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NGOC HUNG LICH Stf & LY THUYET XA HOI HOC NHA XUAT BAN DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NOI LICH SLT & LY THUYET XA HOI HOC Le Ngoc Hung Lich suf & Ly thuyet Xa hoi hoc Nha xuat ban Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi, 2002 Nha xu&'t ban Khoa hoc xa hoi, 2008 Nha xuat ban Dai hpc Quoc gia Ha Noi, 2009, 2011 Copyright © Le Ngoc Hung, 2002, 2008, 2009, 2011 First Published 2002 by National University Hanoi Publishing House Second Published 2008 by Social Science Publishing House Third and Fourth published by National Univerity Hanoi Publishing House, 2009, 2011 Printed in Hanoi, Vietnam Le Ngoc Hung Sociological Theory & History / Le Ngoc Hung Includes bibliographical references and index LE NGOC HUNG LICH SlI k LY THUYET XA HOI HOC • • (Sach chuyen khao) NHA XUAT BAN DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NOI MUC LUC • • Ldi noi d a u 11 PHAN 1: LICH SIT RA DC)I HE THONG LY THUYET X A H I H O C 17 Chiidng 1: Stf dofi k h oa h oc xa h oi h o c .19 Boi canh kinh te - xa h oi 19 Boi canh chfnh tri, van hoa va tii ti*3ng 23 Cac tien de ly luan va phtfdng phap luan nghien ciiu khoa hoc 25 Sn ddi xa hoi hoc 28 Chitdng 2: Svf th o n g nhat tro n g tin h da da n g cu a c a c ly th u y et xa h o i h o c 31 Sn thong nhat cua cac quan niem khac ve xa hoi h o c 31 Tranh luan va thong nhat xa hoi h o c 38 Mot so" cap chu de ly luan xa hoi h oc 44 Van de phan ky lich sti phat trien xa hoi h o c 56 PHAN 2: NEN TANG PHAT TRIEN XA HOl HOC HIEN D A I 67 ChUdng 3: X a h o i h o c A u gu ste C om te (1798-1857) 69 Sd ludc tieu stf .69 Quan niem ve xa hoi hoc va cd cau bo mon Xa hoi hoc 71 PhUdng phap luan thUc chting kieu Com te 81 Chitdng 4: X a h o i h o c K arl M arx (1818-1883) .89 Sd lifdc tieu s ii .89 Chu nghia vat lich sii: Ly luan va phifdng phap luan xa hoi hoc M arx 92 Quan niem ve ban chat cua xa hoi va ngUdi 98 Quy luat phat trien lich sv£ xa h o i 104 ChUdng :X a h oi hpc H erbert S pen cer (1820-1903) 115 Sd lUdc tieu sik 115 Cac nguyen ly cd ban cua xa hoi h o c 117 Van de khach quan va chu quan cua phUdng phap lu an 122 Phan loai xa hoi va thiet che xa hoi 124 C hiiang : Xa h oi hpc Em ile D urkheim (1858-1917) 131 Sd lifdc tieu svt 131 Xa hoi hoc - khoa hoc ve sii kien xa h oi 134 Cac quy tac phUdng phap lu an 142 Mot so khai niem va ly thuyet 148 *1 Chitang 7: X a h o i h o c G eorg Sim m el (1858-1918) — 165 Sd lifdc tieu sOf .165 Quan niem ve xa hoi hoc 167 PhUdng phap luan 174 Mot so" khai niem cd ba n 177 Chitang 8: Xa h o i h pc M ax W eb er (1864-1920) 185 Sd hide tieu sut 185 Phifdng phap luan 187 Quan niem ve xa hoi hoc 194 Ly thuyet hanh dong xa hoi va to chute xa h o i 197 Ly thuyet ve chu nghia tu ban .202 Ly thuyet phan tang xa h o i 207 PHAN 3: M 0T SO CHU THUYET XA HOl HOC HIEN D A I 215 ChUdng 9: T h u y et chufc n a n g 217 Mot so" luan diem go'c 217 Mot so" khai niem cd b a n 223 Ly thuyet he thong xa hoi cua Talcott Parsons 227 Thuyet cau truc-chijtc nang cua Robert Merton 239 Htfdng nghien ciiu cau true xa hoi vi mo cua Peter B lau 249 Hudng nghien cutu cau true hoa cua Anthony Giddens 253 Hudng nghien ctiu mang lvfdi xa hoi 257 Hudng nghien ctiu hau chtic nang va chu nghia chiic nang mdi 260 ChUdng 10: Thuyet mau thuan 265 Mot so" luan diem g o c 265 Thuyet tinh ho a va ly thuyet cua Thorstein V eb len 267 TrUdng phai Chicago va quan niem cua Robert Park 270 Ly thuyet cua Joseph Schumpeter 272 TrUdng phai Frankfurt va thuyet mau thuan phe p h an 277 Thuyet phe phan “Con ngUdi mot chieu” cua