A contrastive study on english inversions and their vietnamese equivalents in literary works

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY M.A THESIS A CONTRASTIVE STUDY ON ENGLISH INVERSIONS AND THEIR VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS IN LITERARY WORKS (Nghiên cứu đối chiếu đảo ngữ tiếng Anh tương đương tiếng Việt tác phẩm văn học) HOÀNG THỊ THỦY Field: English Language Code: 8.22.02.01 Hanoi - 2019 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY M.A THESIS A CONTRASTIVE STUDY ON ENGLISH INVERSIONS AND THEIR VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS IN LITERARY WORKS (Nghiên cứu đối chiếu đảo ngữ tiếng Anh tương đương tiếng Việt tác phẩm văn học) HOÀNG THỊ THỦY Field: English Language Code: 8.22.02.01 Supervisor: Dr Nguyễn Thị Vân Đông Hanoi - 2019 CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY I, the undersigned, hereby certify my authority of the study project report entitled “A CONTRASTIVE STUDY ON ENGLISH INVERSIONS AND THEIR VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS IN LITERARY WORKS” submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master in English Language Except where the reference is indicated, no other person‘s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the text of the thesis Hanoi, 2019 Hoàng Thị Thủy Approved by SUPERVISOR (Signature and full name) Date:…………………… i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am greatly indebted to all lecturers at Faculty of Graduate Studies, Hanoi Open University for their knowledge, experience and enthusiasm in their lectures, from which I have acquired valuable knowledge and inspiration to fulfill this thesis I would like to express my special thanks to my supervisor Dr Nguyễn Thị Vân Đông (Hanoi Open University) for her invaluable guidance and instructive comments throughout this study Finally, and the most, I owe my deep thanks to my family who gave me constant support, enormous encouragement, love and care during the course of my writing Hanoi, 2019 Hoàng Thị Thủy ii ABSTRACT The title of the thesis is a study on English inversion and their Vietnamese equivalents This study is conducted in sentences in 11 selected English literary works and their Vietnamese equivalents to find out the similar and different inversion‘s features in terms of syntax and semantics To carry out the research, contrastive analysis method, modeling and opposition tactics are sorted to make an end of the results About the theory, the thesis clarifies the characteristics, the similarities and differences of inverted sentences in English and Vietnamese in terms of syntax and semantics In practice, the study contributes to the analysis, teaching English inversion structures into Vietnamese in literary works The thesis contributes to help learners master and use effectively the types of English and Vietnamese inversions to achieve certain communication purposes in communication The results of the contrastive analysis process will contribute to improve the effectiveness of teaching and learning English and Vietnamese iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS A Adverbial Adj Adjective Adirection Adverbial of direction Aonly Adverbial beginning with ―Only‖ Aplace Adverbial of place Aposition Adverbial of position Aprocess Adverbial of process Areason Adverbial of reason Atime Adverbial of time Be Linking Verb Be P ―Be‖ as Predicator BrE British English C Complement Co Objective Complement Cs Subject Complement N Noun NP Noun phrases O Object Op Operator Op-n‘t Operator plus the enclitic ―not‖ p (lowercase) Page P (uppercase) Predicator Pmotion Predicator denoting motion Pposition Predicator denoting position Q-element Clause element containing the Q-word Q-word Interrogative words S Subject S1 The