TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC NGOẠI NGỮ - ĐẠI HỌC QUỐC GIA HÀ NỘI KHOA SAU ĐẠI HỌC... 附录一：表格与图示的素引 1．图示 图一、兽骨上的甲骨文图..... 前言 选题理由 汉字是记录汉语的书写符号，是世界上历史悠久、使用广泛的象形文字，同时也是中国灿烂文化的组成部分。它不但承载着古代科学知识 而且反映了中国传统
汉字与中国文化概说
汉字概说
汉字的定义
Hanzi, the Chinese writing system, originated from the practical needs of communication within the Han Chinese community Unlike the ephemeral nature of spoken language, Hanzi transcends time and space, expanding communication range Its development and application in written records mark a crucial transition from pre-history to a civilized era, signifying humanity's progress beyond barbarism.
Chinese characters are the world's oldest continuously used writing system, unlike other ancient scripts such as Egyptian hieroglyphs and Mesopotamian cuneiform, which are now extinct Their enduring legacy spans millennia.
Hanzi, Chinese characters, are logographic characters representing meaning, composed of radicals Their shape, pronunciation, and meaning are closely related While debate exists between morpheme-based and character-based approaches to studying Chinese, a character-based approach is more logical given Hanzi's logographic nature Although initially pictographic, Hanzi evolved into a more stylized form, diverging from its original representational imagery.
1.1.2 汉字的构字法
六书是汉字构字的基本原理。在《周礼》中就提到了六书，只是没有说明 具体内容。到了东汉，许慎在《说文解字》中，详细阐述了象形、指事、会意、 形声、转注、假借等“六书”构字原理。
Chinese characters often utilize pictographic representation, directly depicting the object's appearance Early forms of characters like sun (日), moon (月), mountain (山), and water (水) were pictorial representations that evolved into their modern forms.
The Chinese character for "瓜" (gua, melon) is a pictograph depicting a vine (two strokes), melon (vertical hook), and leaf (final stroke) Its original meaning is "a general term for plants of the gourd family." This meaning extends to objects shaped like melons, such as "melon hats" and "melon boats." The act of slicing a melon led to the figurative meaning of "dividing," as in "瓜分" (guafen), meaning to partition or divide, often used to describe powerful nations dividing weaker ones The term "傻瓜" (shagua, fool) originates from the ancient "瓜子族" (guazi zu), a group of people from Guazhou (Gansu province) known for their perceived lack of intelligence.
The diligent "melon seed" people, known for their tireless work ethic, were ironically labeled "fools" (傻瓜) by some who misinterpreted their honest hard work.
Indicative characters represent abstract things and concepts using symbolic marks or adding marks to existing pictographs Examples include "上" (above), "下" (below), "刃" (blade), "本" (root), and "末" (tip/end), illustrating how added marks convey meaning and nuanced concepts.
Ideographic compound characters combine two or more characters to create a new character with a synthesized meaning For example, "日" (sun) and "月" (moon) combine to form "明" (bright), representing sunlight and moonlight together Similarly, "人" (person) and "言" (speech) create a new character with a combined meaning.
合成 “信”字，意思就是人过去所言有信，就是这个人很遵守自己说过的话，
“休”，“人”和“木”合在一起，一个人靠在树上，表示休息。
Many Chinese characters, known as huiyi characters, are formed by repeating the same character two or more times Two-character repetitions often feature a parallel structure, while three-character repetitions typically adopt a stacked vertical structure, resembling a human pyramid Examples include "众" (three "人"), "焱" (three "火"), "森" (three "木"), "晶" (three "日"), "矗" (three "直"), "淼" (three "水"), and "品" (three "口").
Many Chinese characters, particularly those formed by combining visual elements (huiyi characters), have evolved significantly, obscuring their etymological origins The character for "woman" (婦), for example, is best understood through its traditional form, revealing a woman (女) holding a broom (帚), signifying domestic labor This reflects the historical division of labor with women primarily engaging in housework ("woman inside, man outside").
The term "男耕女织" (men farming, women weaving) reflects a societal structure Many such characters, whose origins are difficult to trace, are called "broken characters" (破体字) For example, the modern Chinese pronoun "她" (she), referring to a third-person female, didn't exist in ancient China and only emerged in the 20th century.
Chinese characters frequently use the phonetic-semantic compound (形聲) method, where a radical (字根) indicates meaning and a phonetic component indicates pronunciation For example, the character 胡 (hú) acts as a radical, combining with other radicals to create words like 蝴 (hú), 湖 (hú), 葫 (hú), 瑚 (hú), and 醐 (hú), all sharing similar pronunciations but representing different things This is the most common character creation method, exemplified by characters like 臭 (chòu – smelly), 富 (fù – rich, with a field radical), and 窮 (qióng – poor, with a strength radical).
“贱”的繁体是“贱”，右边两个“戈”，为钱而争斗，自然是“贱”。
形声字的形旁和声旁有三种组合方式：
左形右声，比如：指、诗、估、格等字；
左声右形，比如：救、歉、剑、钦等字；
上形下声，比如：空、露、花、崭等字；
上声下形，比如：盂、货、娶、基等字；
内形外声，比如：闻、问、闷、瓣、辫、辩等字；
内声外形，比如：园、囤、病、衷、阁、匣等字。
Some phonetic characters, due to Chinese character reforms, have altered pronunciations in their phonetic components, rendering them ineffective for phonetic indication Misinterpreting these characters based on their phonetic components now ironically mocks those who make such mistakes.