Herbert M arcuse .281 Ly thuyet “Phe phan kep” cua Juergen Habermas 283 Thuyet hien dai va hau hien dai xa hoi h o c 292 Ly thuyet cua Lewis C oser .297 10 Su hinh dung xa hoi hoc va ly thuyet nhom tinh hoa-quyen lUc cua Wright M ills 300 11 Ly thuyet cua Michel Foucault 304 12 Ly thuyet cua Ralf Dahrendorf 311 13 Ly thuyet cua Randall Collins 317 ChUdng 11: Thuyet ttfotag tac bieu trtfng 321 Mot so" luan diem g o c 321 Ly thuyet “Toi soi gUdng” cua Charles C ooley 326 Ly thuyet tUdng tac “Ba ngoi” cua George Mead 329 Ly thuyet tUOng tac bieu triing cua Herbert B lum er .336 Ly thuyet kich hoa cua Erving Goffm an 345 Chitang 12: Thuyet liia chon ly 353 Mot so" luan diem g o c 353 Ly thuyet hanh vi kfa chon cua George Homans 362 Ly thuyet trao doi xa hoi cua Peter B lau 368 PHAN 4: M 0T SO CHUYEN DE LY THUYET XA H I H O C 379 Ly luan va phUdng phap xa hoi hoc Marx-Lenin 381 Xa hoi hoc Weber "Dao dtic Tin lanh va tinh than cua chu nghia tU ban” .397 “Xa hoi hoc the ky XX” - cai nhin cua mot so" tac gia Nga 429 Ly thuyet phe phan va xa hoi hoc ve tinh hien dai 441 T a i lie u th a m k h a o c h i n h .453 B a n g c h i d a n te n n g i t d i 475 B a n g c h i d a n k h a i n i e m 487 cu, phUdng tien, muc dich cho co hieu qua cao nhat Vi du r5 nhat la hanh dong kinh te luon phai tinh toan, lUa chon phUdng phap de dat dUdc nang suat, chat lUdng, hieu qua cao nhat cd the dUdc • Hanh dong ly gid tri: la hanh dong dUdc thuc hien vi ban than hanh dong (muc dich tU than) ThUc chat loai hanh dong cd the nham vao nhiing muc dich phi ly nhung lai dUdc thuc hien b ln g nhiing cdng cu, phUdng tien ly Vi du la mdt so hanh vi tin ngUdng, hay hanh ddng cua nhiing ngUdi theo chu nghia xe dich luon di chuyen, “di de md di” • Hanh dong cam tinh (xuc cam): la hanh dong cac trang thai xuc cam hoac tinh cam bot phat gay ra, ma khdng cd sU can nhac, xem xet, phan tich moi quan he gitia cdng cu, phUdng tien va muc dich hanh dong Vi du, hanh dong cua dam ddng qua khich hay hanh dong ttic gian gay ra, “cd gian mdt khon” • Hanh dong theo truyen thong: la loai hanh ddng tuan thu nhting thdi quen, nghi li, phdng tuc, tap quan da dUdc truyen lai tti ddi qua ddi khac Vi du, hanh ddng theo "ngiidi xiia", "co nhan noi", "cdc cu day", hanh dong vi “moi ngiidi diu lam nhii the cd" Xa hoi hoc nghien ctiu hanh dong xa hoi, thuc chat la tap trung vao nghien ctiu loai hanh dong ly-cong cu, mot boil loai hanh dong Weber lap luan rin g, dac trUng 200 quan nhat cua xa hoi hien dai la hanh dong xa hoi cua ngUdi cang trd nen ly, hdp ly vdi tinh toan chi li, ti mi, chinh xac ve moi quan he giuia cdng cu/phUdng tien va muc dich/ket qua Bo may vd to chiic nhiem sd Weber phan tich sU thay do’i ve vai trd va xu hudng cua hanh dong xa hoi dong thdi chi dieu kien, tien trinh phat trien lich sti xa hoi tu ban chu nghia Cac nghien ctiu cua Weber cho thay, chi xa hoi hien dai phUdng Tay, chu nghia ly gan lien vdi nd la hanh dong ly-cong cu mdi phat trien manh me va xam nhap vao cac linh vUc cua ddi song kinh te, luat phap, chinh tri, van hoa, ton giao, xa hoi Trong qua trinh ly hoa dd, to’ chtic xa hoi cung bien doi va phat trien kieu to chtic dac biet ma Weber goi la bo may nhiem scJ (Bureaucracy - bo may quan lieu) va to chtic nhiem sd (Bureaucratic Organization) Weber chi sau dac trUng cd ban cua bo may nhiem sd (Bureaucracy - bo may quan lieu), nhu sau1: • Bo may nhiem sd gom cac cac linh vUc dUdc xac dinh va hdp phap hoa chinh thtic, nhin chung cd trat tu tuan thed theo cac quy tic, vi du, cac luat le hoac cac quy dinh hanh chinh; • De Nguyen ly thti bac van phong