Subject of the first clause S2 The Subject of the second clause V Verb iv * Square brackets [ ] around a number indicate the number of the reference book listed in the references Eg: [6] * When there are two numbers inside the square brackets separated by a semicolon, the former number indicates the ordinal number of the book listed in the references and the latter indicates the pages Eg: [6; 9] * Parentheses ( ) enclosing a number indicate the number of example used * When there are two number inside the parentheses separated by a semicolon, the former number indicates the year of the book listed in the references and the latter number indicates the pages Eg: (1984; 36) * The symbol / is used to separate alternative words, phrases or terms v TABLE OF CONTENTS CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii ABSTRACT iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS iv TABLE OF CONTENTS vi LIST OF TABLES AND DIAGRAM ix CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale for the study 1.2 Aims and objectives of the study 1.3 Research questions .3 1.4 Methods of the study 1.5 Scope of the study 1.6 Significance of the study 1.7 Structure of the study CHAPTER LITERATURE REVIEW .5 2.1 Review of previous studies 2.1.1 International research works 2.1.2 Research works in Vietnamese 2.2 Review of theoretical background .12 2.2.1 Word order .12 2.2.2 English and Vietnamese as SVO Type Languages 13 2.2.3 English inversion 15 2.2.4 Sentence Elements 15 2.2.5 Operators 18 2.2.6 Definitions of English Inversion .20 2.2.7 Types of Sentences according to Communicative Functions 22 2.3 Summary 26 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 27 3.1 Research approach .27 vi 3.2 Methods of the study 27 3.3 Data collection and data analysis .29 3.4 Research corpus 29 3.5 Summary 30 CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS 31 4.1 SUBJECT – OPERATOR INVERSION 31 4.1.1 In Questions 31 4.1.1.1 In Yes/ No Questions 31 4.1.1.1.1 In Yes/No questions 31 4.1.1.1.2 In Negative Yes/No Questions 33 4.1.1.1.3 In Tag Questions .35 4.1.1.1.4 In Echo Tags .38 4.1.1.2 In Wh – Questions 40 4.1.1.3 In Alternative Questions 43 4.1.2 In Commands with Question tags 45 4.1.3 In Exclamations .46 4.1.4 In Statements 47 4.1.4.1 With an Initial Negative Adverbial 47 4.1.4.2 With Initial ―So‖ 51 4.1.4.3 With Initial ―Neither/ Nor‖ 52 4.1.4.4 Inversion as a Signal of Conditional clauses .54 4.2 SUBJECT – PREDICATOR INVERSION .55 4.2.1 In statements 56 4.2.1.1 With Intensive ―Be‖ as Predicator .56 4.2.1.1.1 With an Initial Complement 56 4.2.1.1.2 With an Initial Adverbial 57 4.2.1.1.3 With Initial ―Here‖ 58 4.2.1.2 With a Verb other than ―Be‖ as Predicator 59 4.2.1.2.1 With an Initial Adverbial 59 4.2.1.2.2 With initial ―Here‖ 60 vii 4.2.2.3 With a Reporting Verb as Predicator 61 4.2.2 In Exclamations .61 4.2.3 In Formulae .62 4.3 The similarities and differences between English inversions and their Vietnamese equivalents .63 4.4 Summary 64 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS .65 5.1 Recapitulation 65 5.2 Concluding remarks 65 5.3 Limitation 67 5.4 Suggestions for further study .68 REFERENCES 69 APPENDIX .73 viii (24) (25) had scoffed at had scoffed at? Ông thực tin vào Ông thực tin vào những truyền thuyết kỳ lạ truyền thuyết kỳ lạ mà mà thân trai ông thân trai ông cũng phản bác phản bác ư? You will count it Will you count it? Bác đếm Bác đếm chứ? Mother would be able to Would mother be able to prevent him prevent him? Má Bác-bơ-ranh giữ Liệu má Bác-bơ-ranh có giữ không? [39; 12] [35; 15] Appendix 2: Examples of Yes/No questions with Do, Does, Did, and their Vietnamese equivalents DO You prefer Isabella Do you prefer Isabella? (37) Cơ thích gọi Thế thích gọi Isabella Isabella hơn à? Your head hurts Does your head