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NGHIEN CLTU - TRAO DOI TdlCdCtPTAlsANTKONGLUATHiNHSlTVI^NAM ô:; ; i.''ôi ã „ : ;:•; •:••"•'•' ThS PHAM VAN BAU * T rong luat hinh sir Viet Nam, tdi cudp tai nhdm " la dau hieu bat budc phai cd d tat san la mdt cac tdi xam pham sd ca cac hanh vi khach quan dugc quy -dinh hiiu CO tinh chiem doat dugc quy dinh va xet dieu luat la "dimg vii luc", "de doa xu theo luat hinh su kha sdm,^'^ hien tdi dimg vii luc tiic khac" va "hanh vi cudp tai san dugc quy dinh tai Dieu 133 khac" hay chi bat budc phai cd d dang hanh BLHS nam 1999 (sau day gpi tit la BLHS) vi khach quan la "hanh vi khac"? Trong Tuy dugc quy dinh va xet xir sdm nhu vay khoa hpc luat hinh sir Viet Nam hien cd nhung li luan va thuc tien van cdn cd cac nhdm y kien sau: su nhan thiic khac ve hanh vi khach Y kien thii nhat cho rang: Dau hieu "Idm quan ciia tdi pham dupe quy dinh cho ngudi bi tdn cdng Idm vdo tinh trgng luat, CO quan cd tham quyen ciing khdng kip khdng the chdng cu duoc nhdm " chi ddi thdi ban hanh van ban giai thich quy dinh hoi phai cd d dang hanh vi thii ba la "hanh vi cua luat, viec cd cac each hieu khac ve khac" ma khdng ddi hdi phai cd d hanh vi quy dinh cua luat, nhat la ciia nhirng ngudi "dung vii luc" va "de doa dimg vii lire lam cdng tac ap dung phap luat cac co tire khic" P quan tien hanh td tung se lam cho cong tac Y kien thii hai cho rang: Dau hieu "Idm ap dung phap luat hinh sir thuc tien cho ngudi bi tdn cdng Idm vdo tinh trgng thieu chinh xac va khdng thdng nhat, lam khdng the chdng cu duoc nhdm " la hau giam chat lugng xet xir Bai viet tiep tuc qua bat budc ddi vdi tat ca cac nhdm hanh vi trao ddi va neu y kien cua ca nhan ve hanh di lien trude dd da dugc md ta dieu vi khach quan cua tdi cudp tai san dugc quy luat.^^^ Theo y kien nay, dii la hanh vi "dimg dinh tai Dilu 133 BLHS vii luc", hay "de doa dung vii luc tiic • Dilu 133 BLHS quy dinh: "Ngudi ndo khac" hay "hanh vi khac" deu phai lam cho dimg vu luc, de dog dung vii luc tire ngudi bi tan cdng lam vao tinh trang khdng khdc hoac cd hdnh vi khdc Idm cho ngudi bi the chdng cu dugc nham chiem doat tai san tdn cdng lam vdo tinh trgng khdng the chdng mdi dugc coi la hanh vi khach quan cua tdi cu duoc nhdm chiem dogt tdi sdn, " cudp tai san va su ket hgp vdi cac diu Theo quy dinh tren, cau hdi dat la dau hieu "Idm cho ngudi bi tdn cdng lam vdo tinh trgng khdng the chdng TAP CHI LUAT HOC SO 10/2010 cu duoc * Giang vien chinh Khoa luat hinh sir Truong Dai hoc Luat Ha Noi NGHIEN CCrU - TRAO DOI hieu khac nhu loi, chu thi tdi pham dugc coi cudp tai san nhu tdi cudng doat tai san, tdi la hoan Nlu cac hanh vi "dung vii cudp giat tai san, tdi cdng nhien chiem doat lire", "de doa dung vii luc tiic khic" tai san thi hieu hanh vi pham tdi cua tdi hoac "hanh vi khac" khdng lam ngudi bi tin cudp tai san theo quy dinh ciia Dieu 133 cdng lam vao tinh trang khdng thi chdng cu BLHS nhu y kien thii hai la