nfing cao mot bU(V nhAn thUc ve Phat giao ndi chung va Pht)t giao Viet Nam ndi rieng. cac nha su. eae hdi Phat giao tren ca 3 mien trong ca nude deu cd chung mot y nguyen 1^ thanh \kp [r]
(1)PHONG TRAO CHAN HlTNG
PHAT GIAO VIET NAM DAU THE KY XX VAI TRO v A Y NGHIA CUA NO DOI V d l
LICH SU* TV TU'dNG DAN TOC
DANG THI LAN* Vdi gan 2000 nam ton tai tren dat Viet, Phat giao da de lai dau an sau sac ddi song tinh than cua dan tdc Viet Nam Mot giai doan khdng the khdng ndi den nghien ciiu lich sii Phat giao Viet Nam: Giai doan chan Phat giao
dku the ky XX Tuy thdi gian ton tai ciia nd ng^n ngui so vdi
chieu dai lich sii dan tpc (tren dudi 10 nam) song nd ed siic Ian toa rdng Idn, anh hUdng khdng nhd den moi mat ciia ddi song xa hdi, dac biet tdi sU phat trien ciia lich sU tu tUdng Viet Nam
Nghien eiiu phong trao Chan P h a t giao Viet Nam, chiing tdi cd' gang tim hieu nguyen n h a n ciia viec trdi day phong trao nay, nhiing ddng gdp cd ban va y nghia ciia nd ddi vdi lich sii tu tUdng dan tdc
1 N g u y e n n h a n c u a p h o n g trao Chan hifng P h a t giao Viet N a m d a u t h e k y XX
- Nhiing thap nien dau t h e ky XX Viet Nam cd nhiing
(2)bien ddng Idn tren mpi mat ciia ddi sdng xa hdi Nho giao vdi tu each la he tu tUdng dan tdc da bat luc trudc yeu cau mdi cua sU nghiep giai phdng dan tpc Nhieu Nho si da tifng dat cao bat dau len tieng phan ddi phii dinh Nho giao Ho cdn cho rang mot phan dan tdi su mat nUdc yeu hen ciia dan tpc la Nho giao Ho quay lai luc tim kho t^ng tu tUdng cua dan tpc xem cai gi cdn diing dUdc, cdn cd y nghia giai doan hien tai va dat cau hdi: Tai thdi Ly -Tr^n Viet Nam lai thinh vUdng nhu vay? Phai chAng cac trieu dai dd Phat giao rat dUdc coi trpng Vdi by vpng tim cd sd, nen tang tU tUdng, dao ly, phUdng thiic van ddng thiic tinh quan chiing nhan dan da sd nhiing nha Nho tan tien da tim den Phat giao, vdi Phki giao nhu mot cho diJa tinh than Trong sd' dd, Phan Chu Trinh 1^ ngUdi tin tUdng nhieu nhat d sU ddng gdp ciia mot nen Phat giao phuc Ong thudng hd bao viec chan hUng Phat giao de hd trd cho each mang Ong ndi: "Nudc Dai Nam fhiing ta sd di yeu hen la vi thieu tinh than tdn giao Ton giao luyen cho chiing ta diie hy sinh, coi nhe tinh mang, pha san vi dao Khdng c6 tinh than tdn giao, chiing ta khdng cd biet cUdng cUdng xa than vi nghia, chi bo bo giii cai Idi rieng ciia minh Nay bd thii xet xem ddi Tran dan tpc ^ diing nhU v^y, quan Nguyen lay ca A, ca Au, nudt trpn Trung Hoa m^ qua den nude ta thi bai tau, nao bi cUdp d ChUdng DUdng Dp nao bi hki trdi d Bach Dang Nhu vay ch^ng phai la nhd dao Phat d ta thdi bay gid rat thinh U nhd cai tinh than tdn giao cua ta U"' *Tinh thkn tdn giao" ma cu Phan Chu Trinh ndi
(3)day khdng phai la tinh than Nho giao ma la tinh than Phat giao