The ancient Chinese characters 考 (kǎo) and 老 (lǎo) are synonyms, as explained by Xu Shen in the Han Dynasty He stated that they share the same meaning, with 考 sometimes signifying longevity Ancient texts used them interchangeably, with phrases like "考者老也" (kǎo zhě lǎo yě) meaning "kǎo is lǎo" or vice versa, demonstrating their mutual annotation This interchangeable usage is exemplified in the *Shijing*.
“周王寿考”，意思是说周王高寿。
相关研究综述
1.2 1 在中国的研究情况
Chinese characters, among the world's oldest writing systems, are fundamental to Han culture, embodying rich intellectual and cultural information As the carrier of Chinese history and culture, their study has been highly valued since antiquity, evidenced by early literacy primers dating back to the Spring and Autumn period Xu Shen's *Shuowen Jiezi*, the first Chinese dictionary, established a system of radical-based organization, explaining character meanings, forms, and pronunciations.
Recent scholarship builds upon previous research, exploring the evolution of Chinese characters, from ancient forms to modern simplified and traditional characters, clarifying their nature, origins, and development Numerous new publications on Chinese characters have emerged, notably Xie Dongyuan's "Shuowen Jiezi and Ancient Chinese Culture" (Henan People's Publishing House, 1994), Xu Zhen's "Shuowen Jiezi" (Zhonghua Book Company, 1996), and Zhang Meixia's [missing title and publication details].
Scholarly works such as He Jiuying's "Hanzi Wenhua Xue" (2000) and "Shuo Zi Shi Ci Tan Wenhua" (2000) remain valuable references for Hanzi studies.
梁代可谈到顾野王的《玉篇》，共有 524 部，其特色为：部首的次序与
Unlike the Shuowen Jiezi, the later Zilin by Lü Chen (Jin Dynasty) featured over 540 radicals, included more characters and variant forms, showcased excellent Xiaozhuan script, and offered unique annotations Its inclusion of both Xiaozhuan and Lishu scripts broadened the use of regular Lishu.
唐代 颜元孙的《干禄字书》也是以汉字为研究对象的著名专著之一，它按
This inscription, featuring Yan Zhenqing's calligraphy, presents three variations—vernacular, common, and formal—of each character, organized by the four tones of the rhyme table.
明代梅膺祚编的《字汇》也是中国著名的汉字研究专著之一。其共 14
This book, written in regular script, simplifies the 540 radicals of Shuowen Jiezi to 214 It includes commonly used characters from ancient texts and some colloquialisms, but relatively few obscure characters Pronunciation is given using fanqie and then direct pronunciation, with easily understood definitions From the Ming to the early Qing dynasties, it was the most widely used dictionary until the publication of the Kangxi Dictionary.
到清代又出现段玉裁的《说文解字注》、桂馥的《说文解字义证》、王筠
Numerous scholarly works on Chinese characters, such as Duan Yucai's *Shuowen Jiezi Zhu*, Zhu Junshen's *Shuowen Tongxun Dingsheng*, and Sun Yirang's *Mingyuan*, demonstrate the extensive historical scholarship dedicated to this subject.
While numerous scholarly works exist on Chinese characters, research specifically focusing on the character for "酒" (jiǔ, alcohol) remains relatively limited This article explores the scarcity of dedicated research on this specific character.
Numerous studies relate the Chinese character "酉" (酉) to Chinese alcohol culture The character's connection to wine is particularly well-researched.
1）马芳 《浅析《说文》“酉”部字与中国酒文化》 2011年。研究专著通过
The Shuo Wen Jie Zi's "酉" (yǒu) radical characters primarily relate to alcohol, encompassing its origins, brewing, types, qualities, colors, flavors, and vessels, as explained by Xu Shen Studying these characters reveals ancient China's advanced brewing techniques and rich wine culture Hao Lixin's research further supports the interpretation of "酉" as originally meaning "alcohol," based on its form and its use in characters related to alcohol or fermentation The character's structure, a combination of a vessel and an indicator of contents, reinforces this meaning.
表示的，整个字的意义是指酒。《说文解字》训释的是“酉”的文化意义。分析
The character "酉" represents not only a wine vessel but also the wine itself Scholarly research, such as Yin Lingyan's 2011 thesis and Chen Jianing & Yang Jing's 2011 article, analyzes the character "酉" and its related characters in the *Shuowen Jiezi*, exploring their evolution, cultural significance, and connection to ancient Chinese wine culture This includes examining the character's original meaning, its depiction of various wine vessels and brewing processes, the diverse types of wine, and the role of alcohol in rituals and social events Zhao Wei's 2010 report further highlights how these characters reflect detailed aspects of ancient Chinese wine culture, encompassing ingredients, brewing methods, qualities, and social customs related to alcohol consumption.
Ancient Chinese wine culture, rich and profound, reveals a deeply meaningful aesthetic Studying characters containing the radical "酉" (酉部字) illuminates ancient brewing techniques, wine's role in daily life, its societal function and status, and is crucial for understanding ancient wine rituals.
1.2.2 在越南的研究情况
Vietnam served as a major center for Hanzi (Chinese character) studies due to its centuries-long feudal system utilizing Hanzi in its civil service examinations Hanzi deeply permeated Vietnamese society, influencing both scholarly circles and everyday life, as evidenced by accessible folk songs explaining the shape and meaning of characters.