hurt? Đầu cô đau Đầu có đau khơng? You want to stay Do you want to stay? Cơ muốn lại Cơ có muốn lại không? (38) (39) (40) (41) You want me to come with Do you want me to come with you you? Con muốn bố Con có muốn bố không? You want a ride to Do you want a ride to Seattle? Seattle Cơ có muốn nhờ xe lên Seattle Cô muốn nhờ đến không? [39; 23] [39: 32] [39; 32] [39; 41] [39; 43] Seattle (42) You want to walk down Do you want to walk down the 76 [39; 63] the beach with me beach with me?" Em muốn dạo bãi Em có muốn dạo bãi biển biển với chị với chị không? DOES You need some help Do you need any help finding (43) finding your next class your next class? Cậu cần giúp đến Cậu có cần giúp đến lớp học lớp học tiếp theo không? He gets to go to school Does he get to go to school? Anh ta đến trường Thế có phải đến trường (44) [39; 32] [39;32] không? DID He bought it new Did he buy it new? (45) Ông mua Thế ơng có mua khơng? (46) You got contacts Did you get contacts? Anh bị bệnh Bộ anh bị bệnh hả? [39; 6] [39; 24] Appendix 3: Examples of English Negative Yes/No questions and their Vietnamese equivalents ENGLISH VIETNAMESE Negative full Negative short form form Op + S + not + Op-n’t + S + …? …? BE (49) (50) Are you not Aren't you Bồ khơng thấy hungry? hungry? đói à? Were there not Weren‘t there Hình hồi other names any other names cuối kỷ available in the available in the mười tám, người late eighteenth late eighteenth ta 77 [39; 21] [39; 76] century? century? nghĩ tên hay phải? (51) Are we not we Aren't we past Chẳng phải past all the all the evasions không evasions now? now? cần phải giấu (52) [39; 91] sao? Were you not Weren't you just Ủa, không just with her? with her? phải với [39; 100] Jessica à? HAVE Have you not Haven't you ever Trước đây, cậu (53) ever seen snow seen snow fall chưa lần fall before? before? trông thấy tuyết [39; 20] rơi à? (54) Has anyone not Hasn't anyone Đã có nói với ever told you? ever told you? anh câu [39; 26] chưa? Had you not Hadn't you Em không để ý noticed noticed? hết ư? DO (56) Do you not Don't you like Cậu khơng thích DOES like snow? snow? tuyết à? DID Did you not Didn't you think Sao em không (57) think Isabella Isabella should nghĩ bạn should get a get a chance Isabella chance with the with the cần phải sử microscope? microscope? dụng kính hiển (55) [39; 105] [39; 20] [39; 24] vi chứ? (58) Did you not hear Didn't you hear me promise to me promise to 78 Cô không nghe hứa đưa [39; 55] take you safely take you safely nhà an home? home? tồn sao? Did anyone not Didn't anyone Sao không think to invite think to invite nghĩ đến việc (60) them? them? mời họ vậy? (61) Did you not ever Didn't you ever Bồ chưa go with a go with a với bạn trai boyfriend or boyfriend or à? something? something? Do you not have Don't you have a Cơ khơng đem a jacket? jacket? theo áo khốc à? Do you not want Don't you want Em không muốn (59) (62) (63) to know if I drink to know if I biết anh có blood? uống máu khơng drink blood? [39; 63] [39; 77] [39; 86] à? MODALS Can I not go Can't I go back Thế cháu không (64) back to school? to school? phải đến trường [39; 32] à? (65) Can you not just Can't you just Cô thank me and get thank me and cảm ơn over it? get over it? dẹp chuyện [39; 34] sao? (66) (67) Can you not go Can't you go Sao cậu không some other some other để thứ bảy khác weekend? weekend? đi? Will you not tell Won't you tell Sao cô không kể me? me? cho biết? 79 [39; 37] [39; 46] Appendix 4: Examples of invariant tag questions (93) Isn‘t that so, eh? (94) Not bad for a prison break, eh? [37; 99] (95) Charlie‘s kid, right? [38; 68] (96) I mean, you know better than to be jealous, right? [37; 83] (97) Free is free, right? [37; 22] (98) I'll call you first, okay? [38; 83] (93) Don‘t get mad at me, okay? (94) I want you to steer