- Ljeh sii dan tpc Viet Nam dau the ky XX da ed nhiing thay doi quan trpng ve ehinh tri - xa hdi, van hoa, tU tUdng , cac giai tang xa hoi phtie tap dan xen, cac he tU tUdng mdi, cii cung chung ton tai Su thong tri eua thUc dan Phap cang tao dieu kien cho Thien Chiia giao phat t h e n Tdn giao cang Ian ludt muon thay the tdn giao ban dia, Phat giao cd nguy cd hi day lui va cd the mat cho diing xa hoi Nhieu nha su, phat tii ciing thay r i n g : chan hUng Phat giao dang la nhu c^u biic thiet Nhiing bac cao tang d nhCfng dao trang Idn ciing cac Nho sT, cac tri thiie tre deu chung mot chi hUdng mong muon canh tan Phat giao nUdc nha trudc nhiing yeu c^u mdi ciia dat nUde, ciia dan tdc
- Nguyen nhan r a t quan trpng thiie day sU ddi phong trao Chan hUng Phat giao khdng the khdng ndi tdi la: Viet Nam dau the ky XX, nhiing ddi hoi cai each, ddi mdi sinh boat Phat giao dong thdi la sU van ddng ciia dan tpc, la xu hudng di tdi ciia dat nude Neu khdng thay d\i6c dieu thi se khdng hieu dxiOc vi phong trao noi len da dien mot each lien tuc, tren nhieu phUdng dien, thu hiit nhieu ngUdi tham gia, keo dai nhieu nam va dua tdi nhiing ket qua bat ngd
- Cudi nam 1925, dau nam 1926 dao Cao Dai ddi, boat ddng ram rp, thu hiit dUdc ddng dao quan chiing nhan dan d Nam Bp Dao Cao Dai la sU ket hdp giiia P h a t giao vdi dao Nho, dao Lao, dao Thien Chiia gpi ten la Dai dao tam ky dp
(4)manh me den dao Phat nhieu dia phUdng, Phat giao mftt tin do, mat ca chua chien, cac nhk sU deu phan ling cac nhA Phat hoc deu bat man dO dpi Ben canh dd, dao Cao Dai dang dan dkn nhu mot tdn giao thay the sU chi phdi xa hdi ciia dao Phat chinh thdng Dao Cao Dai cdn Idn tieng khang dinh: cac tdn giao truyen thdng (bao gdm ca dao Phat) deu da hu hong nen "Dai dao tam ky phd dp" mdi sinh Chinh vi v^y, neu dao Phat khdng cd su thay ddi (chan hung) thi mat het
qukn chiing, mat bet tin va cd nguy cd mat chd diing
xa hdi
- Phong trao Chan hUng Phat giao la mot phong tr^o mang tinh quoc te Vao nhiing thap nien dau the ky XX phong trao Chan hUng Phat giao dUdc bat dau tif An Dp, roi Ian sang Trung Quoc, Nhat Ban Dae biet d Trung Quoc phong trao Chan hUng Phat giao phat trien manh me d Nam Kinh Bac Kinh Thudng Hai, Quang Chau Tieng vang cua nd vang khap chau A, sang t^n chau Au Nhieu Vi$n nghien ciiu Phat hoc, nhieu trUdng dao tao tAng nhieu sach bao dUdc xuat ban, dd cd tap chi "Hai trieu am" dUdc rat nhieu hpc gia, cac Phat tU Viet Nam ham md
2 Vai n e t ve d i e n b i e n c u a p h o n g t r a o Chan hUng P h a t g i a o
(5)Giang vk Hku Giang ve Tieu Cau de dU ll, dong thdi de hop ban van de Chan Phat giao Ket qua sau dd "Hdi Luc Hoa" dUde t h a n h lap Mue dich cua hdi la doan ket, giiip dd tim hieu tinh hinh Phat giao nude va nhat la Phat giao the gidi, ciing eai tien viec hoe Phat, each thiic tu hanh va van ddng t h a n h lap mot hdi Phat giao thdng nhat toan qudc
Nhiing ngUdi ddng vai trd tien phong viee to chiie va tu tUdng ciia phong trao Chan hUng Phat giao la sU Thien Chieu va sU Khanh Hoa Nhan thay can phai xiie tien nhanh hdn phong trao Chan hUng Phat giao nUdc, de kh^ng djnh chd diing ciia P h a t giao Viet Nam he tu tUdng dan toe, nam 1929, sU Thien Chieu eho m i t ddc gia cud'n "Phat hpc tdng yeu" Cud'n sach gom mot so' bai kinh va luan vdi mot tinh th^n mdi, the hien nhieu tU tUdng khac la C h i n g han dng viet: "Nhiing ke giau eai tinh chat nd le, khdng biet cay d siic minh ma cii y nai d site ngUdi, khdng biet hoa phiic deu tu long tao ma cii tUdng thUdng phat bdi tham quyen thi chang nhiing khdng bao gid t h a u hieu dUdc Phat ly ma lai ehinh la mot giong ddc"'