Các từ ngữ Hán Việt như "chân đi chữ bát", "bắc chân chữ ngũ", "khuôn mặt chữ điền" phản ánh sự sáng tạo của người Việt trong việc mượn và biến thể chữ Hán Song song đó, các học giả Việt Nam còn miệt mài nghiên cứu, sáng tạo ra chữ Nôm dựa trên nguyên tắc cấu tạo chữ Hán về nét và bộ thủ.
The burgeoning Vietnam-China economic and socio-cultural cooperation has fueled rapid growth in the study and teaching of Chinese language and culture Significant contributions include Associate Professor Pham Ngoc Ham's research, notably the publications "Hanzi and Research on Ancient Chinese Handicraft Commerce" (2008), "Hanzi and Chinese Philosophy of Life" (2010), and the monograph "Hanzi: Character and Meaning," which analyzes the relationship between the form and meaning of over 100 Chinese characters, revealing embedded cultural characteristics Further research on Hanzi, including master's theses focusing on radicals, is also underway at Vietnamese universities.
“女”字作为偏旁部首的汉字字义考察》、《带有“心”字作为部首的汉字研究》、
带有“酉”字作为部首的汉字构字及字义特点
由“酉”字作为部首在汉字里的位置考察
Chinese characters comprise single-component characters and compound characters, the latter being significantly more prevalent Compound characters are formed by combining two or more radicals, with radical placement exhibiting flexibility—above, below, center, left, right, or even in a corner The radical "酉" (yǒu) demonstrates this same positional variability in character construction.
本论文据考察了由商务印书馆出版于 2005 年的《新华大字典》的 126 个
“酉”字作为部首的汉字之后，得出了如下的结果：
2.1.1 “酉”居左的汉字
“酉”字作为部首的汉字里，“酉”居左的汉字占大多数，其数量为 95 个，占
总数量的 89.62%。比如：酊、酐、配、酏、酎、酌、酑、酖、酘、酕、酞、
酗、酝、酜、酙、酢、酦、酤、酣、酥、酡、酠、酟、酬、酪、酩、酭、酿、 酶、酹、酷、酵、酲、酺、酾、酼 等等。
The radical "酉" (yǒu), when positioned on the left side of a character, predominantly forms phonetic-semantic compounds (形声字), comprising X% of such characters A smaller percentage (Y%) are ideograms (会意字) Only one character combines both ideographic and phonetic-semantic elements.
2.1.2 “酉”居右的汉字
―酉‖居右的汉字只有一个，占 0.94%。这个字就是酉的引申义：“酒”。该
字的构字法为会意。这也是大多数“酉”字作为部首的汉字意义相关的字。
2.1.3 “酉”居上的汉字
No modern Chinese characters use "酉" (酉) as a radical However, we propose that the character "尊" (尊), a compound character, uses "酋" (酋) as a variant of "酉" "酋" is composed of "丷" and "酉," with "丷" possibly symbolizing the aroma rising from aged wine Therefore, "酋" represents aged, fine wine.
The Chinese character "寸" (cun), meaning "inch," depicts a hand The combination of "寸" (cun) and "酋" (qiu) signifies offering wine with both hands to a superior, a gesture that gave rise to the character "尊" (zun), meaning "respect" or "honor."
2.1.4 “酉”居下的汉字
The character "酉" (yǒu), meaning "wine," is a radical in 5 characters, comprising 4.71% of characters containing it Examples include 酋 (qiú), 酓 (yōu), 酱 (jiàng), 醔 (jiǔ), and 醟 (jiù) These characters, primarily relating to alcoholic beverages or fermented liquids, are comprised of two phonetic-semantic compounds, two phonetic characters, and one character combining both phonetic and semantic elements.
2.1.5 “酉”居中的汉字
Analysis reveals only one character, "奠" (diàn), centrally featuring the radical "酉" (yǒu), representing a small percentage of the total This character is a semantic compound While some argue its meaning is unrelated to alcohol, we propose "奠" is semantically composed of the radicals "丷," "酉," and "大," suggesting a connection to alcoholic beverages.
Sacrificial rites inherently involve the offering of alcohol, a longstanding and essential component of memorial ceremonies The three characters (成) collectively signify commemoration.
The character 酉 (yǒu, meaning "wine") appears in the bottom-right corner of several Chinese characters, including 酨 (yōu), 歠 (yè), and 蘸 (zhàn) This placement ranks third in frequency, comprising a significant percentage of total occurrences Two of these characters are phonetic compounds, while one is an ideographic compound Their original meanings vary; for example, 酨 refers to an ancient type of wine.
The Chinese character “歠” signifies the action of sipping or drinking, while “蘸” means to dip something in liquid Grammatically, “歠” is a noun, whereas “蘸” is a verb.
Statistical data shows that the radical "酉" (酉部) predominantly appears on the left side of characters it forms, accounting for 89.62% of instances Other positions are rarely used.
“心”等单字当它们作为居左的部首去构字的时候，大多是以“扌”、“氵”、“亻”、
Variants of the radical “忄” exist, functioning solely as semantic components (not phonetic) when positioned as the left-most element in compound characters In contrast, radicals acting as phonetic components typically retain their original single-character form.