va cac cap quyen tranh hieu theo nghia xau cua chu “quan lieu", co the s i dung c h i “nhiem s&' hay “van phong' M Weber Characteristics o f Bureaucracy, H H Gerth and C Wright Mills From M ax Weber: Essays in Sociology New York: Oxford University Press 1958 Tr 196-198 201 lilc tiic la mot he thong trat til chat che cua sii thong tri va sii phuc tung cap du6i phai phuc tung cap tren; • Viec quan ly van phong hien dai diia tren cac tai lieu van ban (cac ho sd); • Viec quan ly van phong, It nhat la tat ca cac phong chuyen mon mang tinh hien dai, thUdng doi hoi phai cd sii dao tao chuyen gia can than; • Khi van phdng da phat trien day du thi hdat ddng chinh thtic doi hoi can bo phai phat huy day du cdng suat lam viec; • Viec quan ly van phong tuan thu cac quy tac chung, nhting quy tic it nhieu on dinh, it nhieu toan dien va cd the hoc tap dUdc Nhd cac dac diem ma to chtic nhiem scf cd Uu the tuyet doi ve mat kinh te-ky thuat so vdi tat ca cac kieu to’ chtic khac xa hoi Qua viec nghien ctiu qua trinh ly hoa ndi chung, ly hoa hanh dong xa hoi va nhiem sci hoa to’ chtic xa hoi ndi rieng, Weber da tra ldi mot phan cau hoi tai trU6c day xa hoi hien dai, chu nghia tu ban hien dai da ddi, phat trien b nhting nU6c phUdng Tay chti khdng phai d ndi khac Ly thuyet ve chu nghia tit ban La mot nha xa hoi hoc cd kien thtic kinh te hoc sau rong, Weber dac biet quan tam tdi md'i tudng tac gitia hien tudng kinh te va hien tudng xa hoi, nhat la sii ddi va phat trien 202 cua chu nghia tu ban Khac vdi Marx coi kinh te la cd sd vat chat cua xa hoi, Weber tap trung nghien ctiu tac dong cua cac yeu to' xa hoi doi vdi cd cau kinh te va qua trinh kinh te Weber giai thich sU ddi va phat trien chti nghia tu ban hien dai vdi tu cach la he thong kinh te nhting cdng trinh ndi tieng nhat cua ong nhu cuon “Dao diic Tin lanh vd tinh than cua chu nghia tii ban " (1904) va cuon "Kinh teva xa hoi" (1909) Trong cuon "Dao diic Tin lanh ", Weber da giai quyet mot cach he thong van de moi quan he gitia tdn giao, kinh te va xa hoi ma trUdc dd chua nghien ctiu triet de Cu the tac pham nay, dng da lan lUdt lam sang to nhting diem mau chot sau day1: • Nhting thay doi quan dien ddi song tdn giao, kinh te thudng mai va hanh dong xa hoi cua ngUdi; • Moi tUdng quan va anh hucing cua nhting thay doi niem tin, dao dtic tdn giao doi vdi he thong hanh dong xa hoi va hanh dong kinh te; • Nhting dac thu cua xa hoi phUdng Tay lien quan tdi chu nghia tu ban hien dai Weber b it dau phan tich chu nghia tu ban bang cach dua cac b in g chting lich sti quan sat dUdc Ong nhan thay hoat dong kinh te thudng mai da phat trien manh me cf nhting nU6c cd dao Tin lanh (Protestanism - goi la The phan) Phan ldn cac chu doanh nghiep, cac thudng gia la nhting ngUdi theo dao Tin lanh cd xu hu6ng ly hoa2 Doc them chuyen de ve W eber phan cuon sach Weber viet: “Nhung tin dao Tin lanh (dac biet la nhung xu hu6ng ho sau nay) ke ca tang ldp thong tri, ca tang 16p bi tri deu to dac biet 203 Weber cho rang, chu nghia tu ban phiidng Tay bi kich thich bdi hai loai hanh dong trai ngUdc Mot mat, ngUdi say me lam viec va san xuat cua cai, tiic la lam giau, nhieu hdn h ln nhu cau tieu dung ca nhan1 Mat khac, cac ca nhan cd xu hUclng tiet kiem va kiem che sU hucfng thu ca nhan doi vdi cua cai lam NhUng hai loai hanh dong xa hdi cd quan he vdi nhu the nao ddi song ngUdi? Chung cd mdi lien he nhu the nao vdi tdn giao va chu nghia tu ban d phUdng Tay? De tra ldi cac cau hdi nay, Weber da trien khai cac khai niem nghien ciiu cd ban nhu "dao diic Tin lanh", "tinh than chu nghia tii ban", "chu nghia tiC ban