Ong mud'n giao due, tuyen truyen, giac ngd quan chiing va gidi phat tii Cud'n sach ciing nhU cac bai bao trudc dd ciia ong va cac eU si tien phong la nhiing bude chuan bi de cd nhiing to ehiic P h a t giao rdng Idn, ehinh thiie ddi
- Nkm 1931, Hdi "Nam Ky nghien eiiu P h a t hoc" ddi tai
(6)chiia Linh Sdn (Sai Gdn) Ngay 1-3-1932 Hdi da xuat ban tap chi 'Tir bi am" Thien su Khanh Hoa lam chu but
0 Trung Ky nam 1932 "An Nam Phat hpc hdi" dUdc thdnh l^p tai chiia Tir Quang (sau rdi ve chiia Tir Dam) d Hue tap chi "Vien am" la cd quan ngdn luAn ciia hdi
d Bdc Ky, 18-11-1934 Tong hdi Phat giao Bic KJ dUde lap tai chua Quan SU (Ha Ndi) Tuy hoi PhM giao Bac Ky lAp muon hdn so vdi Nam Ky va Trung Ky nhung phat trien rat nhanh chong Den cud'i nAm 1935 d
khkp cac dia phUdng mien BAc da lap dUdc cac chi hoi
Nam 1935 hdi xuat ban tap chi "Dudc Tue" Ngoai c6 cac tap chi "Bd de tan thanh", 'Tieng chudng sdm" mot s6 cU si va hpc gia ndi tieng bien tkp
Vdi viee lap hdi PhAt hpc d ca ky (Bac, Trung
Nam) vdi cac boat ddng nhu: tap chi suu t^m kinh sach, md trUdng dao tao t^ng ni thuyet giang kinh phap da t^o nen budc phat trien chUa tirng cd Ph^t giao Viet Nam giai doan n^y
Phong trao Chan hUng Phki giao da dkt cho qu^n rhung nhan dan cac thien sU gidi tang ni phAt tii ca nude nhiing van de mang y nghia ly luan vk thuc tien cao nhU: van de dao Phat vd thAn hay hOu thAn (Phat giao la vat hay tam); ed ThUdng De hay khdng? Cd linh hon bit tii hay khdng? Cd hay khdng ed Thien dUdng - Dia nguc Ni^'t Ban; van de ban chat van vat va ngudi, vAn de "c6" vA "khdng" Day la nhUng van de nhan thiic iuan mang linh triet hpc ma trUde dd it hoae chua cd dip ban tdi
(7)nhan, giOa cac cd quan ngdn luan dai dien eho- eae hdi Phat giao d ca ky ca nUdc Mot eau hoi Idn dat ra: Phdt
gido v6 than hay hitu thdn? Tra Idi cau hoi ngoai y nghia
tnic tiep cdn cd mot y nghia khae la tim hieu xem nang luc toi eao ciia ngUdi d gidi ban nao*?* Xa hdn niia la nhan dan ta cd the lam dUde gi de eai bien tinh hinh dat nude Mat khac, e^n phai nang cao n h a n thiic ciia quang dai quan chiing nhan dan va ciia cac phat tii len mot t^m eao mdi, dap irng nhiifng ddi hoi ciia tinh hinh xa hdi liic bay gid
3 Vai t r o c u a p h o n g t r a o C h a n hifng P h a t giao t r o n g lich siif t\i ti^dfng Viet N a m
- Phong trao Chan Phat giao la mot phong trao tdn giao va da thUe sU dien sdi ddng vdng 10 nam (1930-1940) Day la nhiing cupc t r a n h luan \kn dau tien dien lich sii tU tUdng Viet Nam va da de cap den rat nhieu v^'n de ve tU tUdng, ly luan, n h a n thiie mang tinh chat triet hpc