The radical "酉" in Chinese characters functions in two ways: as a phonetic component and as a semantic component Importantly, "酉" retains its original form regardless of its position within the character (left, right, bottom, or corner), exhibiting no variations in either function.
由“酉”字作为部首的汉字构字特点
This paper analyzes Chinese characters using the "酉" radical While many characters are formed through pictographic representation of objects, this method has limitations in writing consistency Our statistical analysis reveals only one single-character pictograph using "酉" as a radical ("酉" itself), representing a mere 0.94% of the total.
No modern Chinese characters use the radical "酉" (酉部) as a semantic-indicative character (指事字) This is because the number of such characters is inherently limited; 象形字 (pictographs) suffice for concrete objects, while 会意字 (compound ideograms) convey abstract concepts.
2.3.2 由“酉”字作为部首的会意字
Compound characters (huiyi) combine two or more characters to create a new meaning, showcasing their ability to represent both concrete objects and abstract concepts This method overcomes limitations of pictographic and indicative character creation.
由“酉”字作为部首的汉字字义特点
This paper investigates the semantic characteristics of Chinese characters using "酉" (酉) as a radical, based on its original and basic meanings Analysis reveals a rich diversity in the semantic features of characters sharing this radical.
2.4.1特指化学元素的名称
Chemistry studies matter transformation Since humanity's first alcoholic beverage, chemistry and alcohol have been intertwined Modern chemistry, originating between the 17th and 18th centuries, has been consistently linked to alcohol production Alcohol production uses high-sugar crops like grapes, sweet potatoes, sorghum, rice, and millet, involving numerous chemical processes This connection is reflected in the use of the "酉" radical in Chinese characters denoting chemical elements, with a significant portion (X%) of the Y characters studied representing chemical element names, such as "酐" (anhydride).
Anhydrides are compounds formed by the removal of a water molecule from one or two molecules of organic acid Phthalic anhydrides, a type of organic compound, result from the condensation of one molecule of phthalic anhydride and two molecules of phenol; phenolphthalein is an example Ketones are organic compounds containing a carbonyl group bonded to two hydrocarbon groups An acyl group is the remainder of an inorganic or organic oxyacid after removing a hydroxyl group Esters are a class of organic compounds; lower esters are volatile liquids with aromas, while higher esters are waxy solids or viscous liquids, forming key components of fats Thus, alcohol and chemistry are closely intertwined.
序 字 拼音 词
笔画 本义 基本字义 结 构
1 酐 Gān 名 10笔 酸酐，一种化合
〔酸酐〕无机酸缩 水而成的化合物，
2 酞 Tài 名 11笔 酚类与酞酐作用
得到的三苯甲烷 衍生物
酚类与酞酐作用得 到的三苯甲烷衍生
3 酮 Tóng 名 13笔 一类有机化合物 有 机 化 合 物 的 一
类，酮体，酮症
4 酰 Xiān 名 13笔 有机化合物的一 无机或有机含氧酸 形声 化学
RãCO-,也 叫 “ 酰 基”
除去羟基后所余下 的原子团，也称为
5 酯 Zhǐ 名 13笔 有机化合物的一
有 机 化 合 物 的 一 类，低级的酯是有
香 气 的 挥 发 性 液 体，高级的酯是蜡 状固体的液体
6 酫 Chuò 13笔 古同“醛”。 古同“醛”。 形声 化学
7 酶 Méi 名 14笔 蛋 白 质 物 质,在
促进可逆反应方 面起着像催化剂 一样的作用。
蛋白质物质,在促进 可逆反应方面起着 像催化剂一样的作 用。
8 酸 Suān 名 14笔 醋 像 醋 的 气 味 或 味
形 寒 酸;迂 腐 。 形
容读书人的贫寒
讥讽人的迂腐：穷 酸，寒酸
动 通“痠”，酸痛,因
疾病或疲劳引起
悲 痛 ， 伤 心 ： 酸 楚，辛酸，微痛而
的筋肉微痛而无 力的感觉
无 力 的 感 觉 ： 酸 痛，腰酸腿疼
9 醌 Kūn 名 15笔 含有两个双键的
六员环状二酮结 构的有机化合物
一类含有两个双键 的六员环状二酮结 构的有机化合物。
10 醛 Quán 名 16笔 指一种由醇氧化
产生的有机化合
有 机 化 合 物 的 一 类，“乙醛”在医药 上用作催眠或镇痛
11 醚 Mí 名 16笔 迷醉 有 机 化 合 物 的 一
类，“乙醚”是医学 上常用的一种麻醉
12 醣 Táng 名 17笔 由麦芽制成的饴
有机化合物的一类,
有 甜 味 ， 分 为 单 糖、双糖和多糖三 种，是人体内产生 热量的主要物质。
表二、由“酉”字作为部首特指化学元素名称的汉字统计表
2.4.2特指与酒有关的
因为“酉”的本义原来是指酒具，后来又派生指酒的，所以可以说，由“酉”
Most Chinese characters using 酉 (yǒu) as a radical are related to alcohol Their structure incorporates the "酉" radical.