truyin thong", "chu nghia tit ban hien dai" va cac khai niem khac Weber chi rin g nhiing ldi khuyen ran cd tinh chat giao ly nhu "thdi gian la vang bac , tien bac biet sinh soi nd , hay tiet kiem , hay than vd trung thitc ” da trcl chuan mile dao diic va tieu chuan lUdng tam cua hanh dong xa hoi Hdn the nuta, nhiing ldi giao huan cua dao Tin lanh da tret mot he gia tri, chuan mUc dao diic m6i lich sti xa hoi phUdng Tay - dad dtic Tin lanh He gia tri, chuan mUc da chi phoi hanh dong xa hoi htfdng den sU hdp ly kinh te, dieu ma khong thay dUdc d cac tin Thien chua giao.” Trich theo Hermann Korte Nhap mon lich sti xa hoi hoc Nxb The gi6i Ha Noi 1997 Tr 151 Lam giau b ln g ldi nhuan la mpt dong cd, mot muc dich nhung xet den cung thi ngiidi ta lam giau de lam gi, tang ldi nhuan de lam gi ma su tieu dung chd ca nhan ho khong phai la vo han va cang khong phai la lam giau bao nhieu thi huong het bay nhieu Ca kinh te hoc, ca tam ly hoc tham chi ca chinh tri hoc cung chua du s ic tra ldi cau hoi Co le vi vay ma khoa hoc xa hoi hoc da ddi, va trUdng hdp d day, vdi sU dong gop trUc tiep cua Weber 204 cua ngUdi phiidng Tay hien dai luc bay gid De lam ro "tinh than chu nghia tii ban", Weber da phan biet hai khai niem: chu nghia tu ban truyen thong va chu nghia tu ban hien dai De minh hoa cho sii khac biet cd the lay hanh dong cua cdng nhan tinh huong tang cUdng lao dong gan lien vdi tang dinh mtic tien cdng Trong chu nghia tU ban truyen thong, hanh ddng cua ca nhan phu thuoc vao cau hoi minh phai lam viec nhu the nao, vdi khoi lUdng bao nhieu de kiem dUdc so tien dung bing trUdc day Cau tra ldi din den hanh dong thudng gap la tim cach b6t viec ma van dUdc tra cdng nhu lam du viec Dieu dd khac h&n vdi chu nghia tu ban hien dai, b dd ca nhan hoi: neu tdi lam viec nhieu hdn thi tdi cd dUdc tra cdng nhieu hdn khdng Tii dd dan den hanh dong miet mai lam viec de dUdc hUdng nhieu Cach dien giai cua Weber toat len mot y tudng cd ban sau day: neu hanh dong miet mai lam cua cai cang nhieu va loi song kho’ hanh la hai dac trUng cd ban cua chu nghia tu ban thi giao ly tdn giao nao, he thong gia tri van hoa nao chiia dUng tinh than dd cd the cdi la nen tang cua chu nghia tu ban Theo cach lap luan nay, Weber rut menh de dUdc coi la dung ring, chinh dao Tin lanh, chinh Dao diic Tin lanh va tinh than cua chu nghia tu ban cd moi tUdng quan cong hudng, ti le thuan vdi va da gop phan hinh thanh, phat trien xa hoi tu ban chu nghia hien dai d phUdng Tay Co le vi Weber da tap trung phan tich vai tro cua tdn giao ndi rieng va van hoa, tinh than ndi chung doi vdi sU phat trien chu nghia tu ban nen mot so' nha nghien ciiu nang ve triet hoc da phe phan quan diem cua dng la tam chu nghia Cach phan xet nhu vay chu yeu xuat phat tii quan 205 diem coi xa hoi hoc la mot bo phan cua triet hoc von bi phan A A/ t ~ chia hai phe vat va tam ma quen mat rang xa hoi hoc la mot khoa hoc cu the ThUc te, luc bay gid hoc thuyet cua Karl Marx da ndi tieng va Weber ngam tranh luan vdi Marx ve van de phat trien chu nghia tu ban Ve su ddi, phat trien cua chu nghia tu ban hien dai, Weber da dua nhiing y tUcfng va lap luan khac vdi Marx Chang han, ngoai cac yeu to kinh te, Weber nhan manh tdi vai tro cua cac yeu to" phi kinh te nhu tdn giao, van hoa, chinh tri va luat phap sU phat trien lich sti xa hdi Weber da viet phan cuoi cuon "Dao diic Tin lanh " rang, ong nghien ctiu xa hoi tu ban phUdng Tay khdng phai la de thay the cach giai thich vat-mot chieu b in g mot cach ly giai tam-mot chieu doi vdi lich sti va van hoa bdi ca hai cach lam deu ddng gop it nhu viec tim chan ly lich