Nhiing van de triet hoe ma phong trao Chan Phat giao dat da dUdc cac thien sU, cac phat tii eae nha nghien ciiu Phat hpe va ngoai dao ban luan sdi noi Hp trd lai vdi kinh dien Phat giao, ban luan rat nhieu nhiing van de triet hpc ma trUdc dd d Viet Nam chua ban tdi Nhiing van de nhu ThUdng De, Linh hon, Thien dudng, Dia nguc, van de "cd
vk khdng" la nhiifng van de ve nhan thiie luan da dUdc de
(8)nhan vdi ca nhan (dai dien la Thien Chieu va Khue Lac Tu), giiia cac bao tap chi dai dien cho ky ca nUdc deu di den khang dinh: Khdng cd ThUdng De Quan diem eho ring ThUdng De la dang toi cao, sang tao mudn vat va ngUdi chi la nhiing dieu me tin di doan lam me mudi tinh than, tu tUdng ciia quan chiing nhan dan lam cho hp tin v4o niem tin mil quang, danh lac hUdng tinh than yeu nUdc ehdng ngoai xam cua nhan dan
Ve ban eh^'t van vat va ngUdi, nhiing quan di§m tien bd khang dinh phai di tir thUe te khach quan de tim cai "thuc tudng" (tiic cai chan tudng ciia vii tru, van v^t vk ngUdi) Di tir cai "thUe tudng" de tim ban chat, quy lu$t ciia cac sU vat, hien tUdng Day la nhiing quan diem rA't tien bd cd anh hUdng rat Idn den sU phat trien tU tUdng, nhAn thiic ciia ngUdi Viet Nam
Trong phong trao Ch^'n Phat giao nhiing quan diem dua tranh cai ludn cd sU ket hdp giiia khoa hoc thuc nghiem phUdng Tay vdi giao ly dao Phat truyen thong Qua phong trao giiip eho nhiing ngUdi dan ma trinh dp nhkn thuc cdn it nhieu ban che, cdn it hieu biet, cdn me tin di doan cung dUdc thay ring: Nghi le, nhiing hin^ thiic ciing te b^'y lau chi la nhiing nghi le cua dao Phat binh dan Dong thdi cung cho hp thay r i n g dao Phat khdng nhu nhupc, chan ddi, yeu dudi
(9)tranh luan vdi Viec in an Kinh, Luat, Luan ciia Phat giao bing chfl qudc ngii, phat h a n h va bien rdng rai chinh la mot hinh thiie, mot phudng tien truyen ba, phat tri§n ehii qudc ngii den vdi quang dai quan chiing nhan dan
Tren phUdng dien chinh tri tU tUdng, phong trao Chan Pbeit giao da cd ddng gdp Idn lao, mang lai Idi ich eho phong trao ciiu nude, giai phdng dan toe Nha sU Thien Chieu, mot ngUdi uyen tham Phat hpe, mot nha nhiet t h a n h each mang da quyet tam lai phong trao Chan hUng Phat giao ve phia each mang Ong da dat lai van de each hieu ddi vdi quan niem "Tir bi - Bat sat" eua dao P h a t truyen thdng Ong da viet mot cau ddi dan len ciia ehinh cua chiia Linh Sdn ring:
"Dao phdp thi nhap the, nhi phi yern the Tit bi ndi sdt sinh, di chung sinh"
(Dao Phdt Id dao nhap the, chit khong phdi yem the Tit bi Id sdt sinh, de ciiu chung sinh)
"B^'t sat" cd nghia la khdng giet hai sinh vat, cang khdng the giet hai ngudi NhUng hoan canh dat nude ta liic nay, neu van dung giao ly dao P h a t mot each may mdc se khdng the thUc hien dUdc cupc each mang giai phdng dan tpc Vdi tu tUdng nay, qu^n chiing se khd Idng viing day de dau tranh cam siing, ckva gUdm giet giac ciiu nude Nhiing Idi ran day ciia Diic Phat n h i m nudi dudng Idng tir bi cho ngUdi la rat tot ddi vdi chiing sinh Song nhiing phat tU neu khdng ed su van dung sang tao, nang ddng, linh boat thi lai