2.4.2.1指酒的种类
China, one of the four ancient civilizations, boasts a 5,000-year history of winemaking, evidenced by numerous Chinese characters using the radical "酉" (酉部) specifically for alcoholic beverages Analysis reveals a significant number of these characters, encompassing various types of wine, including those made from diverse grains and fruits, reflecting the rich and varied history of Chinese alcoholic beverages Examples include *chóu* (酎, repeatedly brewed wine), *lǐ* (醴, quickly brewed wine), and *jiǔ* (酒, a general term for alcoholic beverages) This linguistic evidence underscores the extensive and diverse history of wine production in ancient China.
序 字 拼音 词
笔画 本义 基本字义 结构特点 意
1 酉 yǒu 名 7笔 酒 地支 的 第十 位 ，属
鸡。 用 于计 时 ：酉 时（ 下 午五 点 至七 点）
2 酋 qiú 名 9笔 陈酒,久酿
首 领 ： 匪 酋 。 敌 酋。
等 发 酵 制 成的饮料
高粱 、 米、 麦 或葡
萄等 发 酵制 成 的含 乙醇的饮料
用 黍 米 酿 成的酒。
酿 酒 所 用 的 清 粥 米酒，甜酒，黍酒
古代 诸 侯向 皇 帝交
纳的 贡 金， 作 祭祀 用。
醇酒，重酿的酒
买 酒 ， 卖 酒 清酒，清酤
苦酒。 苦酒。 形声 酒
古 代 一 种 酒，醋
古代一种酒，醋 形声 酒
美酒名 美酒 形声 酒
肉酒。 肉酒。 形声 酒
白酒。 白酒，两次酿酒 形声 酒
白酒。 白酒，古同鹾，盐 形声 酒
清酒 酒 形声 酒
薄酒 味不浓烈的酒 酒
浊酒 ， 中药 剂 型之 一，即药酒
16 醥 piǎo 名 18 清酒 清酒 形声 酒
一 夜 就 酿 成的酒
甜酒；甘甜的泉水 形声兼会
一种美酒 一种美酒 形声 酒
重酿的酒 重酿的酒 形声 酒
浓烈的酒 酒的味道浓厚 形声 酒
表三、由“酉”字作为部首特指酒类名称的汉字统计表
2.4.2.2特指酒的味道
Ancient Chinese, while enjoying their self-brewed alcohol, discovered that the taste varied depending on brewing time, methods, ingredients, and processes This led to the creation of numerous characters specifically denoting the taste of wine This study shows the significant number of Chinese characters using the "酉" (酉) radical to specifically describe the taste of alcohol.
A significant portion, representing [insert percentage] of the total, consists of [insert number] characters All these characters are phonetic compounds, using the radical "酉" (酉部, signifying alcohol) This demonstrates the nuanced appreciation of alcohol in ancient China, evolving from the initial perception of bitterness ("酓") to the later recognition of varying intensities ("酷," "醈") A table details characters using "酉" as a radical specifically denoting alcoholic flavors.
序 字 拼音 词
笔画 本义 基本字义 结构特点 意
酒味苦。 酒味苦。 形声 酒
酒 味 浓 ； 香气浓
残 忍 、 暴 虐 到 极 点：酷刑，酷吏，
等 饮 料 味 道醇厚
浓，味厚，引申指 颜色浓、形容情感
4 醇 chún 形 酒味浓厚 酒味厚：醇酒。醇
醪。纯粹：醇和，
醇厚，醇美，醇，
酒、醋味淡 形声 酒
6 醰 tán 形 19 酒味醇厚 （酒味）醇厚 形声 酒
古同“醇” 古同“醇” 形声 酒
表四、由“酉”字作为部首特指酒味的汉字统计表
2.4.2.3特指酿酒过程
Brewing relies heavily on ingredients and processes Ancient Chinese winemaking evolved from naturally fermented beverages to sophisticated artificial processes utilizing various sugary substances like fruits and honey This natural fermentation, exploited by early Chinese brewers, is reflected in the ten Chinese characters using the "酉" (wine) radical, signifying brewing ingredients and techniques.
9.43%。这 10 个字都是形声字，而且都以“酉”为形的。仅仅是 10 个字，但是基
Ancient texts detail a meticulous winemaking process: preparing grains, adding yeast ("jiǔqǔ") for fermentation, distilling, storing, blending ("gōuduì"), filtering ("pō"), and aging to create the finished product.
The table below lists Chinese characters using the radical "酉" (酉部), specifically denoting wine brewing, ingredients, and processes.
“酉”字作为部首专指酿酒的原料与规程的汉字表：
序 字 拼音 词类 笔画 本义 基本字义 结
酒再酿 酒再酿。 形
酿酒 酿 酒 ， 亦 指 酒 ： 酝 酿 。
古同“蕴”，包含。
酿酒 酿酒：酦醅（未滤过的再酿
利用发酵作用制造酒、醋、酱 油等：酿造。酿酒。酿醋。
酒母 有机物由于某些菌或酶而分解
称“发酵”，能使有机物发酵的
真 菌 称 “ 酵 母 菌 ” 也 称 为 “ 酵 母”、“酿母”
“生酛”，酒的原料 形
表五、由“酉”字作为部首特指酿酒原料与规程的汉字统计表
2.4.2.4 特指饮酒及与饮酒有关的操作、行为
Drinking in China is not merely consuming a beverage; it's deeply rooted in rich cultural practices A study of 106 Chinese characters containing the radical "酉" (酉部) revealed 17 specifically referencing drinking or related actions, highlighting the significance of alcohol in Chinese culture.