clear, okay? (95) Bella, this is more of a request than a demand, okay? (96) I‘ll keep it within a ten-mile radius, though Okay? [37; 32] (97) I‘ll talk to you soon, okay? [37; 42] (98) Darkness is so predictable, don't you think? [39; 120] (99) Will these people remain long, you think? [11; 204] (100) Let‘s take the outside world slowly, all right? [37; 28] (101) I already told you this part, remember? [37; 72] (102) You were angry with me, remember? [37; 110] (103) You have no ghost, then? [11; 129] (104) He is not resident, then? [11; 140] [35; 6] [37; 6] [37; 13] [37; 7] Appendix 5: Examples of Wh-questions in various clause functions and their Vietnamese equivalents WHO Who can we borrow that from? (122) Ai cho vay Q-element: S [27; 6] tiền (123) Who should I blame? Q-element: Od [38; 133] Q-element: Cs [38; 155] Thế nên trích ai, hả? (124) Who‘s Laurent? Laurent ai? 80 (125) Who was with you out there just Q-element: Od [38; 193] Q-element: Od [38; 207] Q-element: Cs [38; 215] Who did these "protectors" think Q-element: Cs [38; 87] now? Bạn ngồi với vậy? (126) Who was I betraying, anyway? Tôi phản bội chứ? (127) Who are these Volturi? Volturi thực vậy? (128) they were? Mấy gã ―chiến binh‖ nghĩ chứ? WHEN When did he buy it? (Q-element: Atime) [39; 6] (129) Ông mua xe When you think it will happen (Q-element: Atime) [37; 102] bố? (130) for you? Em nghĩ chuyện xảy với em? (131) When did you notice your things (Q-element: Atime) [37; 133] were missing? Lúc em thấy đồ em bị mất? HOW H-how you know my name? (132) Làm Làm mà anh biết tên (Q-element: Aprocess) [39; 23] (Q-element: Aprocess) [35; 82] (Q-element: Aprocess) [35; 88] tôi? (133) How did you learn it? Làm mà anh học thế? (134) How did you get to know her? 81 Cháu làm mà quen bà ấy? (135) How are you doing, Bella? (Q-element: Aprocess) [35; 18] (Q-element: Aprocess) [35; 19] (Q-element: Aprocess) [37; 21] (Q-element: Aprocess) [37; 29] (Q-element: Aprocess) [37; 29] (Q-element: Aprocess) [37; 41] (Q-element: Aprocess) [37; 71] (Q-element: Aprocess) [37; 117] (Q-element: A_reason) [39; 25] [39; 25] Bây giời cháu cảm thấy nào, Bella? (136) How can you this? Sao ông làm ? (137) How about you, Alice? Cịn bồ sao, Alice? (138) How was work? Cịn cơng việc ạ? (139) How is he? Bác r i ạ? (140) How was Jacksonville? Jacksonville nào? (141) How did Emily deal with this? Emily xử sao? (142) How is that possible? Sao lại hả? WHY Why did you come here, then? (143) Thế lại đến đây? (144) Why didn't you stay with them? (Q-element: A_reason) Thế cô không sống chung với họ? (145) Why won't you leave me (Q-element: A_reason) alone?" I grumbled Sao anh không yên nhỉ? 82 [39: 42] (146) Why didn‘t you what I told (Q-element: A_reason) [35: 11] (Q-element: A_reason) [38; 18] (Q-element: A_reason) [37; 42] (Q-element: A_reason) [37; 42] (Q-element: A_reason) [37; 120] you to do? Tại má khơng làm theo lời tơi dặn? (147) Why are you so masochistic? Vì anh phải ngoan cố chứ? (148) Why are you harassing Charlie? Tại em gọi bố chị liên tục vậy? (149) Why wouldn‘t I? Tại lại không chứ? (150) Why wouldn‘t he just come here then? Vậy ta không quay lại? WHAT What's the matter? [35; 31] (151) Cháu thế? (152) What were they going to [35; 18] with me? Việc xảy đây? (153) But what could I say? [37; 30] Nhưng nói đây? (154) What did the mayor say? [35; 26] Ơng xã trưởng nói nào? (155) What would the audience say? [35; 40] Khán giả bàn tán nào? (156) What was I going to if it 83 [39; 71] was true? Nếu điều thật, tơi phải làm gì? (157) What does one make with [35; 4] flour? Người ta dùng bột mì làm nào? (158) What should we do? [37; 22] Chúng ta làm nhĩ? (159) What have you got for supper? [35; 8] Ăn tối có gì? (160) what will you say? [35; 12] ơng nói sao? (161) What you want to know? [39; 177] Thế anh muốn biết