\k dieu bat Idi, ddi lai cdn cd hai ddi vdi ngUdi, vdi dat
(10)hieu d'ifdc rang Phat giao phai tham gia vao cdng cupc ciiu nUdc giai phdng dan tdc Song quan diem tien bd, each mang ciia dng khdng phai dUde tat ca mpi ngudi dong y Nhieu ngUdi vkn cho r i n g dao Phat kbdng the can thiep den chinh tri Phat giao chi bd hep pham vi nha chua neu hieu khac di thi cdn gi la dao Phat! Tat nhien, nhieu tang ni phjt tu va quan chiing nhan dan ed trinh dp deu suy nghi va thft'y rang: khdng phai nhat nhat lam theo giao ly ciia dao PhAt truyen thdng ma cd nhiing dieu phai lam khac di so vdi Kinh ke Quan niem cua nhiing ngUdi da cho thay each nhin bien chiing da xuat hien tu tUdng ciia hp: hoan canh thay ddi, suy nghi va phUdng cham hanh ddng ciia ngUdi phat tu cung phai thay ddi
Phong trao Chan hUng Phat giao da tao dieu kien cho quan chiing nhan dan danh gia, lUa chpn va tiep nhan nhiing quan diem tU tudng mdi tien ho nfing cao mot bU(V nhAn thUc ve Phat giao ndi chung va Pht)t giao Viet Nam ndi rieng - Vdi khoang tren dudi 10 n^m phong tr^o ChA'n Phat giao cac nha su eae hdi Phat giao tren ca mien ca nude deu cd chung mot y nguyen 1^ \kp Hoi Phfit giao thdng nhat ca nUde, song > tUdng dd khdng hien thue Song phai ndi r i n g , phong trao Chan PhAt giao da tao dUde cau ndi giao luu tU tUdng giiia mien Day la mot viec lam nham cung ed khdi dai doan ket dan tpc, phat trien nen van boa Viet Nam trudc nguy ed ddng hoa cua van boa phUdng Tay
(11)tham gia Hp dUa tren nen tang eua ehii nghia vat bien chiing va ehii nghia vat lich sU de t r a n h luan nhieu van de Chinh dieu da ehdng lai te nan me tin di doan va cac phong tuc CO hii lae hau dang tran Ian khap ndi tren dat nUde Viet Nam "Ngudi P h a t tii phai cd su giac ngd mdi Nhiing sU giac ngd mdi eae khoa hpc kham pha NgUdi Phat tU phai hpe khoa hpe de biet rang khdng cd coi Cue Lae d phUdng Tay va ciing khdng he cd Thien Dudng ciing Dia Nguc Phai hpe Kinh te hgc de biet rang quan niem giau ngheo tai mang la sai, r i n g nhiing dau kho ciia ngUdi la nhiing che dp ehinh tri de nen va nhiing eude khiing hoang kinh te, ehii khdng phai mot vi th^n linh ban phiic giang hpa"'
Thdng qua nhiing cupc t r a n h luan quan chiing nhan dan CO dieu kien de lUa chpn, tiep thu nhiing quan diem mdi, tien bp Dd ehinh la nhiing ddng gdp to Idn cua phong trao Chan Phat giao doi vdi sU phat tridn eua lich sii tU tUdng Viet Nam
- Tinh hinh Phat giao Viet Nam sau Chan hUng ed nhiing n^t mdi, cd sU thay ddi ro ret ve nhieu mat nhU: ve td chiic npi bd giao hoi den viec dao tao tang ni va viec gay dUng cac hdi doan quan chiing Trong giao ly nhiing van de mang tinh tich cue, hdp ly thi dUdc ehii y phat trien, edn nhiing van de to lac hau thi bi bac bo Nghien ciiu van de nay, ehiing ta thay dUdc tinh nhay cam eua Phat giao Viet Nam, tiic la sU nhay cam ciia ngudi Viet Nam ve van de tu tUdng va van
