai rac d vung phia Tay Thai Blnh Dtfdng a'y, khdng rdi vao tay cac sieu cUdng Hoa Ky hay Lien Xd hoac rdi vao tay cac ddng minh cua hai sieu ctfdng Trung Cdng khdng mud'n mdt nao bdng tha'y cac cdng ty dau hda cua Hoa Ky va Nhat Ban nhay vao khai thae cac tai nguyen khu vtfc nay" (14) Nhin nhan stf kien Trung Qud'c dung vu ltfc ctfdng chiem Hoang Sa, mgt nha bao Viet Nam Cgng hda luc dd da tha'y dtfgc stf thda hidp gitfa My va Trung Qudc, ddng thdi vgch trdn thil doan "quen dung" cua Trung Qude; dng so sanh vdi vide Trung Quo'c ba't than tan cdng Lien Xd trtfdc dd, dng viet: "Mac dau Trung Cgng khdng cd Thii doan "Rgu* phfl - tau lg" eiia Trung Qude mgt chut 1^ nhd nao de ddi hoi chii quyen ve nhdm dao Hoang Sa, nhtfng ve Mnh thtfc hdnh dgng eua Tnmg Cdng bien cd ndy gidng nhtf bien cd Tran Bao/Damansky trdn sdng Ussuri gitfa Trung Cdng vd Lien Xd hdi thang 2-1969 md sdng kien hoan toan Trung Cgng Dtfa quan mai phuc, cho linh gid ldm thudng ddn diing cd khieu khieh (Chiing tdi nha'n manh - Tg), gay nd sung, rdi ao tdi danh chiem Nam Viet khong phai la Lien Xd de cd dii stfc tra diia Ve mat chie'n Itfdc, hdnh dgng cua Trung Cgng cd t i m quan trgng ga'p bdi, neu so sanh vdi bien co Tran Bao B5i: a Chiem Hoang Sa, Trung Cgng ap dat the' ltfc ciia hg tren bien Nam Hai, dat can ctf md dtfdng tidn xud'ng vung Nam Thai Binh Dtfdng Dtfng ve mat phdng thu, Trung Cdng cd t h i noi rang hg bdt budc phai ldm nhu vdy de chgc thung mgt phia cai vdng dai thdp cua lidn minh cac de quo'c xa hgi vd tu ban, chinh Trung Cgng tie'p tuc chu nghia banh trudng b Ddi vdi Lien X6, bien cd' Hoang Sa can dUdc coi nhtf mgt hanh dgng ddi phd vdi mgi co' ging lap he tho'ng an ninh A Chau cila Mac TU khoa Nd ciing la mgt canh cao cho ba't ctf mgt ntfdc A Chau nao nudi y dinh dtfa vdo Lien Xd de b i t bi Trung Cong, Ddi vdi cac ctfdng qud'c cd anh htfdng manh tren Thai Binh Dtfdng, chii ye'u la Hoa Ky, nd md diu cho mgt loat nbflng thach do' quye't dinh cd the lat nhao cai nen tang cua mgt the' qudn binh A Chau va Thai Binh DUdng md My vd Tay phUdng tudng da xay dUng dupe " (15) Hoang Sa bi ma't, song VNCH tuyen bo' vdi qud'c dan dong bao va qudc te riing khdng bao gid ttf gia chu quyen ddi vdi Hodng Sa: "Quan dao Hoang Sa vd quin dao Trtfdng Sa la nhflng pbin ba't kha phdn cila lanh thd Viet Nam Cgng hda Chfnh phu va nhan ddn Viet Nam Cong hda khdng bao gid chiu khua't phuc trtfdc bao ltfc ma ttf bd ta't ca hay mdt phin chu quyen cua minh tren nhtfng quin dao iy Chtfng nao cdn mgt hdn dao thugc phan lanh thd a'y cua Viet Nam Cgng hda hi ntfdc ngoai chiem gitf bang bao ltfc, thi chtfng ay Chinh phu va nhan dan Viet Nam Cgng hda cdn da'u tranh de khoi phue nhflng quyen ldi chinh dang ciia minh Ke xam chiem phai chiu hoan toan trach nhiem ve mpi tinh trang cang thing cd the do ma cd" (16) Sau kbi chiem dUdc toan bg quin dao Hoang Sa, Trung Qud'c tuyen bo' "da giai phdng Tay Sa" va lap ttfc cho dap pha cac bia chii quyen, dao cac mo cila ngtfdi Viet da chon b day, xoa cac di tfch lich sil eiia Viet Nam Chung toi cung co dUdc mgt so' binh anh luc bay gid cho thay, de khuye'ch trtfdng cai ggi la da "thu hdi" dtfdc Hoang Sa, Trung Quo'c cho quay phim, chup anh gidi thieu bg sau "cbfnh quyen cua dao Tay Sa" va eac boat dgng thu nhat hai san, dat "bia chu quyen" cd nien dai thdi nha Thanb tai Hoang Sa?! Theo chiing toi, co mgt bai hgc 16n ve trach nhiem ciia VNCH viec de mat Hoang Sa vao nam 1974 ma den van tfnh thdi stf la: khdng dtfdc de da't ntfdc rdi vao tinh trang ba't on; can he't stfc canh giac sU thda hiep nga'm ngim gitfa cac ctfdng quo'c va quai chieu "ngtf phii, cd la" nhim lien tuc tao stf "tranh chap" gia hieu, de cd die'u kien thi thUc hien mgt cugc "tieu chien tranh" chdp nhoang, chie'm toan bp, dat dtf luan quo'c te' trUdc mot viee da roi ma Trung Quo'c da ttfng lam dd'i vdi Hoang Sa cila chiing ta Cho nen, bai hge Hch sii ve neu cao y thtfc bao ve chii quyen va Idi ieh qudc gia; day manh phdt trien kinh te ket hdp vdi bao dam an ninh • qudc Rghien cuu Ljch siSr s o 6.2014 phdng tren bien; giao due, n a n g cao hieu nhflng tinh hudng mdi sinh v i bidt ve chu quydn qud'c gia v i n ludn ttfdi de t r a n h cha'p bien dao hidn nay, t r a n h mdi Bdi, stf nghidp bao ve chu quydn qud'c khdng dtfdc m i e mtfu de rdi vao "cai bdy gia la lau dai, muon ddi, toan dien, bao giang s i n ttf Idu" cua T r u n g Quo'c Nhd't gom ta't ca cac bien phap chinh tri, kinh la, phai lam de mgi ngtfdi dan Viet te, phap ly, doi ngoai va khai thdc tren Nam deu nhd nam long r a n g "Hoang Sa la thtfc dia; can xxi ly tinh tao, kheo leo cua Viet Nam" CHU THICH (1), Nguyin Vi^t Long, "Hoang Sa, TrUcing Sa - (10) Phieu trinh s5'339/K.QNg 14-7-1971 Cac sa kiSn, t u ligu lich sii, phap ly chmh (The ky cua uy Ban phSl hdp tinh bao quo'c gia ve hoat XV-2000)", Nxb, T r e t r , 120-121 (2) Uy ban Nhan dan huyfn Hoang Sa Ky yeu Hoang Sa, Nxb Thong tin - T r u y i n thong, tr 161 (3) Dan theo Viet Nam Thong tan xa - So' 8360 (chieu) thfl Sau 15-02-1974, (4), Dfl Bang, "Qua trinh khai thae va thuc thi chii quyen cf quan dao Hoang