nào? (162) What did you to this? [37; 27] Em làm với thế? (163) What can I do? [37; 39] Con có giúp mẹ khơng?" (164) What you mean? [37; 39] Ý mẹ ạ? (165) What don‘t I know? Edward? [37; 46] Có mà em khơng biết à? WHERE Where will you look for them? (166) Đi tìm đâu? (167) Where's his bundle? (Q-element: A_place) [35; 101] (Q-element: A_place) [35; 28] (Q-element: A_place) [35; 71] Gói quần áo đâu? (168) Where is Zerbino? Con Déc-bi-nô đâu? 84 (169) Now where's your brake? (Q-element: A_place) [38; 89] (Q-element: A_place) [37; 77] (Q-element: A_place) [37; 117] Thế thắng nằm đâu nào? Where‘s your family? (170) Gia đình bồ đâu r i? (171) Where are we going? Chúng ta đâu đây? Appendix 6: Examples of Alternative questions and their Vietnamese equivalents (172) Do you want to go to bed or would you like me to tell you the [35: 49] story of King Murat? Cháu buồn ngủ chưa cháu ưng nghe ông kể chuyện vua Muy – ra? (173) Do you want me to drive you to the hospital, or would you like me [38; 17] to take care of it here? Cháu có muốn tơi đưa đến bệnh viện khơng, hay tơi chăm sóc cháu đây? (174) Did that mean anything, or was it just chance? Điều có ý nghĩa khơng, vơ tình trùng hợp mà [38; 149] thơi? (175) Did you want to hear about Sam, or did you want to scream at [37; 70] me some more for things that are out of my control? Chị có muốn nghe chuyện Sam không, hay chị muốn hét ầm lên chuyện ngồi tầm kiểm sốt em? (176) Would you like a dance or a little comedy? [35: 73] Bà muốn xem điệu vũ hay kịch? (177) Would you like to drink, or could you eat anything? [11; 25] Cơ có muốn uống nước thấy ăn chút khơng (178) Was it to tell me that I was playing badly, or to ask me to 85 [35: 77] stop? Phải bà thổi cịi tơi chơi đàn dở hay bà muốn bảo đi? (179) Were the phone lines still having problems? Or had Billy invested in caller I.D.? [38; 126] Đường dây điện thoại lại bị trục trặc ư? Hay ông Billy biết người gọi rồi? (180) Was there anything sane or normal at all, or was everything just magic and ghost stories? [38; 147] Có nơi bình thường khơng có vấn đề hay không, hay thứ hoang đường toàn chuyện ma quỷ? (181) Is he coming here, or are you going there? Thế có tới khơng, xuống đó? (182) Are we going to try out the bikes or not? [38; 115] [38; 85] Bây có tập xe máy không ? (183) So are we going to ride or what? [38; 89] tụi tập lái xe làm khác chị ? (184) Are we talking about Jacob, or Edward, or me being grounded? [37; 6] Chúng ta nói chuyện Jacob, hay Edward, hay tình trạng giam giữ ?‖ (185) Are you going to tell me? Or I have to guess? Em có định nói cho chị biết khơng? Hay để chị phải đoán? (186) Were you just being stubborn because you were mad at me, or were you really serious? [37; 100] [37; 104] Có phải chị ngang bướng chị giận em thật nghiêm túc 86 Appendix 7: Examples of English conditional clauses with initial “Had”, “Were”, “Should” and their Vietnamese equivalents (227) If I had as many mouths Had I as many mouths as [49; as Hydra, such an answer Hydra, such an answer would 72] would stop them all stop them all Dẫu tơi có nhiều lưỡi quái xà Hi-dra nữa, câu trả lời đủ khiến tơi câm hến (228) If the Queen of Sheba had Had the Queen of Sheba lived [41; 4] lived in the flat across the in the flat across the airshaft, airshaft, Della would have Della would have let her hair let her hair hang out the hang out the window someday window someday to dry to dry just to depreciate Her just to depreciate Her Majesty‘s jewels and gifts Majesty‘s gifts jewels and Nếu Nữ Hoàng Sheba sống hộ bên đường, phơi mái tóc ngồi cửa sổ vài ngày để làm hạ bệ giá trị đồ trang sức quà biếu bà Hồng Hậu (229) If King Solomon had been Had King Solomon been the the janitor, with all his janitor, with all his treasures treasures piled up in the piled up in the basement, Jim