chinh xac " dugc nhim chilm doat tai san thi day la dung vU luc, de dog diing vii luc ticc trudng hgp pham tdi chua dat khdc hoac co hdnh vi khdc" la ba dang hanh Y kien thii ba cho ring: Ddi vdi nhdm vi khach quan cua tdi cudp tai san va ba hanh vi "dung vu luc" thi khdng bit budc dang hanh vi cd diem chung (hau qua phai gay hau qua "Idm cho ngudi bi tdn chung) la "lam cho ngudi bi tdn cdng Idm cdng Idm vdo tinh trgng khdng thi chdng cu vdo tinh trgng khdng the chdng cu duoc duoc nhdm " cdn ddi vdi hai nhdm hanh (nhung vdi cac bieu hien cu thi khac vi "de doa dung vii luc tiic khic hoac tiiy thupc vao hanh vi thuc te) nhdm chiim cd hanh vi khac" thi bit budc phai gay dogt tdi sdn" i, hau qua la "Idm cho ngudi bi tdn cdng Idm - Ddi vdi hanh vi "diing vii luc Idm cho vdo tinh trgng khdng the chdng cu duoc ngudi bi tdn cdng lam vdo tinh trgng khdng nhdm " mdi dugc coi la hanh vi khach the chdng cu duoc nhdm chiem dogt tdi quan cua tdi cudp tai san va tdi pham dupe sdn": Theo each bieu phd bien hien coi la hoan thanh.^'*^ Sd dl cd cac each bilu "duoc hieu Id hdnh vi diing sue mgnh vat khac tren day ca li luan va thue chdt (cd hoac khdng sic dung cdng cu, tien la cac co quan nha nude cd tham phuong tien phgm tdi nhu dao, sung trg quyen chua kip thdi tdng ket va cd hudng giup) tdc dong den thdn the ngudi hi tdn din mot each day du ve cac hanh vi dugc cdng (thudng Id ngudi chu tdi sdn hoac coi la hanh vi pham tdi ciia tdi cudp tai san ngudi cd trdch nhiem qudn li, bdo ve tdi ma mdi chi cd mdt sd hudng dan cd tinh sdn) Idm cho ngudi bi tdn cdng lam vdo chat cap bach mdt sd vin de cu the cua tdi tinh trgng khdng the chdng cu duoc nhdm pham ma thuc tien xet xir dat Bdng hdnh vi tdn cdng nhu vay, ngudi hdi nghi tdng ket cdng tac cua nganh toa an phgm tdi khdng chi nhdm (mong mudn) md Quy dinh cua dieu luat ciing chua that sir rd tren thuc te thudng dd lam te liet su chdng rang nen mdt dilu luat cd the cd nhieu each cu cua ngudi bi tdn cdng, Idm cho khd ndng bilu khac nhu tren thuc te cua su chdng cu khdng the xdy Theo chiing tdi, tir quy dinh ciia Dieu hoac Idm cho ngudi bi tdn cdng bi te liet ve 133 BLHS va dat mdi lien he vdi mdt y chi, khdng ddm khdng cu" '^^ Vi du: lam sd tdi xam pham sd hiiu cd tinh chiem doat cho ngudi bi tan cdng bi thuong tich, bi trdi khac cd tinh chit cdng khai, gin gui vdi tdi lai, bi nhdt lai tham chi bi giet chet nham TAP CHi LUAT HOC SO 10/2010 NGHIEN CLTU - TRAO DOI chilm doat tai san Khi ngudi bi tin cdng da bi tdn cdng khdng the khdng cu dugc, nhu (bi trdi, bi thuong, bi chit, bi tudc tu ) ddnh, chem, bdn, trdi ".