Sa va Trudng Sa ciia dpng cila Trung Cong quan dao Hoang Sa Ho sti sd 6359-Dn-VNCH Trung t a m LUu trfl Quoc gia (TTLTQG) II Thanh pho'Ho Chi Minh (11) Tuyen bo' 16-1-1974 ve vile Trung Cpng vi pham chu quyen VNCH tren cac qu£n dao Hoang Sa va Trudng Sa Ky hieu ho sd so 4617DII-CH TTLTQG II, T h a n h Hd Chi Minh (12) Bien ban so' 32/55 cua phien hpp Hdi dong trieu Nguygn", Tap chi Hue xiia va nay, so 104- Noi cac 16-01-1974 Ky hieu hd sd sd' 6375- 2011, tr 14 DII-GH (5) Bo Dan van Sai Gdn, Hoang Sa lanh tho Viet Nam Cong hoa, Sai Gon Cdng hda giii cac t h a n h vien ky ket dinh Udc cua (6) Trich Phieu trinh so 0367/TTM/2/5 63-1961, (7) D i n theo "Tci trinh cua Bp Tif lenh hai quan, chuyen Bo Tong thara mUu Quan lUc VNCH de trinh Thil tU6ng VNCH", Van ban de 21 thang nam 1971 (Tai lieu luu tai Van phong P h u Thu tudng VNCH) (13) Cong ham cua Bp Ngoai giao Viet Nam Hdi nghi qud'c te ve Viet Nam tai Paris nam 1973 (14) Tai lieu ciia Van phdng Phii Tong thdng VNCH, trinh Tong thd'ng cac van d l bao chi (15) Biic t h u ciia ky gia Nhu Phong 22-11974 dUdc dng TrSn Van Manh Trudng Ty tUdng Tuy Hda (Phu Yen) giii Tong thdng Viet Nam Cflng hda ve viec cung cap mpt sd dfl kien (8) Phieu trinh so 2838-QP/DL/K 27-51961 cua Bo trUOng P h u ta Quo'c phong giii B6 trudng kinh te va Bo trifdng Cong chinh va Giao thong Sai Gdn Ky hieu ho sd so' 1572-PTTg lien quan chu quyen cua VNCH ddi vdi quan dao Hoang Sa Ky hieu ho sd sd 6366-DII-VNCH TTLTQG II, Thanh phoHd Chi Minh (16) Tuyen cao cila Chinh phii Vidt Nam Cong (9) Tuyen cao ciia Chinh phii Viet Nam Cong hda v l chii quyen tren nhflng hdn dao ngoai khdi hda ve tai nguyen thien nhien cua quo'c gia bd bien Viet Nam Cflng hda, Ky hidu 6360-011- vung bien va dudi day bien VNCH TRAN HAI CHIEN CUA QCAN V I E T NAM CONG HOA CHONG QUAN TRUNG QUOC XAM CHIEM T R A I P H E P QUAN BAO HOANG SA TIIANG NAM NGUYIN HUU DAO" C ach day 40 nam, Trung Qud'c da huy dgng mgt ltfc Itfdng khdng nhd hai, khdng quan danh cbiem quin dao Hoang Sa cua Viet Nam Quin dao Hoang Sa luc Chinh quyd'n Viet Nam Cdng boa quan ly (1) Chi huy chie'n dich xam chiem mdt phin lanh thd ciia Viet Nam la Dang Tilu Binh va Didp Kiem Anh dtfdc Mao Trach Dong va Chu An Lai dfch than iiy nhiem (2) Thdi diem do, cugc khang chie'n chd'ng My, ctfu nUdc ciia nhan dan Viet Nam dang budc vao giai doan cudi cung Dang Cgng san Viet Nam, nhan dan Viet Nam dang tap trung huy dong stfc ngtfdi, stfc ciia de giai phdng mien Nam De qud'c My va Chinh quyen Sai Gdn da va dang chim sau vao tha't bai Du vay, vdi ban chat hieu chien, xam lUdc, de' qud'c My vin bay nbflng quy ke, stfc hdi, tiep stfc cho bgn tay sai ban ntfdc d mien Nam; chd'ng lai sU nghiep dd'u tranh gianh doc lap dan tgc, thd'ng nha't To qud'c ciia nhan dan Viet Nam NhUng vao thdi diem eiing la liic md Chinh quyen Sai Gdn dang dtfng trudc nguy cd sup hoan toan • Vi^n Sii hpc Md dau, vao 11 thang nam 1974, Trung Qud'c tuyen bd pban ddi Chinh quyen Sai Gdn da sap nhap quan dao TrUdng Sa vao quan Da't Do thudc tinh Phudc Tuy Trong tuyen bd, phfa Trung Quo'c de dga se trtfng phat mgi stf vi pham "chu quyen ba't kha xam pham ciia Trung Quo'c" Ngay 15 thang nam 1974, Trung Qudc cho linh gia dang ngtfdi danh ca bg len dao Hoang Sa, dong tbdi hg eung dUa quan len dao Quang Anh Quan dpi Trung Quo'c dUng len mdt so' bang chtfng gia chtfng to ngtfdi Trung Qud'c da va dang sinh sdng tren dao ttf lau Tiep do, Ifnh Trung Qud'c bi mat bg len cac dao Quang Hda, Duy Mgng cam cd, dUng leu cho't gifl Tau ciia quan dpi Viet Nam Cgng hda dl tuin tra dung loa, den hieu yeu ciu phia Trung Qudc phai rdi dao, nhUng hg phdt Id van dong quan tren dao Ngay 16 thang nam 1974, Chinh quyen Sai Gdn tuyen bd' phan ddi Trung Quo'c, khdng dinh rd quan diem va nhflng chtfng cd chii quyen cua Viet Nam ve hai quan dao Hoang Sa va Trtfdng Sa Ngay 17 thang nam 1974, Trung Qudc huy dong them tau chien den vung bien Rghien eihi Ljch sfr s6 6.2014 quanh q u i n dao Hoang Sa khieu khieh t i u chie'n cua quan ddi Viet Nam Cgng hda Linh Trung Qud'c uy hiep, de dga qudn dgi Viet Nam Cgng hda ddn t n i tren dao NhiJng dao ma linh Trung Qud'c vtfa chie'm, hg cung cd', to chtfc cac vi tri chie'n da'u Ttf trung t u i n thdng nam 1974, trtfdc tinh lunh cang thang b q u i n dao Hoang Sa, theo lenh Tong thd'ng Nguydn Van Thieu, hai quan cua Vidt Nam Cgng hda da lap Bd Chi huy hanh quan tai Da Nang Thie'u ttfdng T r i n Van Chdn, Ttf lenh hai quan chi huy Ltfc Itfdng hanh quan gdm chien ham: HQ4, HQ5, HQlO, HQ16 Nhtfng chie'n ham ndy chia hai canh, moi canh co chien ham va mdt so' ddn vi biet kich hai quan hanh quan dao Chi huy trtfdng cugc hanh quan la Dai ta hai quan Cung dao, Quan khu (Quan dgi Viet Nam Cgng hda) giii mgt nhdm si quan di nghien ctfu quin dao Hoang Sa (trong dd CO CO va'n M y ) Ke' hoach hanh quan cua quan ddi Viet Nam Cgng hda la bd len cac dao, dudi ngUdi Trung Qud'c khoi cac hdn dao la hoan nhiem vu Cung thdi gian tren, Trung Quo'c dua den q u i n dao Hoang Sa mdt doi tau chien loai nho, nhtfng xoay trd nhe nhang, trang bi vu khf manh Theo tuyen cao ciia Chinh