Syntactic and semantic features of english ing non finite clauses and their vietnamese equivalents in a literature work

2018-2020 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY ENGLISH LANGUAGE M.A THESIS SYNTACTIC AND SEMANTIC FEATRURES OF ENGLISH -ING NON-FINITE CLAUSES AND THEIR VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS IN A LITERATURE WORK (Đặc điểm cú pháp ngữ nghĩa mệnh đề không biến vị“-ing” tiếng Anh tương đương tiếng Việt tác phẩm văn học) VU XUAN TUYEN VU XUAN TUYEN Field: English Language Code: 8.22.02.01 Hanoi - 2020 i MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY M.A THESIS SYNTACTIC AND SEMANTIC FEATRURES OF ENGLISH -ING NON-FINITE CLAUSES AND THEIR VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS IN A LITERATURE WORK (Đặc điểm cú pháp ngữ nghĩa mệnh đề không biến vị“-ing” tiếng Anh tương đương tiếng Việt tác phẩm văn học) VU XUAN TUYEN Field: English Language Code: 8.22.02.01 Supervisor: Assoc Prof Dr Le Van Thanh Hanoi - 2020 ii CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY I, the undersigned, hereby certify my authority of the study project report entitled SYNTACTIC AND SEMANTIC FEARURES OF ENGLISH -ING NON-FINITE CLAUSES AND THEIR VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS IN A LITERATURE WORK submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master in English Language Except where the reference is indicated, no other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the text of the thesis Hanoi, 2020 Vu Xuan Tuyen Approved by SUPERVISOR Assoc Prof Dr Le Van Thanh Date: 26th November 2020 iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis could not have been completed without the help and support from a number of people First and for most, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Assoc Prof Dr Le Van Thanh, my supervisor, who has patiently and constantly supported me through the stages of the investigation, and whose stimulating ideas, expertise, and suggestions have inspired me greatly through my growth as an academic researcher A special word of thanks goes to other teachers of the Faculty of English at Hanoi Open University for their ideas, support, encouragement and help in supplying materials and their valuable suggestion for me to have this thesis accomplished Thanks for encouraging of the teachers and students in Vinhloc High School to help me overcome difficulties to complete this thesis Last but not least, I am greatly indebted to my family for the sacrifice they have devoted to the fulfillment of this academic work This thesis cannot avoid limitation, so I wish to receive comments and opinions to make it better iv ABSTRACT The focus of this thesis is to investigate syntactic and semantic features of English –ing non-finite clauses and their Vietnamse equivalents in a literatural work such as the novel The Call of The Wild by Jack London An action research was carried out to answer the research questions: (1) What are syntactic features of -ing non-finite clauses? (2) What are semantic features of -ing non-finite clauses? (3) What are equivalents of -ing non-finite clauses in Vietnamese? The clause matter is rather complex and there are different types of clause in English We all know the dependent clause is important element in complex sentence Because of the knowledge and time frame, I could not take a study on all related to subordinated clauses English subordinate clauses are classified into four clauses, but in this study I only put nominal clauses into consideration Also, I could not investigate all translations of English subordinate clauses into Vietnamese Therefore, I just focus on translation of English -ing non-finite clause into Vietnamese equivalence v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Adj.: Adjective Adv.: Adverb C.: Complement Cl.: Clause Cs.: Subject complement L1.: First language (Vietnamese) L2.: Second language (English) N.: Noun O.: Object PP.: Past participle Prep.: Preposition Pron.: Pronoun S.: Subject V.: Verb SL: Source Language TL: Target Language vi TABLE OF CONTENTS CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv ABSTRACT v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vi TABLE OF CONTENTS vi Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale 1.2 Aims and objectives 1.3 Research questions 1.4 Methods of the study 1.5 Scope of the study 1.6 Significance of the study 1.7 Structure of the study Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Clauses 2.1.1 Definition 2.1.2 Clause elements 2.2 Classifications of clauses 2.2.1 Classifications of clauses in term of their usage 2.2.2 Classifications of clauses in term of their elements and verb complementation 10 2.2.3 Classifications of clauses in term of their verb phrase structures 11 2.2.4 Classifications of clauses in term of their syntactical functions 19 2.2.5 Functions of –ing non-finite clause 25 2.3 Summary 37 Chapter 3: ENGLISH –ING NON-FINITE AND VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS 38 3.1 Concepts of translation equivalence 38 Definitions of translation 38 3.2 Translation types 40 vii 3.3 Equivalence in translation 42 3.3.1 Definition of equivalence 42 3.3.2 Types of equivalence 42 3.4 Non-equivalence in translation 44 3.4.1 Definitions Non-equivalence 44 3.4.2 Common non-equivalence 44 3.5 Summary 62 Chapter 4: CONCLUSION 63 4.1 Recapitulation 63 4.2 Concluding remarks 63 4.3 Limitation of the study 63 4.4 Recommendations and suggestions for further research 64 REFERENCES 65 APPENDIX 69 viii Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale Nowadays, English is very important in this modern world Apart from our mother tongue we need to have a common language which makes us able to communicate with other part of the world English is an international language which is known to most of the people in the world It has been becoming more popular and important in every field such as business science and technique, culture and education, newspaper and internet as well as IT sector Most of the jobs in today world are based on English English has quite a big role in day to day life Without English it is very tough to manage in this ultra-modern world All natural languages change continually, and language change affects all areas of language use Types of language change include sound changes, lexical changes, semantic changes, and syntactic changes Syntactic change is the evolution of the syntactic structure of a natural language Over time, syntactic change is the greatest modifier of a particular language Massive changes - attributable either to creolization or to relexification - may occur both in syntax and in vocabulary Syntactic change can also be purely language - internal, whether independent within the syntactic component or the eventual result of phonological or morphological change Grammatical change appears to spread more slowly than lexical change, older, more conservative forms of speech might sometimes remain present in some regional dialects, but not in others The use of the second person pronouns thou, thee, thy and thine, for instance, sound old-fashioned to most of us, but are still heard in parts of northern England - although even there they are becoming increasingly associated with older speakers There are sometimes disagreements about what is correct English and what is incorrect one When using English, one of the most important issues which the users have to know is its grammar It is difficult for learners to use as a foreign language Nowadays, several books focusing on how to use grammar in writing and in speech are published In each book, the author gives wide grammar topics so that reference for further study can be easy and direct as required All of us know that if we use an –ing non-finite clause (infinite clause), it means that we use only a sentence but express some ideas Using –ing non-finite clauses will help us express fully important ideas, which we want to declare During the studying process, the writer has realized that non-finite clause is one of the most difficult parts which each learner will be afraid of facing with We can make mistakes easily if we not exactly know how to use each model of –ing non-finite clauses in particular context In order to give you an overview of –ing non-finite clauses, we will present the study on it viewed from both structures and meanings To this paper, we have only wish that the result of the study could serve as useful information about non-finite clauses for English learners to help them use correctly From my research, the learners will gain level higher and higher That is the reason for this theme chosen for my graduation thesis 1.2 Aims and objectives The study aims at presenting syntactic features and functions of –ing nonfinite clauses and helping Vietnamese learners of English identify as well as understand English –ing non-finite clauses In addition, we