sti1 Ong cho ring, can nghien ctiu anh hudng cua toan bo cac dieu kien xa hoi, dac biet la kinh te, tdi sU phat trien cua tdn giao, cu the la cua chu nghia khd hanh cua dao Tin lanh Trong mot tac pham khac, cuon "Kinh te vd xa hoi"2, Weber rat chu y phan tich vai trd quyet dinh cua cac yeu to M ax Weber The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit o f Capitalism Translated by T Parsons Introduction by Randall Collins Los Angeles CA: Roxbury Publishing House 1996 Tr 183 M ax Weber (1925) Econom y and Society Berkeley: University of California Press 1978 Ban thao cuon sach W eber viet vao n&m 1913 Sau ong mat, vd ong va hoc tro cua ong da cho xuat ban sach Trong phan dau cua cuon sach W eber dua quan niem va cac khai niem, pham tru cd ban cua xa hoi hoc Hermann Korte N hap mon lich sit xa hoi hoc Nxb The gidi Ha Noi 1997 Tr 156 206 kinh te nhii cac quan he san xuat, thi trUdng, thudng mai v.v va cac yeu to' phi kinh te nhu chu nghia ly, luat phap, van hoa Trong cuon sach so nay, Weber da danh ca mot chUdng gom 150 trang sach de trinh bay cac pham tru xa hoi hoc cua hanh dong xa hoi Tom lai, ly thuyet cua Weber ve chu nghia tu ban thiic chat da chi md'i quan he cua cac yeu to' vat chat va tinh than, kinh te va phi kinh te, ca nhan va xa hoi Cac yeu to' cung tudng tac, cung van dong va cung phat trien tao nen xa hoi tu ban chu nghia hien dai d phUdng Tay Ly thuyet phan tang xa hoi Phan tang xa hoi - giai cap Weber nghien ciiu cau true xa hoi cua chu nghia tu ban sau Marx hdn niia the ky Do vay, Weber da ghi nhan dUdc nhiing thay do’i quan trong cd cau giai cap xa hoi de phat trien ly thuyet xa hoi hoc ve sii phan tang xa hoi Theo Weber, linh vUc kinh te khdng ddng vai trd cua mot nhan td' quyet dinh nhat do'i vdi sii phan chia giai cap va tang 16p xa hdi xa hoi tu ban hien dai1 Cau true xa hoi ndi chung va sii phan tang xa hoi ndi rieng chiu tac dong cua hai nhdm yeu to' cd ban sau day: Ngay t i nam 1890 Engels da phai nhic nhd rin g can hieu dung hoc thuyet Marx, rin g ca M arx va Engels deu coi cac tien de va dieu kien kinh te dong vai trd quyet dinh cuoi cung nhiing khong phai la nhat vh cac yeu to khac cua thiidng tin g kien true, ca nhiing gi am anh dau oc ngiicfi cung deu anh hildng den lich s i xa hoi, den sU van dong cua ca'u true xa hoi Xem Cac M ac - Phridrich Angghen Tuyen tap Tap VI Nxb Sii that - Ha Noi 1984 Tr 726-729 207 • Cac yeu to kinh te (von, tU lieu san xuat, thi trUdng, v.v.); • Cac yeu to phi kinh te (vi the xa hoi, nang lUc, cd may, quyen luc, v.v.) qua trinh hinh va bien doi cau true xa hoi va sU phan tang xa hoi Khac vdi Marx xac dinh khai niem giai cap moi lien he vdi phUdng thtic san xuat va che sd hiiu tu lieu san xuat, Weber quan niem giai cap la mot tap hdp ngUdi cd chung cac cd hoi song dieu kien kinh te thi trUdng1 Cd hoi song dUdc hieu la cac cd may sinh tti viec san xuat, n&m giti, sti dung va mua ban hang hoa, dich vu tren thi trUdng Thi trUdng la linh vUc ma d dd hang hoa, lao dong hang hoa va dich vu dUdc san xuat va dem trao do’i Thi trUdng cung la linh vUc the hien cac ldi Ich kinh te va thu nhap, vi vay nd ddng vai trd dac biet quan trong viec hinh va bien doi tinh huong giai cap Cung giong Marx, Weber phan biet hai loai tinh hudng giai cap chinh: mot la tinh huong cua nhting ngUdi sd htiu tai san va sti dung tai san dd de thu ldi nhuan; hai la tinh huong cua nhting ngUdi khdng cd tai san phai ban stic lad dong, tay nghe, dich vu lay tien cdng hay tien lUdng Tti dd, Weber xem xa hoi cau tti hai nhdm giai cap tUdng ting vdi hai tinh huong Weber viet: “Chung ta co