basement, Jim would have would have pulled out his pulled out his watch every watch every time he passed, time he passed, just to see just to see him pluck at his him pluck at his beard beard from envy 87 [41; 5] Nếu Vị Vua Salomon người from envy gác cổng với tất kho báu ơng ta đóng cọc nền, Jim kéo đồng hồ lần ngang qua để thấy ông ta râu them muốn (230) If I had I sought all Had I sought all England over, [11] England over, I could I could scarcely have found a scarcely have found a system more exactly fitting a system more exactly childlike Jane Eyre fitting a childlike Jane Dù tơi có tìm khắp nước Anh, khó kiếm phương Eyre pháp thích hợp cho đứa trẻ Jên Erơ (231) If he had treated you as an Had he treated you as an [11; especial favourite, 86] would have enemies, you especial favourite, you would found have found enemies, declared declared covert, all around you or or covert, all around you Giá ơng có đặc biệt thiên vị chị tổ làm cho chị bị người xung quanh thù ghét (232) If she had pressed mine Had she pressed mine kindly, I [11; kindly, I should at that should at that moment have 276] moment have experienced experienced true pleasure true pleasure Giá bà than siết tay tơi có lẽ phút đó, tơi 88 cảm thấy long thật tình vui sướng (233) If they had been married, Had they been married, they [11] they would no doubt by would no doubt by their their severity as husbands severity as husbands have have made up for their made up for their softness as softness as suitors suitors Giả thử họ kết với chắn tính nghiêm khắc người chồng thay cho tính dịu dàng kẻ yêu đương (234) If Grace had been young Had Grace been young and [11; and handsome, I should handsome, I should have been 188] have been tempted to tempted to think that tenderer think that tenderer feelings than prudence or fear feelings than prudence or influenced Mr Rochester in fear influenced Mr her behalf Rochester in her behalf Giá mà Grê-xơ Pun trẻ trung xinh đẹp, tơi cho rawnfd khơng phài thận trọng sợ hãi mà tình cảm êm đềm hơn, nên ông đối xử với chị vậ 89 Appendix 8: Examples of Reporting Verb as Predicator in English statements and their Vietnamese equivalents in Vietnamese (254) (256) (257) (258) (259) (260) (261) (262) ―It is weakness‖ said the doctor ―À, yếu thôi‖ bác sỹ nói ―What is it, dear?‖ asked Sue ―Cái vây bạn?‖ Sue hỏi ―Try to sleep‖ said Sue ―Hãy cố ngủ đi‖ Sue nói ―This is like a woman!‖ shouted Behrman ―Cô đồđàn bà!‖ lão Behrman hét lên ―Lise!‖ called her aunt ―Lise!‖ Cô Catherine gọi ―Ah!‖ cried she ―Ah‖ kêu lên ―Miss Ingram!‖ exclaimed Mrs Fairfax ―Cô Ingram!‖ bà Fefăc kêu kên ―What are they, madam?‖ inquired Nhứng tật xấu gì, thưa bà? aloud [42; 2] [42; 3] [42; 3] [42; 5] [35; 157] [11; 124] Mr Rochester [11; 199] [11; 212] Ông Rô-chex-tơ hỏi to (263) ―I will tell you in your private ear,‖ replied she [11; 212] ―Tơi nói chuyện riêng với ông‖ bà trả lời (264) (265) (266) ―Ha! explain!‖ commanded the lady ―A! ơng nói rõ xem nào‖ Cô Ingram lệnh ―No—stop!‖ interrupted Colonel Dent ―không, gượm đã‖ đại tá Đen ngắt lời ―My dear boys, what are you thinking exclaimed Mrs Lynn about?‖ Bà Lyn kêu lên ―Các yêu mẹ, nghĩ vây?‖ 90 [25; 216] [11; 229] [11; 230] ... the study The study aims at analyzing English inversions in terms of syntax and semantics in some English literary works and their Vietnamese equivalents by exploiting the power of contrastive analysis... Adverbial of direction Aonly Adverbial beginning with ―Only‖ Aplace Adverbial of place Aposition Adverbial of position Aprocess Adverbial of process Areason Adverbial of reason Atime Adverbial of... Particularly, English inversions in some English literary works and their Vietnamese equivalents are put into comparison in terms of syntax and semantics In this way, the use of inversions in these works