hope to provide students with knowledge of translation of English –ing non-finite clauses In order to reach the aim the following objectives will be discovered: - To describe syntactic and semantic features of –ing of non-finite clauses - To clarify their equivalents in Vietnamese 1.3 Research questions The study aims at answering the following questions: (1) What are syntactic features of -ing non-finite clauses? (2) What are semantic features of -ing non-finite clauses? (3) What are equivalents of -ing non-finite clauses in Vietnamese in a literatural work such as the novel The Call of The Wild by Jack London 1.4 Methods of the study In order to fulfill the aim of the thesis, we have tried to develop the thesis Not only rely on knowledge collected from the previous lectures of university teachers, we have collected and sorted the series of English–ing non-finite clauses from several sources such as the novel such as The Call of The Wild by (Jack grief and pain.” (Jack London, (1903) The Call of the Wild, Macmillan Publishers, New York) => “Khi xe trượt tuyết bắt đầu chuyển động, gã loạng choạng thụp bãi tuyết mềm dọc bên đường, dùng cơng kích Xơnlếch, đâm bổ vào Xơnlếch cố gắng để hất Xơnlếch sang phía tuyết mềm bên đường, sức tìm cách nhảy vào vịng dây kéo len vào Xơnlếch xe trượt suốt q trình gã rên rỉ, kêu ăng ẳng, rú lên tiếng sầu não đau đớn.” (Nguyễn Công Ái & Vũ Tuấn Phương dịch, in tập truyện tên, Hà Nội, NXB Lao Động, 1983) Example 19: “No spring or rebound was left in them Their feet fell heavily on the trail, jarring their bodies and doubling the fatigue of a day's travel.” (Jack London, (1903) The Call of the Wild, Macmillan Publishers, New York) => “Cơ thể chúng chả tí sức bật khả đàn hồi Bàn chân chúng nặng nề rơi bước xuống mặt đường mịn, làm chấn động mạnh tồn thân nhân lên gấp bội nỗi mệt mỏi đến chết ấy.” (Nguyễn Công Ái & Vũ Tuấn Phương dịch, in tập truyện tên, Hà Nội, NXB Lao Động, 1983) Example 20: “ Three men from a neighboring tent came out and looked on, grinning and winking at one another.” (Jack London, (1903) The Call of the Wild, Macmillan Publishers, New York) => “Ba người đàn ông từ lều bên cạnh bước tới đứng nhìn, vừa nhìn vừa nhăn nhở nhe cười nháy mắt với nhau.” (Nguyễn Công Ái & Vũ Tuấn Phương dịch, in tập truyện tên, Hà Nội, NXB Lao Động, 1983) Example 21: “The capsized sled ground over him, and the dogs dashed on up the street, adding to the gayety of Skaguay as they scattered the remainder of the outfit along 56 its chief thoroughfare.” (Jack London, (1903) The Call of the Wild, Macmillan Publishers, New York) => “Chiếc xe lật úp nghiến lên người gã, lũ chó theo đường phóng tới, gây thêm cảnh buồn cười cho dân phố Xkeguê chúng tiếp tục làm vung vãi nốt thứ đồ đạc xe dọc đường phố lớn.” (Nguyễn Công Ái & Vũ Tuấn Phương dịch, in tập truyện tên, Hà Nội, NXB Lao Động, 1983) Example 22: “He had a way of taking Buck's head roughly between his hands, and resting his own head upon Buck's, of shaking him back and forth, the while calling him ill names that to Buck were love names.” (Jack London, (1903) The Call of the Wild, Macmillan Publishers, New York) => “Anh có thói quen túm chặt lấy đầu Bấc dựa đầu anh vào đầu nó, lắc đảo qua đảo lại, vừa lắc vừa khe khẽ lên tiếng rủa mà lại lời nói nựng âu yếm.” (Nguyễn Cơng Ái & Vũ Tuấn Phương dịch, in tập truyện tên, Hà Nội, NXB Lao Động, 1983) Example 23: “He would lie by the hour, eager, alert, at Thornton's feet, looking up into his face, dwelling upon it, studying it, following with keenest interest each fleeting expression, every movement or change of feature.” (Jack London, (1903) The Call of the Wild, Macmillan Publishers, New York) => “Nó thường nằm phục chân Thoóctơn hàng giờ, mắt hau háu, tỉnh táo linh lợi, ngước nhìn thẳng vào mặt anh, chăm vào đấy, xem xét kỹ nét mặt, theo dõi với mối quan tâm đặc biệt biểu thoáng qua, cử động đổi thay thần sắc.” (Nguyễn Công Ái & Vũ Tuấn Phương dịch, in tập truyện tên, Hà Nội, NXB Lao Động, 1983) Example 24: 57 “Thornton came to, belly downward and being violently propelled back and forth across a drift log by Hans and Pete.” (Jack London, (1903) The Call of the Wild, Macmillan Publishers, New York) => “Thoóctơn hồi tỉnh thấy đặt nằm sấp vắt ngang lên khúc gỗ bờ, Hendơ Piti kéo cò cưa người anh, đẩy lui đẩy tới cật lực.”