the noi den “giai cap” (1) mot so ngUdi co chung mot phan hdp co tinh nhan qua cu the cua cd hoi song cua ho, v6i chtmg mUc la (2) phan hdp bieu hien chu yeu bdi cac ldi ich kinh te trdng viec n im giii hang hoa va cac cd hoi thu nhap, va (3) dUdc the hien trdng cac dieu kien cua thi trudng hang hoa hay thi trudng lao dong.” H H Gerth and C Wright M ills From M ax Weber: E ssays in Sociology New York: Oxford University Press 1958 Tr 181 208 tren, va moi giai cap bao gom cac tang ldp xa hoi khac • Tinh huong giai cap th ii nhat gom: (1) tu san-chu von dau tu va (2) tu san-chu tai san cho thue mUdn kiem ldi Ca hai giai tang deu thuoc “giai cap tdi san” • Tinh huong giai cap th ii hai gom: (3) ngUdi ban siic lao dong cd trinh chuyen mon va cd kha nang lam dich vu (ngUdi lam dich vu va ngUdi quan ly), (4) ngUdi ban siic lao dong cd trinh chuyen mon, tay nghe (cdng nhan cd tay nghe, cdng nhan ky thuat, goi la "cong nhan co trdng"), (5) ngUdi ban siic lao dong thd sd (cdng nhan khdng cd tay nghe, goi la "cong nhan co xanh") Ca ba giai tang deu thuoc ve “giai cap thu nhap”, giai cap lam thue Cac cd may song bat nguon tu: von, tai san, siic lao dong, ky nang, tay nghe va dich vu, va vay, phu thuoc vao dieu kien cua thi trUdng Nhiing thay do’i dieu kien thi trUdng keo theo sU thay doi cd cau giai cap Thifa nhan yeu to' kinh te bieu hien cu the qua cac cd hoi trao do’i tren thi trUdng la yeu to' quyet dinh so' phan ngUdi, Weber cho rin g “tinh huong giai cap”, xet cho cung ve mat kinh te la “tinh huong thi triidng” Dd la tinh huong chu yeu bi quy dinh bdi cac thi trUdng, vi du, thi trUdng lao dong, thi trUdng hang hoa va cac doanh nghiep tu ban chu nghia Weber cho rin g cd hai hinh thiic phan tang xa hoi ve mat kinh te: • Su phan tang xa hoi cac giai cap khac 209 ve sd hiiu tai san Vi du: giai cap tu san va giai cap vd san • Su phan tang xa hoi cac giai cap khac ve mtic thu nhap1 Vi du: giai cap thUdng lUu giau cd va giai cap lUu - ngheo khd Hai thap phan tin g khdng hoan toan trung khit ma dan xen, tUdng tac, chuyen hoa cho Trong xu the dd, dung nhu Weber nhan xet, phan tang xa hoi cac nhdm thu nhap diln bien xa hoi hien dai2 Nhom vi the vd phan tang xa hoi - vi the Weber cho ring, xa hoi cd ca nhting ngUdi ma cuoc song cua ho va nhat la loi song cua ho khdng hoan toan phu thuoc vao tinh huong thi trUdng ma phu thuoc vao uy tin, danh vong va sU danh gia cua xa hoi danh cho ho Ong goi dd la nhdm vi the (Status Group)3 Ve moi quan he gitia nhdm vi the va giai cap, Weber chd W eber viet: “Ngiidi ta can phai phan biet “cac giai cap tai san” v6i “cac giai cap thu nhap” bi quy dinh trU6c het bcii thi triMng X a hoi hien chu yeu bi phan tang cac giai cap, va v6i miic dac biet cao la cac giai cap thu nhap” H H Gerth and C Wright Mills From M a x Weber: Essays in Sociology New York: Oxford University Press 1958 Tr 301 Nhieu nghien ciiu ve phan tang xa hoi Viet N am hien chu yeu lay chi tieu thu nhap, chi tieu, miic song kinh te lam cd sd de phan chia dan ci1 va ho gia dinh cac nhom thu nhap khac nhau, tiic la phan tang xa hoi-nhom thu nhap hoac phan tin g xa hoi-nhom chi tieu Weber dinh nghia: “Nhiing ngUdi ma so phan cua ho khong bi quy dinh bdi cd hoi s i dmig hang hoa hay dich vu danh cho ho tren thi trUdng, vi du cac no le, nhien, khong phai la giai cap theo nghia chuyen mon cua t i M a ho la “nhom vi the"’ H H Gerth and C Wright M ills From M a x Weber: E ssays in Sociology New York: Oxford University Press 1958 Tr 183 210 rin g yeu to" kinh te, vi du tai san, xet cho cung quy dinh vi the xa hoi, nhien khong phai luc nao cung nhu