^^^ Theo dinh nhu vay chinh la hp da "lam vdo tinh trgng nghia nay, lam cho ngudi bi tin cdng lam khdng the chdng cu duoc " ma dilu luat quy vao tinh trang khdng the chdng cu dugc la dinh Day la diu hieu cho phep phan biet dau hieu bat budc ciia tdi cudp tai san hanh vi dung vii luc \o\ cudp tai san - Ddi vdi hanh vi "de dog diing vU luc CO tinh chat nguy hiem cao so vdi hanh vi ticc khdc Idm cho ngudi bi tdn cdng dung vii lire nhung ngudi cd hanh vi khdng Idm vdo tinh trgng khdng the chdng cu nhim "duong diu" va ciing khdng lam te dugc nhdm chiem dogt tdi sdn" theo each liet y chi ciia ngudi bi tan cdng ma chi de hieu phd bien hien la trudng hgp ngudi dl dang thuc hien hanh vi chiem doat tai pham tdi khdng dung vu luc nhu tren ma san mdt each nhanh chdng tdi cudp bang ldi de doa (dpa giet chet, dpa gay giat tai san (Dieu 136 BLHS) nhu danh vao thuong tich hoac tdn hai siic khoe) hoac cir tay cho rdi tai san rdi nhanh chdng chiem chi (di dao, siing vao ngudi) hoac va doat, xd nga ngudi khac rdi nhanh chdng thudng la ket hgp ca hai (cd ldi ndi, cir chi chiem doat tai san va nhanh chdng tau de doa va kem theo cdng cu, phuong tien thoat Vi vay neu hanh vi dung vii lire ma trg giup) dpa se dung vii luc tiic khac khdng lam cho ngudi bi tan cdng lam vao neu ngudi bi tan cdng (ngudi chii tai san, tinh trang khdng the chong cir dugc, "khdng ngudi quan li tai san, ngudi than cua ngudi den mice Idm te liet y chi phdn khdng cua chii tai san ) chdng cu lai Bang hanh vi ngn nhdn hoac Idm cho su phdn khdng de dpa, vi du: dpa dam, chem hay ban chet khdng the xdy nhdm chiem dogt tdi sdn" nhu vay, ngudi pham tdi (mong nhu dinh (mong mudn) danh, ban, chem mudn) va thuc te thudng da khdng che bi thuong ngudi khac nham chiem doat tai dugc y chi cua ngudi bi tan cdng, lam cho san cua hp nhung lai ban chech hoac bi ngudi bi tan cdng bi te liet y chi khang cu, ngudi tranh dugc va ngan chan "hay ngudi bi tan cdng sg bi giet chet ngay, sg chdng lai dugc va cung khdng chiem doat bi gay thuong tich hoac sg qua ma bi dugc tai san la trudng hgp pham tdi chua ngat, bi chet nen khdng cd dieu kien khang dat Td trinh ve hai du thao Phap lenh cu lai Khi da lam te liet y chi khang cu 19/10/1970 ciia TANDTC, VKSNDTC, hoac lam cho ngudi bi tan cdng bi ngat, bi BCA giri Uy ban thudng vu Qude hdi ciing chet nhu vay, tdi cudp tai san dugc coi la cd viet: "Cudp Id dung bgo luc de chiem hoan Va ngudi bi tan cdng dogt, dung bgo luc (nay la diing vU luc) Id khdng cd dieu kien de chdng cu nhu vay diing sice mgnh vat chdt gdy nguy hiem din chinh la hp da "lam vdo tinh trgng khdng tinh mgng, siic khoe hay Id Idm cho ngudi the chdng cu dugc " ma dieu luat cd ndi tdi TAP CHi LUAT HOC SO 10/2010 NGHIEN CCrU - TRAO DOI va day cung la diu hieu quan trpng cho bi tdn cdng khdng the ngdn cdn dugc viec phep phan biet hanh vi "de dog diing vU chiem dogt Do vdy, nhiing hdnh vi ndy luc tiec khdc" tdi cudp tai san dugc coi Id co cung tinh chdt nhu hdnh vi cd dau hieu vdi hanh vi "de dog se diing vii luc vd hdnh vi de dog diing vii luc diing VM luc" tdi cudng doat tai san tiec khdc Chiing deu cd khd ndng de khdng cd dau hieu ma chi cd kha nang bep hoac Idm te liet su khdng cu vd dugc khdng ehl y chi cua ngudi bi de dpa, ngudi quy dinh la dgng hdnh vi khdch quan thii ba bi de doa van cd dieu kien suy nghi, can ciia tdi cudp tdi sdn".