phii Viet Nam Cdng hda thi ltfc lUdng hai quan cua Trung Qud'c gdm 11 Chie'n dinh, thuoc nhieu Ioai, trgng Itfdng va trang bi khae nhau, cd tau Komar dUde trang bi ten Icfa Ngay 19 thang nam 1974, vao liic gid 30 phut, phia Trung Quo'c bat dau nd sung lam quan nhan quan dgi Viet Nam Cgng hda ehet, ngtfdi khae bi thtfdng Quan ddi Viet Nam Cgng hda kim che' khdng b i n tra lai Tau chie'n Trung Qudc dan hang ngang, hue vao mui tau cua quan dpi Viet Nam Cdng hda Trtfdc stf khieu chien tho bao a'y, Chi huy trtfdng hai quan Viet Nam C6ng hda dieu chien ham tien len phia Bdc rdi vdng sang phia Tay cua dao Hoang Sa; tid'p hdnh trinh ve phia Dong Nam lai gap tau Trung Qud'c bam theo khieu chid'n Hai quan Viet Nam Cgng hda da khai hda de md dtfdng Chie'n dinh cila Trung Qud'c bi chim Trdn hai chien gifla quan ddi Viet Nam Cgng hda va quan dgi Trung Qudc didn ac Het Sau hdn gid chien da'u, Trung Qudc chim tau, chiec khae bi thtfdng nang Phia quan dgi Viet Nam Cdng hda, HQlO hi chim, HQ16 bi thtfdng nang nghieng han ve mgt ben Sau dd, HQ4, HQ5 bi trgng thtfdng Trtfdc tinh thd nguy hiem, HQlB, HQ4, HQ5 chay ve Da Nang, bd lai sd quan tren dao Ngay 20-1-1974, Trung Qud'c huy dgng them may bay nem bom xud'ng dao Hflu Nhdt, Quang Anh va Hoang Sa Qudn dpi Viet Nam Cdng hda chd'ng tra quyd't liet, nhtfng ltfc Itfdng qua chenh lech, cac dao lan Itfdt bi quan dpi Trung Quo'c chiem gitf LUc lugng quan ddi Vidt Nam Cgng hoa b i n hdt dan, bi b i t lam tu binh Trong 42 ngtfdi bi Trung Quo'c b i t gifl cd Thie'u ta, Dai uy, Trung uy, binh si hai quan, nhan vien ttfdng, cd' va'n My (Gerald Kosh) va trung dgi dia phtfdng quan Sau dd, quan n h a n My dtfgc phia Trung Qud'c biet dai va trao tra cho quan My vdo 12 gid trua 31-1-1974, cdn 41 qudn nhan Viet Nam Cgng hda bi phia Trung Qud'c dtfa qua dao Hai Nam quay phim, bi hach sach du dieu, nhung ndi dung chii yeu la tai lai "ddng quan tren lanh thd' cila Trung Qud'c" va ve giam tai "Trai thu dung tu binh, bg doi Quang Ddng", each Thanh phd Quang Chau 20 km Ba t u i n 11 sau My dUa may bay sang ddn eac quan nhan Viet Nam Cgng hda tra ve cho quan ddi Sai Gdn 4S De cao n g h e b u o n Trtfdc Ltfdng Khic Ninh, nhiing nha cai each Viet Nam cud'i the ky XIX nhtf Nguyin Trtfdng T6, Pham Phu Thtf va Bui Vien da nha'n manh de'n vai trd cua thtfdng nghiep ddi vdi stf phat trien va tdn vong cua dat ntfdc Tuy nhien, nhflng ban dieu tran cai each cua hg chi bd hep pham vi trid'u dinh Den Lfldng Khic Ninh, qua td Nong cd dam, dng dtfa va'n de nghe budn trtfdc dtf luan de mgi ngtfdi cung ban luan, Theo Ltfdng Khic Ninh, cac ntfdc nhtf Nhat Ban, Xiem La va Trung Hoa de'u phai hgc tap nhflng ky xao, ky nghd budn ban cua phtfdng Tay de' lam giau Ngfldi ntfdc ta thi mai lo khoa cii, vui thu rugng ddng, nen khdng cd hgc hdi ky nghe va budn ban ca Sai lam cua nhie'u the' he cgng lai lam cho nfldc ta suy yd'u, de rdi mat chu quyd'n, Nudc da mat chu quyen thi ngfldi dan phai mau thtfc tinh de' siia sai, cdn hdn la chap nhan lam no le mai cho ngtfdi Ong keu ggi dan chung khong nen chim dam lac thu, khdng nen de lang phi thdi gian, ma phai stfc hgc tap ky nghe va budn ban de' dua tranh vdi cac ntfdc, dua bdi vdi ddi Ong cho r i n g ngtfdi ci ddi co ba cai lo, dd la lo hgc, lo tid'n va lo nghe Ngtfdi ntfdc ta phai CO ging hgc nghd' cho kheo de' cd tie'n Phai cd stf Hnh boat, sang tao va thtfc dung hgc nghi: "Hgc du vide nhflng tai nhtfng tri; Hgc eho thong nghe' nghidp ban budn" (17) Ltfdng Khic Ninh cho bie't ngfldi Trung Hoa va ngudi An Do dd'n nudc ta rat ngheo khd', nhtfng hg biet each thtfc lam an ttf viec nho tdi vide Idn ma trd ndn giau CO Ban dau hg phai di lam cong cho cac nha budn Idn de co cai an, cai mac va chd b den dn dinh thi hg bie't hun vd'n kinh doanh, va chi sau nam bay nam da thay dd'i Rghien cihi Ijch si^ so 6.2014 dtfdc cugc sdhg cua minh Hg thd'y dan ta ngheo ndn khinh bi, coi dan ta chi la hgng h dd, lam cdng cho hg Tha'y lam an dd nen ho de'n ntfdc ta nhtf "tam dn mot ngdy dn mot nhieu", cdn dan ntfdc ta thi nhtf la dau '^mdt ngdy Idn len Id mgt cbi" (18) Ltfdng Khdc Ninh cbi mdt thtfc trang dang budn cd't la de thtfc tinh dan chung Ong muon danh vao long tfl dan tgc dd thflc day ngfldi Viet Nam cd' gang vtfdn len Iam giau Theo Ltfdng Khae Ninh sau nhflng nam tie'p xuc vdi ngfldi Phap, ngfldi dan thi ci Nam Ky da trd ndn lich lam, an d sgch se va thdng thao luat Id, nhtfng hg mdi chi "thdng thai mau hd't stfc v l vide xa xi, v l ly tfl bao, ma khdng thdng thai ve each tinh toan", nen "khdng cd thd'y hang budn nao cho Idn, lam nghe nao eho to; vu ldi khdng lam, cdn vu hai thi thich Idm" (19) Nghe buon d Nam Ky phat trid'n, nhtfng so ngfldi Viet Nam tham gia buon ban khdng nhilu, chu yd'u budn ban nho chtf it buon ban Idn So ngtfdi Hoa budn ban Idn CO tai 2000-3000 ngfldi, thi so'ngtfdi Viet Nam chi la 5-10 ngtfdi Ltfdng Khic Nmh canh bao: "Trong nam mtfdi nam tdi nfla ma cfl khdng budn Idn va khong hgc nghi chi cho gidi, thi ke ngheo khd cdn thang tren so ngan ntfa" (20) Ong tha thid't keu ggi ddng bao tham gia budn ban: "Ngtfcfi sau tinh phai budn