16,04%。这对带有“酉”字作为部首的汉字来说也是一个不少的数目。这 17 个汉
字中，有两个是会意字，其他的都是形声字，而且都是以“酉”为形的。
滤酒 滤酒，斟酒，疏导，分流 形
酒母 - 酒 母 ， 酒 曲
- 重酿的酒：酴酒，酴酥
酒 榨 的 榨 床 榨 酒 ， 榨 酒 具 形
同“醱” 同“醱” 形
酿酒 fā 同“醱” 同“醱”
通过这 17 个汉字，我们了解到古人为了描绘饮酒活动以及与其相关的操
Many Chinese characters originated from actions related to drinking Examples include "酑" and "酺" for drinking alcohol; "酳" for rinsing the mouth with alcohol after a meal; "酙" for pouring wine or tea; "酌" for pouring wine for others; "酢" for a guest returning a toast; "酬" and "酧" for reciprocating a toast; and "醊" and "酹" for pouring libations during ceremonies like sacrifices and oaths or weddings Alcohol was an integral part of ancient Chinese rituals and social interactions.
The Chinese character “醮” highlights the rich diversity of drinking culture and related practices in China A list of characters, all using the radical “酉” (酉部), further illustrates this extensive vocabulary dedicated to alcohol and its consumption.
序 字 拼音 词
笔画 本义 基本字义 结
斟酒 - 斟酒，饮酒宴会，清
酒 喝 得 很 畅 快
酒喝得很畅快 会
聚饮 欢聚饮酒 形
吃 东 西 后 用 酒漱口。
吃东西后用酒漱口 形
席 待 客 或 吃 酒席
郑重的邀请人吃酒饭；
许多人聚在一起用餐；
饮 酒 过 度 而
致 使 行 为 失
检 并 犯 有 过 失。
沉迷于酒，撒酒疯：酗
酒 洒 于 地 表 示祭奠
祭祀时把酒洒在地上，
连续祭祀八醊，合四百 六十四醊。
酙 zhēn 动 往 碗 或 杯 里 往 碗 或 杯 里 倒 茶 、 酒 形 行为
调 味 用 的 酸 味液体。
客人用酒回敬主人 形
客 人 给 主 人
祝 酒 后 主 人
再 次 给 客 人 敬酒作答
劝 酒 ： 酬 酢 。 用财物报答：酬劳。酬
谢 。 酬 金 。 报 酬 。 交际往来：应酬。酬对
同“酬”。 同“酬”。 形
古同“侑”，报 答；酬谢。
古 同 “ 侑 ” ， 报 答 ； 酬 谢。
酹 lèi 动 将 酒 倒 在 地
上 表 示 祭 奠 或立誓
把酒洒在地上表示祭奠 或起誓：“一樽还酹江 月”。
酗酒。 酗酒，淫乱 会
醮 jiào 名 古 冠 、 婚 礼 古代婚娶时用酒祭神的 形 用 酒 祭
表六、由“酉”字作为部首特指饮酒与饮酒有关操作、行为的汉字统计表
2.4.2.5特指酒后的精神状态
Ancient Chinese observed diverse mental states resulting from alcohol consumption, leading to the creation of numerous characters containing the radical "酉" (酉, meaning alcohol) to describe these states A study of 106 characters with "酉" as their radical revealed 13 (12.26%) specifically denoting post-drinking mental states, ranging from mild facial flushing (酡) to severe intoxication (酔) and even post-drinking malaise (酲) This demonstrates ancient awareness of alcohol's effects and the creation of these characters served as a cautionary reminder of alcohol's potential for both pleasure and negative consequences.
所 行 的 一 种 简单仪式
礼 ： 再 醮 （ 再 婚 ） ， 道士设坛念经做法事
古 指 家 庭 私
古 指 在 家 庭 举 行 私 宴 形
笔画 本义 基本字义 结构特点 意义特点
1 酖 dān 动 11笔 嗜酒,沉溺 沉醉 形声 状态
2 酕 máo 名 11笔 大 醉 的 样 子 大醉的样子。 形声 状态
3 酔 zuì 形 11笔 喝 酒 太 多 以 致
喝 酒 太 多 以 致 神 志 不 清。
4 酡 tuó 形 12笔 饮 酒 脸 红 的 样
饮 酒 后 脸 色 变 红 ， 将
醉 ： 酡 颜 ， 酡 然
形 13笔 大醉的样子，
暗地里，暗中
醉得迷迷糊糊的 形声 状态
名 14笔 酒 醒 后 神 志 不
清 有 如 患 病 的
喝醉了神志不清：忧心
7 酻 zuì 形 14笔 古同“醉” 古同“醉” 形声 状态
8 醅 pēi 名 15笔 又醉又饱 没滤过的酒 形声 状态
9 醄 táo 名 15笔 大醉的样子 醉酒样；欢乐的样子 形声 状态
10 醉 zuì 动 15笔 醉酒 -饮酒过量，神志不清 会意 状态
-用酒泡制的
11 醒 xǐng 动 16笔 酒醒 睡眠状态结束或尚未入
睡，酒醉、麻醉或昏迷
后 神 志 恢 复 正 常 状 态
12 醺 xūn 21笔 喝 酒 达 最 大 的
量但未过量
醉酒的样子 形声 状态
13 酊 dǐng “酩酊”形容大醉 形声 精神状态
表七、由“酉”字作为部首特指酒后精神状态的汉字统计表
2.4.2.6特指酒具及酒官
Ancient Chinese utilized a wide variety of vessels for brewing and consuming alcohol.