^^^ Vi du: Hanh vi dau nhac de lira chpn viec chdng lai nlu muda doe bang thude ngii, hanh vi dimg thudc gay O tdi cudng doat tai san ngudi pham tdi me, hanh vi dung rugu hoac chat kich thich khdng nham (mong mudn) lam cho ngudi khac dau ddc lam mat kha nang phan khang bi de doa lam vao tinh trang khdng thi cua ngudi bi tan cdng la nhiing trudng hgp chdng cu dugc va thuc t l ngudi bi tin cdng cu the ciia hanh vi khac ndi dieu luat ciing khdng bi te liet y chi - khdng lam vao Ciing nhu cac hanh vi dung vii lire va hanh tinh trang khdng the chdng cu dugc Do vi de doa dung vu luc tiic khic, hanh dd, neu hanh vi de doa dimg vii luc vi khac dii dudi hinh thiic cu the nao tiic khac khdng lam cho ngudi bi tan cdng ciing deu phai lam cho ngudi bi tan cong lam vao tinh trang khdng the chdng cu dugc lam vao tinh trang khdng the chdng cu dugc nham la trudng hgp pham tdi chua dat chii nham mdi thoa man dau hieu hanh vi khdng the "chuyen xudng" tdi cudng doat tai khach quan cua tdi cudp tai san va tdi pham san nhu mdt sd y kien Vi du: dung siing gia dugc coi la hoan Cdn neu da cd hanh dpa ban chet nham nhung ngudi bi vi khac nao dd ma chua lam cho nan nhan de doa nhan thiic dugc dd la siing gia va lam vao tinh trang khdng the chdng cu dugc chdng cu lai; hoac dpa dam, ban chet (vi du: da bd thudc me, thudc ddc nhung nham nhung ngudi bi tan cdng cd vd nan nhan chua an, chua udng phai thudc da gat dugc dao, sung vd hieu hoa va bat giii me, thudc ddc dd hoac thudc Bde sir dung dugc ke tan cdng de dau ddc la thudc gia nen ngudi bi tan - Ddi vdi "hdnh vi khdc Idm cho ngudi cdng da udng nhung khdng bi lam vao bi tdn cdng lam vdo tinh trgng khdng the tinh trang khdng the chdng cu dugc va chdng cu dugc nhdm chiem dogt tdi sdn" ngudi pham tdi ciing chua chiem doat dugc ciing theo each hieu phd bien hien dugc tai san) thi phai coi day la trudng hgp pham hieu la nhiing hanh vi "tuy khdng phdi la vii tdi chua dat.^*^ luc ciing khdng phdi Id de dog dung vU luc Theo quy dinh ciia Dilu 133 BLHS, tdi tiec khdc nhung Igi cd khd ndng nhu cudp tai san dugc coi la hoan nhiing hdnh vi do, khd ndng Idm cho ngudi ngudi pham tdi thuc hien mdt cac TAP CHI LUAT HOC SO 10/2010 NGHIEN CLTU - TRAO DOI hanh vi: dung vii luc, de doa dimg vii lire tiic khic, hanh vi khac va da lam cho ngudi bi tin cdng lam vao tinh trang khdng the chong cu dugc nhim chilm doat tai san Viec ngudi pham tdi chilm doat dupe tai san hay chua khdng phai la dau hieu bat bupc cua tdi pham va ciing khdng phai la dau hieu de xac dinh thdi diem hoan cua tdi cudp tai san Tir nhiing phan tich tren va can cii vao quy dinh cua Dieu 133 BLHS can phai hieu toi cudp tai san cd ba dang hanh vi khach quan, dd la: 1) Hanh vi dung vii luc lam cho ngudi bi tan cdng lam vao tinh trang khdng the chdng cu dugc nham chiem doat tai san; 2) Hanh vi de doa dung vii lire tiic khac lam cho ngudi bi tan cdng lam vao