vay Weber cho biet “ca hai loai ngUdi cd tai san va khdng cd tai san deu cd the thuoc ve cung mot nhdm vi the” Nhdm cac nha doanh nghiep la mot nhdm vi the, nhdm cac hoc tro la mot nhdm vi the vi mdi nhdm deu cd chung mot miic vong vi ne, danh du nhat dinh tii phia xa hoi mac du sd" ho cd ngUdi giau, ngiidi ngheo Theo dng, “khac vdi cac giai cap, cac nhdm vi the" thiidng la cac cong dong” bao gom nhiing ngiidi cung mot “tinh huong vi the” , tiic la cung chia se miic danh vong, miic kinh tu! phia xa hoi Khac vdi quyet dinh luan kinh te", Weber chd rang, “tinh huong vi the" cd the la nguyen nhan cung nhu cd the la ket qua cua tinh huong giai cap”2 Moi quan he the hien d chd, mot mat, sii phan tang vi the gom cac nhdm vi the" khac nhau, cac cong dong cd uy tin, danh vdng khac cd kha nang tac dong tdi cau true kinh te" thdng qua cac hang rao hoac cac quy dinh ve tieu dung va bang sii doc quyen ve vi the ma xet ve y nghia kinh te" thi cd ve phi ly Mat khac, sU phan tang vi the tac dong manh me tdi nen kinh te" thdng qua sii chi huy cua nhdm ngUdi thuoc tang ldp dUdc vong va cd uy tin cad xa hoi Quyen lilc, ddng phai vd phan tang xa hoi Khai niem quyen liic Weber dua dinh nghia ndi tieng H H Gerth and C W right M ills From M ax Weber: Essays in Sociology New York: Oxford University Press 1958 Tr 187 H H Gerth and C W right Mills From M ax Weber: Essays in Sociology New York: Oxford University Press 1958 Tr 301 211 ve quyen liic, nhan manh bo mat thii nhat cua no Quyen lUc la kha nang cua ca nhan hay nhom ngUdi thUc hien dUdc y chi cua ho, bat chap sU chong doi cua ngUdi khac1 Trong khai niem nay, Weber da chi hai dieu kien cd ban cua quyen luc: thii nhat, ca hai ben gom ngUdi co quyen liic va ngUdi bi quyen liic chi phoi deu phai tham gia vao hanh dong xa hoi; thii hai, ngUdi cd quyen luc phai la ngUdi nam giG vi tri nhat dinh cong dong xa hoi Khai niem ddng phai Nhat quan vdi thuyet hanh dong xa hoi, Weber coi dang phai la mot nhdm ngUdi cd kieu hanh dong dac trUng bdi muc tieu chiem gifl vi tri quyen liic nhat dinh va gay anh hudng tdi hanh dong cua ngUdi khac Ong chi ro: “Hanh dong cua cac dang phai hu6ng vao viec chiem giuf quyen luc xa hoi, tiic la, nham gay anh hudng doi vdi hanh dong cua cong dong bat chap noi dung cua nd la gi”2 Tudng tu nhu giai cap va nhdm vi the, dang phai cung xuat hien va song cuoc song rieng cua nd tinh huong nhat dinh Weber dien dat mot cach hinh anh la giai cap song ngoi nha kinh te vdi tinh huong thi trUdng, nhdm vi the song ngoi nha danh du vdi tinh huong vi the', thi dang phai song ngoi nha quyen liic Tren cap cau true vi md, dang phai gom cac ca nhan cd cung ldi ich kinh te, tiic la cung mot tinh huong giai cap Weber dinh nghia: “Nhin chung, chung ta hieu quyen luc la cd hoi ma mot ngiidi hay mdt nhdm ngUdi thuc hien y chi cua ho mot hanh dong cong dong tham chi' chong lai sU khang cu cua nhiing ngUdi khac dang tham gia trdng hanh dong do” H H Gerth and C W right M ills From M a x Weber: Essays in Sociology New York: Oxford University Press 1958 Tr 180 H H Gerth and C W n gh t Mills From M ax Weber: E ssays in Sociology New York: Oxford University Press 1958 Tr 194 212 hoac gom cac ca nhan thuoc cung nhom vi the"1 Tren cap cau true vT mo, dang phai la mot to chtic chat che luon dau tranh vi quyen luc, vi vi tri va vai tro thong tri Weber khang dinh: “Dang phai, bao gid cung la nhting cau true dau tranh vi quyen thong tri, thudng dUdc to chtic mot cach rat nghiem ngat, “doc doan”2 Ngoai sU phan tang xa hoi-giai cap va phan tang xa hoinhom vi the, co mot loai phan tang xa hoi - dang phai