phai ban; Nd'u khdng thi at hd', i t hen" (21) Ltfdng Khic Ninh khdng dinh "dai thtfdng la md'i lgi the gian, khdng chi doi vdi luc tinh ma cac vtfdng qud'c diu trgng vide thtfdng cd" (22), hay "mud'n co tid'n nhie'u thi phai hudn cho Idn, d'y la thtfdng sach" (23) Ong cho r i n g neu ngtfdi nfldc ta biet cflng hun vd'n budn ban de sinh ldi thi cdn hdn la tung kinh nidm Phat, lap mie'u cat chfla Theo dng danh va ldi ludn di cung nhau, danh phai thi Idi Ttf ttfdng trgng thuang cda Luong Khae Rinh phai, ciing hun vo'n budn ban Idn la le phai nen Iam Nghe budn la Ie phai hdp vdi quy luat cila tao hda, chtf khdng phai la nghe hdn mgn nhtf nhieu ngtfdi ntfdc ta nghi xtfa Ngtfdi ntfdc ta phai mau lam nghe thi mdi khong ho then vdi trdi dat Van d u n g ttf tifdfng Nho giao t r o n g buon ban Ltfdng Khic Ninh cho r i n g ngtfdi xua tinh each t b u i n hau, cha't phac, trgng nghia khinh tai, nen mdi xep nghe budn dtfng sau cung tfl dan (si, ndng, cdng, thtfdng) Do thdi t h i thay do'i nen tinh each ngtfdi khae trtfdc Hg trgng ldi va it cbu y dd'n dao dflc, vay nen "sanh ddi nao thi phai theo ddi ay ma lam, khong the luc ndo cung khu khtf vdi khuon m i u ctfng nhic" (24) Nd'n giao due ntfdc ta thieu sU day vd hgc ve nghe buon, bdi mud'n budn ban dtfdc thi ngtfdi budn phai bie't tinh toan, ludt le va dja ly Ong n h i n manh: "Cach buon ban Id dilu dtfdng can ddi nay" (25) Xuit phat ttf suy nghi xUa hdn nen ngtfdi sau chi lam theo ldi cua ngUdi trUdc chi dan Ttf ttfdng hie'u co khdng the ldm sinh dUdc cai mdi Theo ong cau "Cu hd' kim chi the' phan hd cd chi dao tai die dai ho than" la de' ndi ve dao vua tdi, cha me, vd chdng, anh em, ban hflu Ngtfdi ma trai nhflng dilu ay mdi Id trai vdi ngfldi xfla, chfl khdng pbai la cdch thtfc ldm dn b ddi Ltfdng Khdc Ninh nhan manh mud'n cdng thi phai tuan theo Ngu thtfdng: "Ne'u thieu ngd thUdng thi ldm cho dgng" (26), nghia la ngtfdi kinh doanh phai bdi du ndm yd'u to' Id nhan, ll nghia, tri, tin 6ng ludn giai Ngu thtfdng buon ban nhu sau: Vide cung bfln vd'n de budn ban Idn vtfa cd ldi cho ngUdi hfln vo'n, vtfa cd lgi cho ngtfdi ntfdc Ngtfdi co tdi, cd vd'n thi dtfdc tid'n nhilu Ngtfdi khdng cd tai, vd'n It, thi bd sflc lam cong de cd tien nudi gia dinh, khdng phai Iam than phan toi td cho ngtfdi ntfdc ngoai Tren dtfdi, giau ngheo deu cd ldi thi dd la nhdn; NgUdi mgt ntfdc khong phai la anh em rugt thit, nhtfng cung la bang hflu ciia Ne'u cflng hun vo'n lam an de'n tram ngudi thi la nghla; Khi bun ddng vd'n Idn rdi thi buon ban phan minh, phan hang tbfl bac trfldc sau, luan ban phan minh, khdng giem pha nhau, lay le dai thi la le; Khi hun dtfdc mdt ngudn vd'n Idn thi phai suy tinh lam de budn cd lai Idn, sinh lgi ttfng giay, tflng phut va tflng ngay, dd la tri; Trong buon ban Idn phai cd ngUdi dflng dau, phai phan edng cong vide eu the to nhd cho tflng ngUdi, la tin Trong nhtfng tri thflc Nho hgc cap tid'n eong kich Nho giao rat nang ne, thi Lfldng Khae Ninh, mgt mat chi nhflng ban che ciia Nho giao da kim ham nghe buon, mat khae lai bie't van dung sang tao ban the dao dflc ciia Nho giao vao budn ban Ong co mgt cai nhin khach quan ve Nho giao so vdi tri thtfc dtfdng thdi Day la ttf ttfdng trgi vtfdt ciia dng so vdi hg Bdi buon ban rat can cd cac yd'u to' nhan Id, nghia, tri, tin Ong can dan ngtfdi lam nghe" buon phai gifl dao dflc nghe nghiep tbi mdi cdng dtfgc, H u n vo'n Id'n de b u d n Idn t h u lai Idn LUdng Khae Ninh phan loai hang buon budn Idn, buon nho, budn phai va buon quay Buon nhd khdng ein phai vd'n Idn va khong can ddng ngUdi tham gia Buon phai la ngoai xem ro that nghe buon, la bay chuyen day ngudi trgn dgo Budn qua'y la chuyen tinh dilu gian xao, tham Iam, ich ky, Ifla dao va that tin Ltfdng Khae Ninh cd ddng ddng bao tham Rghien cihi Lich si^ s g 6.21 gia budn Idn Nhgn rd vai trd ciia vo'n budn ban dng ludn nha'n manh stf cin thie't phai hiep Iflc hun vdn Idn Theo dng, co vd'n Idn thi mdi budn Idn dtfdc, cd budn Idn thi mdi lai Idn dtfdc Ne'u budn mdt minh thi gap b i t tidn nhieu b l "nhdt chi nan lap", cdn nhilu ngtfdi tham gia se giam dtfgc nhtfng rui ro budn ban Theo Ltfdng Khic Ninh cd hai Iy ehinh lam cho ngtfdi ntfdc ta khdng mud'n hun hiep vd'n dd' budn Idn Mgt Id ta chtfa co tuc hdp sflc cung budn ban Idn nen cd ngfldi mud'n nhtfng e ngai vi chtfa thao buon ban Hai Id cd ngtfdi thao buon ban nhflng khdng mud'n lam xtf Nam Ky cd tdi 200-300 ngtfdi co the' hun vd'n Idn va dflng dau cugc dai thtfdng, nhtfng hg nghi la hg thdng minh, giau cd va mud'n an pban, Ne'u dtf tai san thi hg cho ngUdi ngheo vay de lay lai cao nhit Cach khdng lam cho hg giau them bao nhieu, ma ngudi ngheo cang ngheo them Nhflng dd'i tUdng ma theo Ltfdng Khic Ninh cd the' dtfng khdi dau cho cdng vide hun vo'n Idn d Nam Ky phai la nhtfng quan chflc nhtf quan dd'c, quan phu, quan huyen, thdng phan, kinh lich, thdng ngdn, ky lue, cai tdng, phd td'ng, hgi ddng dia hat, htfdng ca, hUdng chu, htfdng trtfdng, htfdng chanh , bdi hg co dia vj va tien bae - hai yd'u td' quan trgng de lam budn ban Idn Hg khong can phai bd hd't tai san nha minh de' hun vdn