tinh trang khdng the chdng cu dugc nham chiem doat tai san; 3) Hanh vi khac lam cho ngudi bi tan cdng lam vao tinh trang khdng the chong cu dugc nham chiem doat tai san Khdng the cho rang chi cd "hanh vi khac" thi mdi ddi hdi "lam ngudi bi tan cdng lam vao tinh trang khdng the chdng cu dugc" hanh vi "dung vii lire" va hanh vi "de doa dung vii luc tiic khac" thi khdng doi hdi phai "lam cho ngudi bi tan cdng lam vao tinh trang khdng the chdng cu dugc" nhu y kien thii nhat Ciing khdng the cho rang chi cd hanh vi "de doa diing vii luc tiic khic" va "hanh vi khac" mdi ddi hoi phai "lam cho ngudi bi tan cdng lam vao tinh trang khdng thi chdng cu dugc" cdn hanh vi "dimg vu luc" thi khdng ddi hdi TAP CHi LUAT HOC SO 10/2010 phai "lam cho ngudi bi tan cdng lam vao tinh trang khdng the chdng cu dugc" nhu y kien thii ba Bdi vi theo quy dinh ciia Dieu 133 BLHS phai hieu cac hanh vi: dii la diing vii lire hay de doa dung vii lire tiic khac hay la hanh vi khac thi cac hanh vi deu phai dan den viec lam cho ngudi bi tan cdng lam vao tinh trang khdng the chdng cu dugc va viec thuc hien cac hanh vi va gay hau qua dd la nham muc dich chiem doat tai san, day la sir lien ket giiia hanh vi va muc dich ciia hanh vi cau tdi pham co ban cua tdi cudp tai san va cung la dau hieu cho phep phan biet tdi cudp tai san va cac tdi pham khac cd hanh vi khach quan gidng vdi hanh vi khach quan ciia tdi cudp tai san nhung hanh vi dd dugc thuc hien khdng nham muc dich chiem doat tai san nen khdng phai la cudp tai san Tir "hoac" quy dinh ciia dieu luat dugc su dung la de thay cho dau phay cau chii khdng phai la su cat diit (hay pha bd) su lien ket giiia hai nhdm hanh vi "dimg vii luc, de doa dimg vii luc tiic khac" vdi dau hieu "lam cho ngudi bi tan cdng lam vao tinh trang khdng the chdng cu dugc" va vay khdng phai chi cd "hanh vi khac" mdi ddi hdi "lam cho ngudi bi tan cdng lam vao tinh trang khdng the chdng cu dugc" ma cac hanh vi "diing vii lire, de doa dung vii luc tiic khac" ciing ddi hdi "lam cho ngudi bi tan cdng lam vao tinh trang khdng the chdng cu dugc" Trong BLHS cd nhieu tdi nha lam luat sir dung tir "hoac" de NGHIEN CLTU - TRAO DOI thay cho dau phay cau tuong tu nhu d tdi cudp tai san Vi du Tdi biic tir (Dilu 100 BLHS) quy dinh nhu sau: "Ngudi ndo ddi xic tdn dc, thudng xuyen ice hiep, ngugc ddi hoac lam nhuc ngudi le thudc minh Idm ngudi tie sdt" Theo quy dinh thi phai hieu tat ca cac hanh vi "ddi xir tan ac", "thudng xuyen lic hiep", "ngugc dai", "lam nhuc" ngudi le thupc minh deu phai dan den hau qua "lam ngudi dd tu sat" tu "hoac" d day chi don thuan la thay cho dau phay cau chii khdng phai dugc sir dung de cat diit su lien ket giiia eac nhdm hanh vi trude dd la hanh vi "ddi xir tan ac, thudng xuyen lie hiep, ngugc dai" vdi hau qua "lam ngudi dd tu sat" de cho rang chi cd hanh vi "lam nhuc ngudi le thudc minh" mdi ddi hdi "lam ngudi dd tu sat" cdn cac hanh vi "ddi xir tan ac, thudng xuyen lie hiep, ngugc