(Nguyễn Công Ái & Vũ Tuấn Phương dịch, in tập truyện tên, Hà Nội, NXB Lao Động, 1983) Example 25: “Sometimes he pursued the call into the forest, looking for it as though it were a tangible thing, barking softly or defiantly, as the mood might dictate.” (Jack London, (1903) The Call of the Wild, Macmillan Publishers, New York) => “Thỉnh thoảng Bấc vùng dậy chạy vào rừng đuổi theo tiếng gọi, sục tìm thể vật sờ mó được, vừa chạy vừa sủa nhẹ tiếng nhỏ sủa với vẻ thách thức, tuỳ theo tâm trạng thay đổi lúc.” (Nguyễn Công Ái & Vũ Tuấn Phương dịch, in tập truyện tên, Hà Nội, NXB Lao Động, 1983) Example 26: “The wolf whirled about, pivoting on his hind legs after the fashion of Joe and of all cornered husky dogs, snarling and bristling, clipping his teeth together in a continuous and rapid succession of snaps.” (Jack London, (1903) The Call of the Wild, Macmillan Publishers, New York) => “Con sói quay ngoắt lại, trụ hai chân sau để xoay theo kiểu Jơ chó étkimơ khác bị đường, gầm thét lông dựng đứng, hai hàm vập nhanh vào liên tiếp.” (Nguyễn Công Ái & Vũ Tuấn Phương dịch, in tập truyện tên, Hà Nội, NXB Lao Động, 1983) Example 27: “They stopped by a running stream to drink, and, stopping, Buck remembered John Thornton He sat down The wolf started on toward the place 58 from where the call surely came, then returned to him, sniffing noses and making actions as though to encourage him.” (Jack London, (1903) The Call of the Wild, Macmillan Publishers, New York) => “Chúng dừng lại bên dịng suối róc rách chảy để uống nước Và dừng lại, Bấc sực nhớ tới Giơn Thctơn Nó ngồi xuống chỗ, sói tiếp tục tới trước, lại quay lại với Bấc, hít mũi với Bấc làm động tác để khuyến khích Bấc.” (Nguyễn Cơng Ái & Vũ Tuấn Phương dịch, in tập truyện tên, Hà Nội, NXB Lao Động, 1983) Example 28: “A carnivorous animal, living on a straight meat diet, he was in full flower, at the high tide of his life, overspilling with vigor and virility.” (Jack London, (1903) The Call of the Wild, Macmillan Publishers, New York) => “Là nòi ăn thịt, sống thịt ăn sống nuốt tươi săn bắt được, Bấc thời kỳ phát triển rực rỡ nhất, triều cao đời mình, tràn trề sức mạnh khí thế.” (Nguyễn Công Ái & Vũ Tuấn Phương dịch, in tập truyện tên, Hà Nội, NXB Lao Động, 1983) Example 29: “ As the fall of the year came on, the moose appeared in greater abundance, moving slowly down to meet the winter in the lower and less rigorous valleys.” (Jack London, (1903) The Call of the Wild, Macmillan Publishers, New York) => “Mùa thu tới, nai sừng Bắc Mỹ xuất nhiều hơn, chuyển dần xuống phía để đón mùa đơng thung lũng thấp, nơi khí hậu đỡ khắc nghiệt hơn.” (Nguyễn Cơng Ái & Vũ Tuấn Phương dịch, in tập truyện tên, Hà Nội, NXB Lao Động, 1983) Example 30: “The Yeehats were dancing about the wreckage of the spruce-bough lodge when they heard a fearful roaring and saw rushing upon them an animal the like of which they had never seen before It was Buck, a live hurricane of fury, hurling 59 himself upon them in a frenzy to destroy.” (Jack London, (1903) The Call of the Wild, Macmillan Publishers, New York) => “Bọn người da đỏ thuộc tộc Yhét nhảy múa quanh đống đổ nát làm cành bách nghe tiêng rống ghê rợn nhìn thấy vật đâm bổ vào chúng, loại thú vật chúng chưa nhìn thấy Đó Bấc, luồng bão tố giận biểu thành sống, lao vào chúng cuồng loạn huỷ diệt.” (Nguyễn Công Ái & Vũ Tuấn Phương dịch, in tập truyện tên, Hà Nội, NXB Lao Động, 1983) Example 31: “Night came on, and a full moon rose high over the trees into the sky, lighting the land till it lay bathed in ghostly day And with the coming of the night, brooding and mourning by the pool, Buck became alive to a stirring of the new life in the forest other than that which the Yeehats had made He stood up, listening and scenting From far away drifted a faint, sharp yelp, followed by a chorus of similar sharp yelps As the moments passed the yelps grew closer and louder Again Buck knew them as things heard in that other world which persisted in his memory He walked to the centre of the open space and listened It was the call, the many-noted call, sounding more luringly and compellingly than ever before.” (Jack London, (1903) The Call of the Wild, Macmillan Publishers, New York) => “Màn đêm bng xuống, mặt trăng trịn vành vạch nhơ cao vượt khỏi vòm lên bầu trời, ánh trăng trải dần xuống mặt đất chan hồ ánh bạc ma qi Cùng với bóng đêm vừa đến, quanh quẩn thẫn thờ đau buồn cạnh bờ ao, Bấc nhận thấy thứ xáo động khác sống lạ rừng, khác với xáo động bọn người Yhét Nó đứng dậy, lắng nghe đánh Từ xa văng vẳng vọng lại tiếng kêu lanh lảnh, loạt tiếng kêu lanh lảnh đồng nối theo Trong giây lát, tiếng