Ne'u hg cd 10 ma bd de' hun vo'n thoi thi dan chung cung dtfgc nhd rdi Budn ban Idn giup ngtfdi giau se cang giau them, ngUdi ngheo cd vide lam de ttf trang trai cho cugc sd'ng Neu ngtfdi giau chi lo gitf vdn, thi so phan vd'n bo cung khong lam cho minh giau them dfldc bao nhieu, Igi phai chiu tie'ng la khdng cd chi Iam an, tham chi chua chic da gifl dtfdc tien mai (27) Ltfdng Khic Ninh n h a n manh sfl mini bach budn ban Idn Theo dng tdf hdp dtfdc ngtfdi de h u n dtfdc von Idn rdi thi nhtfng ngtfdi tham gia hun v6^n phai bdn luan ky vdi dd thao dieu Id, lap ph4p tac, bau ngtfdi dflng dau va phdn cdng vi& cu the cho tflng ngtfdi hdi, dinh miic chia ldi nhuan Ai ddng gop nhie'u vdn, bo nhilu cong se dugc htfdng ldi nhieu Ong gdi md mdt sd' nghe cd thd' budn Idn de thu lai Idn b xfl Nam Ky la ldp tidm g6, tiem rtfdu, tiem cam do, hang cho vay va nhd in, ddng thdi chi ddn rat eu the ky thudt bu6n ban ciia cac n g h i cho cd Idi nhat Du luan v i n kha de dat trtfdc ttf ttfSng budn ban Idn cua Ltfdng Khae Ninh So bao 92 dang thtf ciia mgt ngtfdi dgc gid dd'n tda soan hdi dng ba va'n de Idn, dd la: Sao ma luan hoai?, Luan hoai chtfa tha'y hun hiep budn ban chi?, Sao khong thd'y ngfldi luan ban nao ciia bao lap nha buon? Ong tra ldi ba cau hdi nhtf sau: Mgt Id, luan hoai cho ngtfdi hie'u ro Hai Id, ngifcli tha'y nghe ma chfla xet nen chtfa tin, chfla ttfdng nen chtfa hfln hiep budn ban, Ba Id, ngtfdi chtfa xet ky, chtfa tin ldi luan la trung ly ndn chUa ldp duoc cugc dai thtfdng Mdt so' ngtfdi k h i c thi td y bi quan ve stf phat trien cua nghe budn, nhit la cugc dai thtfdng b nfldc ta, bdi theo dng tuc cu dau d l ttf bd Mac du ttf ttfdng budn ban Idn cua dng chfla dtfdc du luan don nhan tich ctfc, nhtfng dng v i n kien tri bam bao de khuyen nhil, phan tich, giang giai v^ bay each budn ban cho dan chung vdi \ik ao "lam mgt ma chung ta buon chung cho dang cung nhau, trtfdc la dang ldi Idn, sau la riia tie'ng nghi nang" Tuy nhien, cung cd luc dng cam tha'y cd ddn "lam dieu ay dtfdc lgi ma ban ddng quoc vdn khdng giup de'n, khdng chiu lam thi d^ cho trdi da't quy than phan xet, chfl khdng nen , lo ling nhilu vi ltfc ba't qua thien, ly bat Ttf hrfag trgng Hitfong efla Lu-ong Khae Rinh qua ctfdng" (28) va tran trd "ngtfdi ma khong tfa lam, tdi khdng hieu lam vay?" (29) Da cd mgt bg phan dtf luSn dtfng ve phia Ltfdng Khic Ninh Hg gvii thtf dgng vien dng va td bao Ong Nguyen Khae X b Ben Tre gufi thtf khen nhat bao "ldi n h u i n nha y huyen hda, va ehuc cho phat, lai ciu cho dang nhieu ngtfdi xem, i t lau htfu ich lam" Ong Nguyen Tai Kiem Tay Ninh gili thtf khen "ldi ndi khong cao ky ma xem thi d§ hieu" (30) Ltfdng Khic Ninh td y mtfng vui td bao da ed nhflng tac ddng nhit dinh tdi nhan thflc ciia mgt bg phdn dan chung Nam Ky: "Xet lai cung co mgt it ndi, da bay budn ban, xem lgi cflng co Idi hdn luc chtfa budn Vay tdi lay Iam vui ming (mtfng) hd't sflc, va Udc ao cho dang nhieu ndi nhieu chd hun hiep buon ehung,eho ro dd'u dai ldi" (31), Bai T r u n g Hoa va An Do, dtfa vao Phap de buon b a n Ludng Khic Ninh chu trfldng dfla vao thflc dan Phap de budn ban: "Ngtfdi chung ta sflc yd'u ve tie'n tai va it hgc Nhd co nude dai qud'c la Chanh Phap cai trj day dd ngUdi minh cho thong, vi y rat mudn eho ngtfdi bdn qud'c ro bie't nghi nghidp budn ban Neu ngfldi bd'n qud'c dang ldi, iy la ldi ntfdc, thi ngtfdi tren cai tri ddng vui ve binh an ma htfdng lgi" Ong hd hdo dan chung hay "hun hiep vdi ngtfdi thtfdng qud'c ciia minh, ma lam nghe buon Mdt didu la ngtfdi ta da thdng lam, cay sflc thong ciia ngtfdi Mgt die'u la ngfldi ta co von Idn sdn, cSy sflc manh cua ngtfdi" (32) Hai doi thii canh tranh dang gdm nhat ddi vdi thuc dan Phap b Viet Nam la ngtfdi Trung Hoa vd ngtfdi An Do Ngtfdi Trung Hoa thao tung thj trfldng lua gao, cdn ngfldi An Do tbi thu ldi Idn ttf boat dgng cho vay ndng lai Trong cac bai vidt ciia minh Ltfdng Khae Ninh chii trUdng hdp tac vdi Phap, bai Trung Hoa va An Do budn ban Ong coi ngtfdi Trung Hoa, ngUdi An Do la ngtfdi dj quoc, cdn ngtfdi Phap Id thUdng qud'c Ong lo ngai ngUdi Trung Hoa, ngtfdi An Do budn ban Idn thu he't tiin bac ve ntfdc hg thi dau cdn lgi cho ngtfdi Phap nfla: "Vi nhtf de cho chtf di qud'c la ngfldi Khacb (Trung Hoa), ngfldi Thien trtfdc (An Do) lam ldi, thi dem het bae tien ve xtf hg, co ich chi dau cho ngtfdi thtfdng qud'c minh" (33) Trong nhflng nam diu the' ky XX, tfl san ban xtf mdi dang qua trinh hinh Hg vtfa non ndt ve kinh nghiem buon ban, vfla thieu vd'n va ky thuat nen that kho dii stfc canh tranh vdi eac ddi thii ntfdc ngoai Viec Lfldng Khae Ninh gdi y ngfldi dan chgn Phap Iam dd'i tdc hdp sflc kinh doanh khong phai la khong co ly, bdi hg ed tfu the' ve vd'n, ky thuat va giau kinh nghiem budn ban Idn Tuy nhien, dng chUa tinh tdi mgt khia canh khae, dd la ne'u hdp tac chat che vdi Phap thi tu san ban xtf se bi cot chat vao ttf ban Phap, Thtfc dan Phap mud'n hdp sflc vdi ttf sin ban xtf chi de kim ham cac do'i thii canh tranh nang ky ciia chiing, chu yeu la ngtfdi Trung Hoa va ngtfdi An Do Ltfdng Khae Ninh mgt mat keu ggi dan chung chd'ng