dai ngudi le thudc minh" thi khdng ddi hdi "lam ngudi dd tu sat" Cling can chii y la: Khdng phai nao hanh vi "dung vii lire", "de doa dimg vii lire tiic khac" hoac "hanh vi khac" ciing ludn dan den hau qua la "lam cho ngudi bi tan cdng lam vao tinh trang khdng thi chdng cu dugc" (trong thuc tl tinh chit nguy hiem ciia hanh vi thudng ngudi bi tin cdng da lam vao tinh trang khdng thi chdng cu dugc) Bdi vi, viec ngudi bi tin cdng cd thi "lam vao tinh trang khdng thi chdng cu dugc" hay khdng lam vao tinh trang dd la phai can eii vao tinh chit va kha nang nguy hiem cua hanh vi thuc tl, vao hoan canh xay hanh vi va vao kha nang chdng cu lai cua ngudi bi tin cdng va cac nguyen nhan khac Viec ngudi bi tin cdng cd chdng cu dugc hay khdng la nim ngoai y thiic chu quan cua ngudi pham tdi Khi ngudi bi tan cdng khdng bi lam vao tinh trang khdng the chdng cu dugc thi mong mudn "lam cho ngudi bi tan cdng lam vao tinh trang khdng the chdng cu dugc nham " cua ngudi pham tdi chua dat dugc, day chinh la trudng hgp "cd y thuc hien tdi pham nhung khong thuc hien dugc den cimg vi nhiing nguyen nhan ngoai y mudn cua ngudi pham tdi" (Dieu 18 BLHS) Se la sai lam cho rang vi ngudi bi tan cdng chdng cu lai ma hanh vi tan cong mat di tinh chat nguy hiem ciia hanh vi dd va khong pham tdi cudp tai san hay chuyen sang tdi danh khac, hanh vi tan cdng van la hanh vi pham tdi cudp tai san va thupc trudng hgp pham tdi chua dat neu hanh vi tan cdng dd dugc thuc hien nham muc dich chiem doat tai san Lai cang khdng the cho rang da cd hanh vi tan cdng "dimg vii lire, de doa dimg vii luc tiic khac" hoac "hanh vi khac" nham chiem doat tai san dii ngudi bi tin cdng khdng bi "lam vao tinh trang khdng thi chdng cu dugc" la da thoa man diu hieu hanh vi khach quan cua tdi cudp tai san va tdi pham dugc coi la hoan vi ngudi bi tan cdng chua hay khdng bi "lam vao tinh trang khdng thi chong cu dugc" thi hanh vi da thuc hien chua dap ling dugc ddi hdi ciia dieu luat la " diing VM luc, de dog diing vii luc tiec khdc TAP CHi LUAT HOC SO 10/2010 NGHIEN CLTU - TRAO DOI hoac cd hdnh vi khdc Idm cho ngudi bi tdn cdng bdng cdnh bdo dugc chuyen tdi cdng lam vdo tinh trgng khdng thi chdng cu tdi ddn chung bdng mdt thie ngdn ngii md dugc nhdm chiim dogt tdi sdn" Neu khdng ddn chung ndi chung co the hieu dugc - thira nhan diu hieu "Idm cho ngudi bi tdn dugc nhu vdy thi mdi la hgp li Md de viec cdng lam vdo tinh trgng khdng the chdng cu cdnh bdo dugc cdng bdng thi quy dinh phdi dugc " la diu hieu bit budc ciia tdi cudp rdt ro rdng" (9) tai san thi phai bd diu hieu khdi quy djnh ciia dilu luat va dilu la khdng the vi ciing vdi cac dau hieu khac, dau hieu "Idm cho ngudi bi tdn cdng lam vdo tinh trgng khdng the chdng cu dugc" la mot nhiing dau hieu dac trung cua tdi cudp tai san cho phep phan biet tdi va mdt sd tdi khac khdng cd dau hieu dd nhu toi cudng doat tai san, tdi bat cdc nham chilm doat tai san Theo chung tdi, de hiiu va ap dung