dua vao quyen lUc Cau true phan tang xa hoi gom co cac dang phai, nhting nhom ngudi khac ve vi tri, vai tro quan he quyen lUc Tom lai, tUdng tu nhu cdng lao cua Emile Durkheim, Max Weber cd cdng dau xay dung xa hoi hoc hien dai vdi tu cach la mot khoa hoc cd vi tri ro rang, doc lap3 NhUng khac vdi Durkheim thuc day xa hoi hoc phat trien theo hudng ly-thUc chting-dinh lUdng, Weber day manh hudng phat trien ly-thong hieu-dinh tinh Nhd vay, xa hoi hoc hien dai tti dau da cd cd sd can bln g dong gitia dinh lUdng va dinh hudng de lien tuc tien trien suot the ky qua Weber viet: ‘Trong triidng hdp ca nhan, dang phai co the dai dien cho cac ldi ich diidc xac dinh thong qua “tinh huong giai cap” hoac “tinh huong vi the” va cac dang phai co the ket nap nhiing ngiidi di theo ho tii tinh huong hay tinh huong mot cach tiidng iing” H H Gerth and C Wright Mills From M ax Weber: E ssays in Sociology New Ydrk: Oxford University Press 1958 Tr 194 H H Gerth and C W right M ills From M ax Weber: Essays in Sociology New York: Oxford University Press 1958 Tr 195 Gordon Marshall viet: ‘W eb er, cung v6i Emile Durkheim, nhin chung dUdc moi ngiidi coi la ngiidi sang lap xa hoi hoc hien dai vdi tu cach la mot khoa hoc xa hoi rieng biet” Gordon Marshall Oxford Dictionary o f Sociology 2nd Edition New York: Oxford University Press 1998 Tr 699 213 Cong lao cua Weber doi vdi xa hoi hoc hien dai la viec diia nhiing quan niem va cach giai quyet doc dao doi vdi nhiing van de ve ly luan va phiidng phap nghien ciiu khoa hoc xa hoi hoc Weber da xay diing ly thuyet xa hoi hoc dac thu cua minh tren cd sd tong hdp cac y tiidng va kien thiic bach khoa ve sti hoc, kinh te hoc, triet hoc, luat hoc va nghien ctiu lich sti so sanh Cac quan niem cua Weber tao cd sd cho sii phat trien xa hoi hoc vi md, xa hoi hoc dinh tinh, thuyet tiidng tac bieu triing va mot sd" triidng phai ly thuyet khac Ddng gop cua Weber xa hoi hoc that to ldn1 va chu yeu la quan niem ve ban chat ly thuyet xa hoi va phiidng phap luan; la danh gia cua dng ve vai trd cua van hoa, tdn giao doi vdi vdi sii phat trien cua xa hoi phUdng Tay; la sii phan tich ve vai trd cua qua trinh ly hoa luat phap, chinh tri, khoa hoc, tdn giao, thudng mai doi vdi sii phat trien xa hoi va moi quan he gitia cac linh viic kinh te va phi kinh te cac xa hoi; la cac nghien ctiu so sanh ve chti nghia tU ban va cac nen kinh te-xa hoi tren the gidi, va dac biet la ly thuyet xa hoi hoc ve hanh dong xa hoi, ve phan tang xa hoi, ve to chtic nhiem sd Cac ly thuyet, khai niem va phUdng phap luan xa hoi hoc Weber dang dUdc tiep tuc tim hieu, van dung va phat trien xa hoi hoc hien dai Leo Strauss, nha triet hoc chinh tri noi tieng va cung la nha phe binh Weber rat gay g&t da viet vao nhiing nam 1950 nhu sau ve Weber: “Du co the co nhiing sai sot nhu the nao di niia, ong v ln la nha khoa hoc xa hoi ldn nhat cua the ky chung ta” Trich theo James Farganis Readings in Social Theory: the Clasic Trandition to Post-Modernism Me Graw-Hill, Inc 1993 Tr 105 214 ... cua nhufng ngUdi khong lo nhu F Voltaire (16 94 -17 78), J.J Rousseau (17 12 -17 78), D Diderot (17 13 -17 84), C H De Saint-Simon (17 60 -18 25), C Fourier (17 72 -18 37) va nhieu ngUdi khac Trong so noi bat... ills 300 11 Ly thuyet cua Michel Foucault 304 12 Ly thuyet cua Ralf Dahrendorf 311 13 Ly thuyet cua Randall Collins 317 ChUdng 11 : Thuyet ttfotag tac bieu trtfng 3 21 Mot so" luan... 12 2 Phan loai xa hoi va thiet che xa hoi 12 4 C hiiang : Xa h oi hpc Em ile D urkheim (18 58 -19 17) 13 1 Sd lifdc tieu svt 13 1 Xa hoi hoc - khoa hoc ve sii kien xa h oi 13 4 Cac