带有“酉”字作为部首的汉字文化内涵
带有“酉”字作为部首的汉字文化内涵
酒在社会生活之我见
Wine, invented in ancient China, is deeply intertwined with individual and collective life, both practically and theoretically For Chinese people, alcohol is indispensable, accompanying life events from birth (full moon celebrations) to marriage (wedding celebrations) and death (memorial services), as well as countless everyday occasions including birthdays, bonuses, holidays, reunions, sorrows, and celebrations Most adults, particularly men, consume alcohol.
Throughout history, alcohol has served as a social lubricant, fostering camaraderie, deepening understanding, and easing tension across diverse settings, from international relations to neighborly gatherings Its role has evolved across eras; while some, like the Wei and Jin literati, used alcohol for escapism, others such as Li Bai and Du Fu employed it as a muse for expressing political sentiments and personal emotions Ultimately, alcohol has consistently functioned as a key component of human interaction, offering a means to celebrate successes and cope with setbacks.
Different individuals approach drinking with varying styles and intentions Scholars seek intellectual stimulation and spiritual release through refined settings and elegant rituals Politicians utilize alcohol to achieve political goals, as illustrated by historical events like the Hongmen Banquet and the "Cup of Wine to Dismiss Military Power." Brave warriors, conversely, associate drinking with courage and valor.
Alcohol has played a significant role in bolstering courage throughout Chinese history, exemplified by figures like Jing Ke's fateful drink before his assassination attempt, Guan Yu's pre-battle libation before defeating Hua Xiong, and Wu Song's celebratory drink after slaying a tiger The bold consumption of alcohol is also portrayed in characters like Zhang Fei and Li Kui, highlighting its association with bravery and strength.
Alcohol's role in Chinese culture is pervasive, permeating all aspects of life: celebrations, farewells, mourning, and everyday joys and sorrows From imperial ceremonies and scholarly commemorations to the simplest peasant festivities, alcohol signifies hospitality, emotion, and ritual Its presence marks significant life events, both grand and mundane, reflecting its deep cultural significance.
Alcohol plays a significant role in Chinese culture, offering both positive and negative impacts While moderate drinking ("酣") is enjoyable, excessive consumption ("酔," "酩," "醉," "酗," "醟") can lead to intoxication, impaired judgment, and even unlawful behavior Therefore, responsible alcohol consumption is crucial.
Throughout history, excessive alcohol consumption has led to ruin and regret, both personally and nationally While we celebrate the artistic achievements fueled by alcohol, like Li Bai's poetry and Zhang Xu's calligraphy, we must also acknowledge the destructive consequences of alcoholism Alcohol, while sometimes inspiring creativity, can also unleash destructive impulses The intoxicating effects of alcohol, while sometimes boosting courage, can equally embolden harmful actions.
Alcohol is a double-edged sword, possessing both angelic and demonic qualities, beauty and evil To harness its positive aspects, we must mitigate its harmful attributes This requires a careful examination and reform of alcohol culture.
Ancient wisdom considers "mild intoxication" the highest state of wine appreciation Modern writer Lao Lie advocates for slow, deliberate sipping, gently touching the lips to the glass.
The refined act of sipping Chinese spirits, characterized by quiet ingestion, embodies the ideal of "shallow tasting, slow drinking." This pursuit of elegance is underscored by the stringent "wine etiquette" of Chinese culture, exemplified by the Zhou Dynasty's *Jiǔ Gào* decreeing harsh punishments for excessive or group drinking, a sentiment further echoed in *Shijing*'s satirical verses on drunken behavior.
Ancient Chinese texts like *Yi Li* meticulously documented formal drinking rituals, including offering and returning toasts Numerous writings, such as *Jiujie*, *Jiujing*, *Jiushang*, *Jiugao*, and *Jiude*, further codified proper drinking conduct While China lacks explicit bans on alcohol, strict regulations against drunk driving, workplace drinking, and boisterous drinking games, coupled with social disapproval, effectively curb excessive alcohol consumption.
Alcohol enriches life, adding depth and enjoyment, but excessive consumption leads to negativity and self-destruction A balanced approach is key to a fulfilling and healthy life.
3.1.2 带有“酉”字作为部首的汉字反映古代人对酒的认知特点
Ancient Chinese winemaking, using grains as its base, reflects the agricultural culture of the time Grains, a staple food providing sustenance, were transformed into the essence of this beverage Wine's enticing aroma and taste invigorated the spirit, though excessive consumption led to intoxication.
Alcohol's impact on behavior, from loss of control to social bonding, is deeply rooted in history Ancient cultures revered alcohol, a refined agricultural product, using it in rituals and as gifts, reflecting its dual nature as a stimulant and a facilitator of social interaction The creation of numerous Chinese characters related to alcohol, many with positive or neutral connotations, highlights its significant and multifaceted role in society, reflecting a predominantly positive historical view despite its potential for abuse.
The diverse flavors of alcohol allow it to influence the properties of other substances, leading to its use in creating vinegar and other acidic products The character of the Chinese character for "medicine" (醫) highlights alcohol's historical role in pharmaceuticals, indicating its ancient use as a crucial component in traditional Chinese medicine The practice of using alcohol to infuse medicinal herbs remains common, demonstrating a long-standing and clear understanding of alcohol's properties and applications in Chinese culture.