lai ngtfdi Trung Hoa va ngtfdi An Do de la'y lai thtfdng quyen, mat khdc hd bao hg hdp tac kinh te vdi ngfldi Phap Dan chung khd ma cha'p nhan kieu lay tien cila ngUdi Trung Hoa, ngfldi An Do de dd vao tui ciia ngtfdi Phap Ltfdng Khic Ninh thuc la tie'ng noi dai dien cho gidi ttf san ban xtf dang qua trinh hinh thanh, De cd the tdn tai dtfdc giai doan trflng ntfdc thi nd khdng cdn cd each nao khae hdn la danh phai chip nhan cgng tac vdi ttf ban Phap Chii trtfdng hdp tac vdi Phap cila dng 52 btfdc dau phan anh xu htfdng mai ban hda eua ttf san Viet Nam N h a n xet Ten ggi Nong cd dam chi ddn gian la ud'ng tra ndi chuydn nha ndng va budn ban, nhtfng ndi dung cua nd lai d l cap sau dd'n nhiing va'n dd' kinh td' cua da't ntfdc Ltfdng Khic Ninh la linh hdn cua td bao Linh hdn khdng chi t h i hien b so' Itfdng bai bao ma cdn cl ban linh, ttf va da'u a'n ciia ngtfdi lam bao Ong khdng ngan ngai bay td quan diem cila minh, cho dfl dilu cd the lam mdt bg phan ngtfdi dgc phat y Ong vtfdt qua tam nhan thtfc chat hep, khudn ctfng va giao dilu ciia Nho giao de dtfa ttf ttfdng trgng thfldng de'n vdi dan chung Nhflng bai luan ban v l nghe' budn cua ong da gdi md mgt loi ttf kinh te' mdi, tid'n bg va hien dai b Viet Nam Rghien cihi Lich s^ s6 6.2Q14 B i t mach dtfdc khat vgng lam giau, nhtfng ban khoan va rut re cua gidi ttf san ban xtf dang giai doan hinh thanh, Ltfdng Khic Ninh da nhanh chdng dtfa n g h i budn len diin dan bao chi de ban luan Ong cd vfl tU san ban xtf hay mau vd dd'n than mgnh me hdn nfla trdn thfldng trtfdng An d i n g sau nhflng ban luan cua dng la tid'ng ndi am t h i m ciia gidi tU san ban xtf vl nghe budn, ve tfdc mud'n btfdc qua nhflng rao can ciia qua khtf de lam gidu, ve y chi lay lai nhflng Idi quye'n kinh te' ttf tay ttf san ntfdc ngoai, trtfdc hg trb mgt the' ltfc kinh td' Idn manh Sfl chuydn dd'i ttf ttf ttfdng trgng ndng flc thtfdng sang trgng thtfdng b Viet Nam nhflng nam dau the' ky XX khdng he de dang ma dien bien rat phflc tap va chgm chap, bdi stf bao thu cdn dam trgi va nen Ltfdng Khic Ninh lam bao khong vi ldi tang vat chat iam be d3 cho stf thay dd'i tit Ich kinh te ma vi Igi ich dan tgc Ong ndi ro ttfdng xa hgi cdn ra't ye'u Do dd, muc dich bao la 'lap nhut bao ba nam Iam ehii but, Ltfdng Khic Ninh dgng ludn v l ky nghd va thtfdng cd', chd no ltfc gitfdng cao nggn cd trgng thtfdng vdi chang phai cd y tham ldi ban chfl ma la'y mong mud'n nhanh chdng tao sfl thay dd'i ve tie'n chi mun (mud'n) cho ngUdi bdn quo'c nhan thflc cua dan chung ve n g h i budn, CO ky nghe va thfldng mai" va k h i n g djnh nhtfng dilu la chtfa dii de lam thay ddi dgi thtfdng la "de nhflt each giup cho dan nd'n tang ttf ttfdng cua mdt xa hdi cu Tuy phu qud'c ctfdng" (34) Vtfdt qua sfl phan nhien, nhtfng viec lam cila dng khong h i vo tfng trai y cua mgt bg phan dtf luan xa hdi, nghla Trfldc hd't, nd btfdc d i u khai thong dng bin bi luan ban ve n g h i budn qua hdn ttf ttfdng trgng thtfdng d Viet Nam 100 sd'bao chi vdi mong udc la lam thay dd'i nhtfng nam d i u the ky XX Sau ong, nhieu nhan thflc cua dan chung, ttf "trgng ndng flc nha nho ca'p tie'n da sii dung cac td bao nhit thtfdng" sang "trgng thtfdng" Ong stI dung Luc tinh tdn vdn b Nam Ky, Ddng cd tiing td Nong cd ddm vu chd'ng lai bdo b Bic Ky de cd dgng phong trao Duy ttf san ntfdc ngoai de bao ve ldi quyen kinh tan; tie'p de'n la cac td bao ciia cac nha tfl td' cho dan tgc Viec lam eua dng danh san Viet Nam nhfl Khai hoa nhgt bdo, ThUc dau mdt btfdc phat trien v l chat ciia ddng nghiep ddn bdo de cd dgng phong trao chd'n bao chi tie'ng Viet edn dang b thdi ky htfng thtfc nghiep; mgt so ngtfdi Viet Nam non tre Ttf ttfdng canh tan kinh te'tren nen da da'n than vao thtfdng trtfdng Idn, ldp tang trgng thfldng • dai thtfdng cua dng da dtfdc nhtfng cdng ty va hieu budn Idn va trfl gdp phan md dfldng cho phong trao Minh nhflng nha ttf san cd the' life nhfl tan tren da't Nam Ky sau dd mong fldc ciia dng Ttf ttfdng thtfong cfla Ltfong Kh^c Rinh CHU THICH (1) "Quan Tdng thong Ddng Duong nghi dinh", NOngco ddm, so 1, 1-8-1901, tr (2) ""ThUdng co lu^n", Nong co ddm, sd (3), (34) 'ThUdng co luSn", Ndng cd ddm, so 1, 1-8-1901, tr (19), (20) "Thuong cd luan", Ndng cd ddm, so 4, 22-8-1901, tr (4), (14) "ThifOng cd luan", Ndng cd ddm, (21) "ThUOng cd luan", Nong co ddm, so 83, 2-4-1903, tr sSS, 19-9-1901, tr (5) "ThUdng cd luan", Ndng cd ddm, so 10, (22), (24) 'ThUdng co luan", Ndng cd ddm, sd6, 5-9-1901, tr 3-10-1901, tr (6) 'ThUdng co luan", Nong co ddm, sd 12, (23) "ThUdng ed luan", Nong cd ddm, so' 11, 10-10-1901, tr 17-10-1901, tr (7) "Thuong ed lu4n", Ndng cd ddm, so' 23, (25) 'ThifOng cd luan", Ndng cd ddm, so 50, 7-8-1902, tr 9-1-1902, tr (8) 'ThUdng co lu^n", Ndng co ddm, so' 53, (26) 'Thuong cd luan", Ndng cd ddm, sS 35, 24-4-1902, tr 28-8-1902 tr 1-2 (9) 'Thuong CO lu$n", Ndng cd ddm, so 56, (27) 'Thuong CO luan", Ndng cd ddm, so 106, 10-9-1903, tr.2 18-9-1902, t r l (10) "Thuong CO luan", Ndng cd ddm, sd' (28) 'Thuong CO luan", Ndng cd ddm, sd 9, 26-9-1901, tr 105, 3-9-1903, tr (11), (12) "ThUOng cd luan", Ndng cd ddm (29) 'Thuong cd luan", Ndng cd ddm, sd 35, 24-4-1902, tr sd26,ngay 20-2-1902, tr (13) 'ThUdng co luan", Ndng cd ddm, so'4, (30) "Dap tCf", Ndng cd ddm, so 7, 129-1901, tr, ngay22-8-1901, tr sd 29 04-02- 1902 (16), "Sanh tai hflu d^o" Ndng cd ddm, so' 6, 5-9-1901, tr (18) 'ThUdng cd' luan", Ndng cd ddm, sd 33, 10-4-1902, tr 104, ng&y 27-8-1903, tr (15) Ndng cd ddm, (17) "ThUdng ed luSn", Ndng cd ddm, so 79, 5-3-1903, tr (31) "ThUdng cd luan", Ndng cd ddm, sd 140, 12-5-1904, tr, (32), (33), 'ThUdng cd luEln", Ndng cd ddm, so 47, 17-7-1902, tr, 2, NHA Nl/6C PHONG KIEN VIET NAM DA QUAN LY OUAN OAO HOANG SA VA CAC VUNG BIEN CLIA VIET NAM BIEN OONG TRONG NHIEU THE KY TRINH KHAC IMANH' L an theo sii sach chung ta tha'y, nha ntfdc Viet Nam tii thcJi Ly da quan tam tdi viec ve ban dd lanh thd quoc gia Theo Khdm dinh Viet s^ thong gidm cUdng muc thi: "Miia thu nam 1075, Ly Thtfdng Kiet da cho ve ban hinh the mii song d ba chau Bd Ghi'nh, Ma Linh va Dia Ly" (1) Sdch Dgi Viet sii ky todn thu ciing cho biet: Thang 11 ndm Dai Dinh thtf 22 (1161) ddi vua Ly Anh Tong, nha vua sai To Hien Thanh ldm Do ttfdng, Dd An Di lam Pho, dem van quan di tuan cac ndi ven bien Tay Nam de gitf yen mien bien gidi (2) Ciing theo sach Dgi Viet sit ky todn thu: Nam Chinh Long Bao U'ng thtf 10 (1172) ddi vua Ly Anh Tdng, miia xuan thang 2, nha vua lai di tuan cac hai dao d dia gidi cac bang Nam Bdc, ve ban va ghi chep phong vat mang ve (3) Cac trieu vua sau nay, da noi theo trieu Ly tie'p tuc thtfc hien viec ve ban dd dd't ntfdc Thdi Le Thanh Tong (nam 1470) dinh ban dd ca ntfdc va co tap Hong Diic bdn do; thdi Le Trung htfng Do Ba ve Thien Nam tie chi 16 do; thoi Nguyin c6 ban ddi Dong Khanh vdi tieu di Dong Khdnh dia du chi Con ghi ch6p ve dia ly ' PGS.TS Vi$n Nghien ctfu Han Nom da't nudc ttf thdi Le sd chung ta da co tac pham Nam Viet dU dia chi cua Nguyen Trai (1380 - 1442), ghi ve dia li Viet Nam ttf thdi Kinh DUOng VUdng de'n thdi Le Cac the ki sau, loai sach dtf dia chi ngtfdi Viet Nam ghi chep tiep tuc phat trien: Thdi Mac Canh Lich (1548 - 1553) c6 cudn chau can luc DtfOng Van An bien soan viet ve dia li O chau (mien dat khoang ttf Quang Binh den Thtfa Thien - Hue) Thdi Le Trung htfng co Phil bien tgp luc Le Quy Don soan nam Le Canh Hung thtf 37 (1776) ghi chep ve dia li, lich s i , c6 xtf Quang Nam, Dac biet den trieu Nguyen the dia chi rat phat trien, nhtf: Dgi Nam qud'c cUdng gidi vUng bien cua Hoang Hflu Xiing, Dgi Viet dia dU todn bien ciia Phtfdng Dinh Nguyen Van Sieu, Hodng Viet dia du chi, Nam quoc dia dU chi cila Ltfdng Thuc Dam (4) Dieu chtfng td, Viet Nam lich sii xay dtfng va bao ve dat ntfdc, ttf thdi Ly de'n thdi Nguyen, nha ntfdc da luon quan tam den ctfdng gidi lanh thd ciia da't nudc, ca da't lien Ian hai dao Bai nay, chiing toi gidi thieu ve: Quan ly ciia nha ntfdc phong kien Viet Nam ddi vdi Rghien ctfu Ljch si^ s g 6.2014 hai quIn dao Hoang Sa, Trtfdng Sa va cac vung biin cua Vidt Nam b Bien Ddng dtfdc ghi chep ttf Hdu Han Ndm Cho den thdi diem hien nay, chung tdi da sUu" tap dtfdc ra't nhieu ddn vi tai lieu Han Ndm ghi chep ve chu de nay, da the hidn nhat quan lap trtfdng quan diem ciia nha nUdc phong kidn Viet Nam da ttfng quan ly hai quIn dao Hoang Sa, Trtfdng Sa va cac vung bien cua Viet Nam d Bien Ddng Ddy la nhtfng ttf lidu thuoc ve nha ntfdc quan ly, rat co gia tri khoa hgc va lam can cd phap ly khdng dinh chu quyen ciia Viet Nam ddi vdi hai quan dao Hoang Sa Trtfdng Sa va cac vung bien cua Viet Nam Bien Ddng Ngi dung cua cac ttf Heu Han Ndm CO the khai quat vao ba van de chu ye'u sau day: Mgt Id.hkng nam, nha ntfdc phai ngtfdi quan dao Hoang Sa de dac, cdm mdc, ve ban ve mang trinh tau trieu dinh (5) Chung tdi xin neu mdt so' chuyen di khao sat quIn dao Hoang Sa cua ngtfdi Viet Nam vao cac trieu vua thdi Nguydn nhtf sau: Bo Dgi Nam thUc luc Qud'c sk quan trieu Nguydn bien soan ttf nam Minh Menh thtf (1821) den nam Duy Tan thtf (1909) va Ian Itfdt cho in ttf nam Thieu Tri thtf (1844) ddn nam Duy Tan thtf (1909) Bo s\i bien nien ciia trieu Nguyin da ghi lai giai doan lich sd 300 nam, ttf Nguyen Hoang xtfng chiia ci Dang (1558), den nam Ddng Khanh thtf (1888) Bp van khdc Dgi Nam thUc luc dang luu gitf kho Mpc ban tai Trung tam Ltfu trfl Quo'c gia (Da Lat), dtfpc To chtfc UNESCO cdng nhan la Di san Ttf Ueu thd'' gidi nam 2009 thugc Chtfdng trinh Ky tfc the gidi; van ban in dang ltfu gitf tgi Vien Nghien ctfu Han Nom va Cgng hda Phap Theo nhtfng ghi chep bg Dgi Nam thiic luc, vua Gia Long thiet lap vtfdng trieu Nguyin, da tiep tuc cdng viec cua cac chiia Nguyin la phai ngtfdi di thdm dd dtfdng bien dao Hodng Sa, tiep tuc dac, cdm mdc, ve ban dl khang dinh chu quyen cua nha nUdc Viet Nam ddi vdi quan dao nay, xin neu mdt sd vidu: Nam Gia Long thtf 14 (1815), vua da sai dpi Hoang Sa di tham dtfdng bien di qudn dao Hoang Sa: "Nam At Hdi nien hieu Gia Long thtf 14 (1815), sai ddi Hoang Sa la bgn Pham Quang Anh Hoang Sa tham dd dac thuy trinh/Z, ^ ffi ^ + 23 ^ (e)mnfj^mmMmm'iimt>mm7}^ U"- (A.2772/9, De nha't ky, Q.50, td 6a) Nam Gia Long thtf 15 (1816), vua Gia Long lai tiep