kêu gần lại to lên Một lần nữa, Bấc lại nhận ngay, tiếng mà Bấc nghe giới trước kia, giới dai dẳng bám diết lấy ký ức Nó bước bãi trống lại lắng tai nghe Đúng rồi, tiếng gọi ấy, tiếng gọi có nhiều âm tiết vang lên với sức quyến rũ bách mạnh mẽ hết Và hết, Bấc 60 sẵn sàng tuân theo tiếng gọi.” (Nguyễn Công Ái & Vũ Tuấn Phương dịch, in tập truyện tên, Hà Nội, NXB Lao Động, 1983) Example 32: “Hunting their living meat, as the Yeehats were hunting it, on the flanks of the migrating moose, the wolf pack had at last crossed over from the land of streams and timber and invaded Buck's valley Into the clearing where the moonlight streamed, they poured in a silvery flood; and in the centre of the clearing stood Buck, motionless as a statue, waiting their coming They were awed, so still and large he stood, and a moment's pause fell, till the boldest one leaped straight for him Like a flash Buck struck, breaking the neck Then he stood, without movement, as before, the stricken wolf rolling in agony behind him Three others tried it in sharp succession; and one after the other they drew back, streaming blood from slashed throats or shoulders.” (Jack London, (1903) The Call of the Wild, Macmillan Publishers, New York) => “Trên đường săn đuổi mồi sống, lúc bọn người Yhét săn đuổi mồi thịt bầy sói bám theo bên sườn đàn nai di trú, cuối từ vùng đất có nhiều to nhiều khe suối kéo sang tràn vào thung lũng Bấc Như dòng nước lũ màu ánh bạc, chúng đổ vào bãi trống chan hồ ánh trăng Chính bãi trống, Bấc đứng yên lặng tượng, chờ chúng đến Chúng kính sợ, Bấc đứng trông sừng sững im lặng quá, to lớn Một giây lát ngập ngừng chững lại, táo tợn lũ sói chồm thẳng vào Bấc Nhanh chớp Bấc đón đánh, cắn gẫy cổ đối thủ Rồi lại đứng n cũ, khơng mảy may cử động, sói bị hạ lăn lộn giẫy chết đằng sau sói khác liên tiếp dồn dập cố xông vào; tiếp khác lại phải lùi ra, máu tuôn xối xả từ vết toạc họng vai chúng.” (Nguyễn Công Ái & Vũ Tuấn Phương dịch, in tập truyện tên, Hà Nội, NXB Lao Động, 1983) Further more, we should consider about –ing non-clause that functions as all of its funtions When translating these sentences, we should focus on translating the use of –ing non-finite clause, it means that we use only a sentence but express some ideas Using –ing non-finite clauses will help us express fully important ideas, 61 which we want to declare Besides, trying to transfer the meaning of sentence into Vietnamese as naturally as possible is very important 3.5 Summary In this chapter, some suggestions for overcoming for these problems were given, and the translator’s role is very important It is necessary for those who want to have good knowledge of translating English into Vietnamese They have to improve their techniques in translating English literature works into Vietnamse and they should know how to deal with types of errors 62 Chapter 4: CONCLUSION 4.1 Recapitulation In this paper I have presented the little understanding about English –ing non-finite clauses “Chapter 2” has presented some background knowledge about clause, –ing non-finite clauses and their Vietnamses equivalents Besides, in “Chapter 3”, some cases of equivalences in translating English –ing non-finite clauses into Vietnamese have just been analyzed basing on the examples from a literatural work To achieve the goal, in the first place it looked at the overview of –ing nonfinite clause Many important points are concerned such as meanings and structures as well as functions Then a brief contrastive analysis of some basic structures of English –ing non-finite clauses and their Vietnamese equivalents has been done in order to find out the similarities and differences between the two languages The similarities and differences between the two languages causes many problems for Vietnamese in learning and translating English In order to find out some implications for learning and translating English –ing non-finite clause, a test was done with the help of over ninety students in grade 12 at Vinhloc High School, Thanhhoa 4.2 Concluding remarks From these analyses, some suggested translation techniques were also introduced sot that we can find out the suitable direction in translation of –ing nonclauses Moreover, I have also pointed out some non-equivalent cases in translating English –ing non-finite clauses into Vietnamese equivalence This is just to make progress in translation and to learn from experience As far as I know, –ing nonfinite clauses are very important because