3.1.3 带有“酉”字作为部首的汉字反映了中国人的酒文化
研究成果对越南汉语教学中的应用
Table 12 presents a statistical analysis of Chinese characters containing the radical "酉" (酉部), revealing insights into ancient Chinese winemaking techniques This analysis of characters with the "酉" radical offers valuable data on the evolution of brewing technology in ancient China.
3.2 研究结果在越南汉语教学中的应用
3.2 1 对越南学生学习汉字的实际考察
3.2.1.1 考察目的、对象及时间
Mastering Chinese characters is crucial for successful Chinese language acquisition Proficient character recognition is a prerequisite for further learning This study investigates learners' strategies for mastering characters, particularly those with the radical "酉," focusing on character composition, the relationship between form and meaning, common errors, and effective teaching strategies.
A survey conducted in early August 2012 investigated the understanding of Hanzi characters, particularly those with the "酉" radical, among second- and third-year undergraduate students of Chinese language and culture at Hanoi National University of Foreign Languages These students had studied Chinese for two to three years, possessing some prior Hanzi knowledge The research aimed to assess their comprehension of Hanzi at the late beginner/intermediate level.
笔 声 fā 古同“醱” 古同“醱”
3.2.1.2 考察内容及方法
Four questions were designed to assess students' understanding of the Chinese character "酉" (yǒu), focusing on its original meaning, structure, and the relationship between its components and the meanings of related characters The questions examined students' awareness of character radicals and their role in understanding word formation and meaning Analysis of student responses revealed their understanding of the connection between a character's form and meaning, and their overall approach to learning Chinese characters (See Appendix for details).
3.2.1.3 考察结果及分析
A survey, distributed to 100 students (a mix of second- and third-year students) at the Hanoi National University of Foreign Languages' Chinese Language and Culture Department, yielded a 100% response rate The survey comprised four distinct questions, resulting in separate data analyses for each.
第一个问题：请说明“酉”字的本义和构字法？
Từ khảo sát cho thấy học sinh lớp 2 hầu như không biết nghĩa gốc của chữ “酉” (là một loại dụng cụ đựng rượu), trong khi chỉ 16% học sinh lớp 3 (8/50 em) trả lời đúng Đa số học sinh chỉ biết đọc chữ Hán Việt là "ậu".
个，占12%，其他的都以“ ậu”为答案占 。
Only two second-grade students correctly identified the character "酉" (酉) and its construction This represents a low success rate on this specific question.
；不能回答的为 个，占 ；其他的都以为“酉”字是上下结构。
（ ）第二个问题：下列汉字有什么共同点？请说明那些汉字的构字法？
本人从带有“酉”字作为部首的汉字中选出了五个汉字，具体为：“醉”、“醒”、
Second-grade students struggled to identify the commonality and character formation of the Chinese characters "酸," "酑," and "酿," with most unable to answer or providing incorrect structural descriptions Third-grade students showed improvement, with a significant portion correctly identifying the commonality, but still demonstrating difficulty with the character formation aspect, predominantly offering incorrect structural analyses.
（3）第三个问题：请指出下列汉字的字形与字义的关系？
A second-grade class was tasked with identifying the relationship between the characters 酌, 酒, and 酬 (all containing the radical 酉, signifying alcohol) and their meanings Only a small percentage of students correctly identified the relationship for the character 酌, with a significant portion unable to answer No alternative answers were provided.
“酒”字的字形与字义的关系，回答正确的有 个，占 ；不能回答的为
Analysis of student responses regarding the relationship between character form and meaning showed varying levels of accuracy across different characters ("酬," "酌," "酒") A significant portion of students were unable to answer, particularly in the lower grades.
Understanding Chinese character radicals (部首) and their formation (构字法) significantly aids in learning and mastering Chinese characters Does recognizing these patterns enhance your ability to learn Chinese characters?
Second-grade students recognize the importance of radicals and character formation in learning Chinese characters, believing it beneficial for character mastery However, other students admit neglecting this aspect, believing it unhelpful.
A survey of third-grade students revealed that a significant portion recognized the importance of radicals (部首) and character components (构字法) in learning Chinese characters, believing this knowledge aids comprehension Conversely, a majority of students admitted neglecting radicals and character components, believing them irrelevant to mastering characters The specific results are detailed in the table below.
年级 考查内容 所占的数量 所占的比例
正确 错误 正确 错误
二年级 问题 “酉”的 本
“ 酉 ” 的 构 字法
问题 共同特点
问题 是 否 注 意
问题 “酉”的 本
“ 酉 ” 的 构 字法
问题 共同特点
问题 是 否 注 意
表十三：越南学生对带有“酉”字作为部首的汉字的理解情况考察表
(2) 考察结果分析
经过考察，我们发现，当我们提出“酉”字的本义时，几乎很少学生能回答
Only 1 out of 6 surveyed students answered correctly (16.7%) The remainder either failed to answer or answered incorrectly; most incorrect answers identified the character "酉" incorrectly.
Từ "的" nguyên nghĩa là "ậu" Hiện tượng này có thể bắt nguồn từ việc giảng dạy tiếng Hán thiếu sự chú trọng phân tích nghĩa gốc của từng chữ Hán, mà chỉ tập trung vào nghĩa thông dụng.