thdng nhat quy dinh ciia BLHS vl tdi cudp tai san dac biet la hanh vi khach quan cua tdi pham ca li luan va thuc tien va cung de mdt dieu luat (nhat la dieu luat quy dinh ve tdi pham) khong the cd nhieu each hieu khac nhu hien nay, co quan cd tham quyen can CO hudng dan chinh thiic quy dinh cua Dieu 133 BLHS Bdi quy dinh ciia luat chua ro rang, lai thieu su giai thich su chua rd rang thi viec nhan thirc va ap dung quy dinh cua luat thuc tien se khdng thdng nhat va cd the dan den oan, sai Va de ket thiic bai viet xin trich dan y kien cua mot tham phan nude ngoai ma chiing tdi rat ddng tinh: "Su cdnh bdo de moi ngudi ddn hiiu rdngphdp ludt se xu li nhu the ndo neu xdy vi phgm mot quy dinh ndo chi TAP CHi LUAT HOC SO 10/2010 (l).Xem: Dieu Ph^p lenh trimg tri cdc toi xam pham tdi san xa hoi chu nghia va Dieu Phdp lenh trimg tri cdc toi xam pham tdi san rieng ciia cong dan Uy ban thuang vu Quoc hoi nu6c Viet Nam dan chii cong hod ban hdnh ngdy 21/10/1970; D i k S5c luat s6 03-SL/76 ngdy 15/3/1976 ciia Hoi d6ng Chinh phu cdch mang lam th6i quy dinh cdc toi pham vd hinh phat; DiSu 129 vd Di6u 151 BLHS ndm 1985 (2).Xem: Trucmg Dai hpc Luat Hd Noi, Gido trinh ludt hinh su Viet Nam (tap 2), Nxb Cong an nhan dan, Hd Noi, 2009, tr 14, 15; Vien khoa hoc phdp li, Binh ludn khoa hpc Bp ludt hinh su (Phan cdc toi pham), Nxb Chinh tri Qu6c gia, Hd Noi, 1993, tr 164, 165; Dinh Vdn QuS, Binh ludn khoa hpc Bp ludt hinh su (Phdn cdc toi pham) tap 2, Nxb Thdnh ph6 H6 Chi Minh, 2000, tr 31- 40 (3).Xem: Bo gido due vd ddo tao, Dai hoc Hu6, Trung tam ddo tao tir xa, Gido trinh ludt hinh su Viet Nam (Phdn cdc toi pham), Nxb Cong an nhan dan, Hd Npi, 2001, tr 198-200 (4).Xem: "V6 toi cudp tdi sdn: Mot di6u ludt, nhieu cdch hieu khdc nhau", Bdo phdp luat Viet Nam, so 136 ngdy 8/6/2009 (5).Xem: Trudng Dai hoc Luat Hd Npi, Gido trinh ludt hinh su Viet Nam (tap 2), Nxb Cong an nhan dan, Ha Npi, 2009, tr 14 - 15 (6).Xem: Tod an nhan dan toi cao, H^ thong hod ludt le vi hinh su (tap 1) ndm 1945 - 1974, tr 222 (7).Xem: Trudng Dai hpc Ludt Hd Npi, Gido trinh ludt hinh su Viet Nam (tap 2), Nxb Cong an nhan dan, Hd Npi, 2009, tr 16 (8).Xem: Tod dn nhan dan toi cao, Cdc vdn bdn ve hinh su, ddn su vd to tung (tap 2), 1992, tr 34 (9).Xem: Vien nghien ciiu khoa hpc phdp U, Bp tu phdp, Chuyen de ve tuphdp hinh suso sdnh, 1999, tr 68 ... hinh su Viet Nam (Phdn cdc toi pham), Nxb Cong an nhan dan, Hd Npi, 2001, tr 198-200 (4).Xem: "V6 toi cudp tdi sdn: Mot di6u ludt, nhieu cdch hieu khdc nhau", Bdo phdp luat Viet Nam, so 136 ngdy... ludn dan den hau qua la "lam cho ngudi bi tan cdng lam vao tinh trang khdng thi chdng cu dugc" (trong thuc tl tinh chit nguy hiem ciia hanh vi thudng ngudi bi tin cdng da lam vao tinh trang khdng... lenh trimg tri cdc toi xam pham tdi san rieng ciia cong dan Uy ban thuang vu Quoc hoi nu6c Viet Nam dan chii cong hod ban hdnh ngdy 21/10/1970; D i k S5c luat s6 03-SL/76 ngdy 15/3/1976 ciia Hoi