(12)de y thiic he Tren nhieu tap chi cua phong trao dang rat nhieu bai ve lich sU cac cao tang Viet Nam va nhiing ddng gdp ciia hp su nghiep xay dUng va bao ve dat nude "Dudc Tue" la mot vi du "Dude Tue* da dang tai nhieu tac p h i m CO ve lich sii Phat giao Viet Nam dUde dich qudc ngii nhU: Khoa Hu Luc Thien Uyen Tap Anh , day la nhiing tiii lieu quy bau cho cac nha nghien cUu Ijch sU Phat giao ndi rieng va lich sU tU tUdng Viet Nam ndi chung
*Han c h e : Ben canh nhiing quan diem tien bd phong trao Chan Phat giao ciing da bdc Id nhieu dieu ban chfi Vi du: Van de ThUdng De da hoc Id ro tinh chat tam, m$c du nhung ngUdi dai dien cho tU tUdng tien bd deu phii nhftn ThUdng De khang dinh Phat giao la mot tdn giao vd thSn Song Phat giao lai phu nhan sU ton tai khach quan cua the gidi vat cha't, hp khang djnh cd Trdi thay "Trdi" bing "Tam" va thau tdm ca vii tru vao "Tam", Phat giao bien chiing dcho nhan manh sU vkn ddng thay ddi khdng ngiing cua the gidi van vkt, song Ph^t giao lai sii dung quan diem ^'y lam cho tfn sd hai vdng "luan hoi" v^ khuyen eon ngUdi tach khoi vdng luan hoi ay Phat giao cdn cho r i n g cupc ddi 1^ ao, 1^ gia (gia ma van tdn tai that gidng nhu tien gia vay) Ve dieu n^y da lam cho ngUdi xa rdi chiic phan xa hdi, khdng phan dau bet minh de xay dung cupc sdng tdt dep hdn
(13)trien ciia the gidi ndi chung Phat giao khdng the ddng vai trd giai phdng dan tpc, giai phdng xa hoi va giai phdng ngUdi Tat nhien triet ly ciia Phat giao ve "vd thudng", "vd nga", nhiing gia tri ve mat van hoa, dao diic ciia Phat giao la nhiing "hat nhan hdp ly" khdng the phu nhan
4.1^ nghia cua phong trao Chan hifng Phat giao t r o n g
lich sii tvi txidng V i e t N a m
- Phong trao Chan P h a t giao, danh dau mot giai doan quan trpng lich sU p h a t trien cua Phat giao Viet Nam Nhiing van de triet hpe dUde dua t r a n h luan phong trao the hien sU nhay cam ve tU tUdng, ve y thiic he ciia eon ngUdi Viet Nam
Dau the ky XX, tu tUdng ciia Phat giao ludn bi cac luong tu tUdng khac chen ep NhUng du d Viet Nam liic nay, he tu tUdng eua ehii nghia Mac-Lenin da xam nhap, Ian rdng quan chiing Dudi sU lanh dao ciia Dang, gidi tang ni, phat tii ciing bi cuon theo, dUdc giac ngd bdi luong tU tUdng mdi Vi v£ly, nhiing van de ma hp dUa t r a n h luan v i n edn nguyen y nghia lich sii p h a t trien ciia Phat giao Viet Nam v^ lich sii tU tUdng Viet Nam ndi chung
(14)- Nhiing van de ma phong trao Chan hUng Phat giao ddt phan nao da the hien dUde mot each nhin, mot each thiic tu mdi, mot sU tien bd vUdt bac xem xet nhan thiic va danh gia eua ngUdi dan Dieu dd the hien rd khu)'nh hudng chii trpng thUc te, coi trpng tUu phat trien khoa hpe ky thuat Nhiing tU tUdng tien bd dd da td cd sue sdng, cd siie thuyet phuc ddi vdi quan chiing va gidi phat tu tre, giiip hp nang cao nhan thiie ve eon ngUdi, ve cupc ddi ve xd hdi v^ tao bUde nhay each nhin va each song Cac phat tii Viet Nam cd cd hdi de hieu biet sau sic hdn ve dao Phat truyen thdng va hoa nhap dUde vdi Fhkt giao the gidi Tir day cung b i t dau ban che dan, tien tdi cham dut moi quan he mot chieu tiep thu mot each thu ddng cua Phat giao Viet Nam ddi vdi Phat giao the gidi