tuc phai doi Hoang Sa di tham dd dtfdng bien di quan dao Hoang Sa: "Nam Binh Ty nien hieu Gia Long thtf 15 (1816), sai thuy quan va dgi Hoang Sa di thuyen de'n Hoang Sa tham dd dac thuy t r i n h / ^ mfJ^mm 7K W (A.2772/9, De nhat ky, Q,52, td 15a) Va mot dieu het stfc quan trpng ma Dgi Nam thUc luc ghi dtfdc la "Nam Dinh Sdu nien hieu Gia Long thtf 16 (1817), thuyen Ma Cao dau-tai Da Ndng dem ban dd Hoang Sa dang trinh, (Nhd vua) thtfdng cho 20 lang bac/T S ^ 1^ + A M" (A.2772/9, De nhat ky, Q.55, td 19b) Nhtf vay, tiep theo cac chua Nguydn, ddn vua Gia Long da ludn quan tam tdi quIn dao Hoang Sa, coi day la lanh thd thieng lieng cua qudc gia, thtfdng xuyen phai ngtfdi day de tham dd Dieu dac biet la, tau thuyen cua Ma Cao nha Thanh co ban Hoang Sa da dem dang trinh vua Gia Long, ma khong trinh ban qudc Dieu cho thay, quan niem va nhdn thtfc ciia hp, quan dao Hoang Sa la cua Dai Nam ba'y gid va phai dang trinh vua Dai Nam, nha ntfdc dang quan ly quan dao Rha nude phong hlCT Viet Ram da q u ^ ly Thdi vua Minh Menh, vide tham dd va khao sat dac quIn dao Hoang Sa dtfdc nha ntfdc tien hdnh thtfdng xuyen hdn, co qui md rdng Idn hdn va cu the hdn Sach Dgi Nam thite luc, cho bid't: "Thang 3, mua xuan ndm Giap Ngp nien hidu Minh Menh thtf 15 (1834), sai Giam dpi trtfcing Trtfdng Phiic Si ciing thuy quan hdn 20 ngtfdi di thuyen den dao Hoang Sa thuoc Quang Ngai ve ban d d / ^ ^ HJ ^ + H ¥ dang tiinh Nha vua chudn y Idi tau, sai SuSt, ddi thuy quan Pham Htfu Nhat dem binh thuyen di, lgi cho mang theo 10 coc gd den dau thi cam vao de lam mdc (Mdi cgc gd dai thtfdc, rgng td'c, day ta'c Tren mat cgc go khae ddng chtf nam Binh Than, nien hieu Minh Menh thtf 17 (1836), Chanh doi trtfdng Suat dgi thuy quan Pham Hflu Nhat vang menh den Hoang Sa dac va cdm mocin ^ ^ ^ + - t : ¥ # I E ^ Xg|5 #H^ m^nmmmmitm7KW-.= (A.2772/26, De nhi ky, Q.122, td 32b) Hai ^i;) m mm IE ^ r ^mm^i^w^ nam sau, viec khao sat quIn dao Hoang Sa dtfdc vua Minh Menh lenh he't stfc cu the va vdi qui mo Idn hdn, hdn ntfa vua Minh Menh cdn cho cdm mo'c de khang dinh chii quyen qud'c gia: 'Thang Gieng, mua xuan nam Binh Than nien hieu Minh Menh thtf 17 (1836) Bo Cong tau: Ctfdng gidi mdt biin ntfdc ta cd xtf Hoang Sa ra't la hiem ye'u Trtfdc day hang nam thtfdng phai ngtfdi di tham dd khdp ndi de thdng thugc dtfdng bien Xin cho phep ttf nam ve sau mdi den tuan thang gieng, tuyen chgn phai Bien binh thiiy quan va Giam dap mgt chiec thuyen den thtfdng tuIn thang thi tdi hai tinh Quang Ngai va Binh Dinh, theo bo'n thuyen thue cua dan ddn dtfdng chd den dung xtf Hoang Sa khong ke dao nao, hdn nao, bai cat nao, pharii den ndi thi xem x6t xtf chieu dai, chieu rdng, chieu cao, chu vi va mUc ntfdc bien chung quanh ndng sau, co bai ngam, da ngim hay khdng, hinh the hiem trd, kho de thd ndo, phai dac ttfdng tan, ve ban do, Lai ghi rd khdi hanh, xua't phat ttf ciia bien ndo, di the nao den xtf do, can ctf vdo dtfdng di, tinh tfdc Itfdng bao nhieu dam, Lai ttf xtf fi'y trdng vao bd, chieu thdng vao tinh hgt ndo, do! chech la tinh hat nao each bd bien chtfng bao nhieu dam, nhat nhd't ghi lai, thuyet minh ro rang, dem ve ^ m ^ t^ m fp m m r^ i^ n Bi m '& m mm^BiimitmMmmm mmRm mnmo &^mi^yj r«jmmati&m m m * u i-i- m r-j Ws-mm.iirs^n^m '^mniii^mmmm^ M — ^.^mm^ m rt m 'iimm f^ -^ w + m m^iinit mm R Rm Ji^- m-^ mmm^ -[- -i: ^-n f^^7KMlEmMimmiii^ B m^ti ^ i^ffiS ^ Itt ^/ 1^ # ?)" (A 2772/32, De nhi ky, Q.165, td 24b-25a) Vdi nhiing quan tam cua vua Minh Menh va sU cd g^ng cua cac quan vien, nen vao nam 1838, vua Minh Menh da c6 ban ve ttfdng tan hdn ve quan dao Hoang Sa: "Ngay thang mua thu nam Mau Tuat nien hieu Minh Menh thtf 19 (1838), Vien ngoai lang Bg Cdng la Do Mau Thudng vang menh di thuc Men cong vu d Hoang Sa trd ve dem ban dang trinh Nha vua tha'y [vien nay] di tham nhieu ndi, ve ttfdng tan, so vdi phai vien cac lan trtfdc thi hdn han, Dd Mau Thtfdng va nhtfng ngtfdi ciing di ldm viec dtfdc thtfcing them ao quan va tien/[Jc Hghifen cum Ljch sir, s o 6.2014 Anh 1: Tc* chau ban nam Minh M6nh thfl 17 (1836) mn:sL^n xm ^1]am^mm^" (A.2n2l32, De nhi ky, Q.194, td 7b-8a) Trong mpt bg svl khae cua trieu Nguydn la Qud'c triiu chink bien todt ye'u cung ghi chep kha chi tiet ve viec ngtfdi Viet Nam ve quan dao Hoang Sa: "Sai vien Suat ddi thuy quan la Pham Htfu Nhat dem binh thuyen de'n Quang Ngai, thang tdi bai Hoang Sa, khdng ke dao Idn nhd nao cat nao, cd dai, ngang, rdng, cao, chu vi bao nhieu va bd'n phia gan dd cd bai cat, bai da ngim hay khdng, hinh thd hiem trd the nao Ttf ciia bien dd dtfdng thuy bao nhieu dam va thugc bd bien dia phtfdng nao, nhat nhat ghi chep ro rang, chuan cho mang coc gd cdm mo'c lam dau, ve ban dem ve dang trinh/ii M M ^ ^ M ^ B ^ ^m'itmmm'iintpmm^- n & m i^ thuyen dtfdc phai di Hoang Sa, mdi thuydn mang 10 mpc bai (cot gd, mdi cdt dai de'n thtfdc, day tac - ddng chtf nhd vua Minh Menb viet ben canh) viet to khdc sau ddng chG: Ghi hg tdn vien Cai dpi thuy quan nam Binh Than Minh Menh thtf 17 (1836) vang menh di khao sat Hoang Sa De'n Hoang Sa thi cam mdc danh dd'u Hay tuan menh mmm^nmmi7~-m ^ m^m^m mm n :