they add useful information to the sentence Sometimes, misunderstanding the meaning of –ing non-finite clause will lead to misunderstanding the meaning of whole sentence, even the whole text 4.3 Limitation of the study English and Vietnamese are different in vocabulary, grammar and sentence structure Sometimes, we can not find the equivalence in Vietnamese The best 63 solution is learning and applying some translation techniques that can be very necessary in translating English –ing non-finite clauses into Vietnamese Besides, the essential requirements are much reading, observation and practice These would be helpful for us 4.4 Recommendations and suggestions for further research In short, because this is the first time that I take a study on translation of English –ing non-finite clauses into Vietnamese, mistakes are unavoided However, I hope that the progress I have got is more than I had expected Since then, I can apply the knowledge of –ing non-finite clause for my job Certainly, the goal of this study is to 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(1995) Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary Oxford University Press 35 Bell Roger.T, Translation and translating: theory and practice, Longman Group Ltd, London, 1991 36 Duff, Alan, Translation F.Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1992 37 Baker, Mona, In other words: A course book on translation, Routledge, London, 1992 38 Quirk, Randolph and Greenbaum, A university grammar of English, Sidney, 2002 66 Journals: Hughes, G.A and Lascaratou (1982) Competing criteria for error gravity English Language Teaching Journal Vol.3, No.5 144-15 Nation, I.S.P (1997) L1 and L2 use in classroom: a systematic approach, TESOL reporter Vo.30, No.2 19-27 Taylor, G (1986), Error and Explanation, Applied Linguistics Journal, Vol.7 No.2 144-65 Vietnamese: Phạm Xuân Thảo, Luyện đọc phiên dịch báo chí Anh Mỹ, 1996 Lê Đình Bì, Phương pháp dịch báo chí tiếng Anh, 1998 Hồng Văn Vân, (1994), Translation Study, Tủ sách Viện Đại học Mở Nguyễn Tài Cẩn, (1999), Ngữ pháp tiếng Việt, NXB Đại học Quốc gia-Hà Nội Tô Thị Vân Anh, (2014), Ngiên cứu mệnh đề không biến vị -ing tiếng Anh số gợi ý sư phạm, Tủ sách Viện Đại học Mở Vũ Thanh Phương, Bùi Ý, (2001), Ngữ pháp tiếng Anh, NXB Hà Nội Websites: https://www.en.wikipedia.org https://www.grammar.about.com https://www.hoctienganh.com https://www.vnsay.com/hoctienganh/ https://www.vinabook.com/nu-cuoi-nuoc-anh http://www.english https://www.Englishgrammar.com http://www.bbc.co.uk/vietnamese 67 10 https://www.englishforums.com/English/NounClausesAdjectiveClauses 11 https://www.sentencemaster.ca/grammarglossary 12 https://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/clausetext.htm 13 https://www.linguistlist.org/issues/14/14-1640.html 14 https://www.translationdirectory.com/article634.htm 15 https://www.thefreedictionary.com 68 APPENDIX I Translate the following sentences into Vietnamese He has his new house built on a hill near the coast -> Not getting along with the boss, he left -> In order not to make the same mistake twice, he works more carefully -> Standing on top of the hill, tourists could see the whole village below them -> “I was the last man to leave,” said the old man -> “There were six or seven of us, counting me”, said the middle-aged man -> Being hunted by police, the bandit has surrendered -> They agreed to attend conference on climate change in the Mekong Delta -> All things considered, I think we ought to give the job to Dr Smith -> 10 Working and living in these conditions is a pleasure -> 11 “To help you as much as possible is my duty”, said the soldier -> 12 After our long trip, we all were eager to get home -> 13 The doctor regrets having said this bad news to her husband -> 14 The weather is fine today, we want to see our grandfather -> 15 There was little hope of reaching home at noon -> 69 II Translate the following sentences into English Đeo trang thói quen hàng ngày hầu hết người dân Mỹ -> Dạy học trực tuyến giải pháp nhiều người quan tâm -> Đóng cửa trường học dịch bệnh, học sinh tự học nhà -> Được xây dựng cách hàng trăm năm, đền bị hư hại nhiều -> Không để suy giảm xuất ý kiến phát biểu Bộ công thương -> Để phát triển nông nghiệp cần phải phát triển công nghiệp đại trước -> Nhiều quốc gia giới cấm hút thuốc nơi công cộng -> Nhìn qua cửa sổ khách sạn, tơi thấy đường phố New York vắng khác thường -> Không gặp quan sáng hôm qua, anh để lại tin nhắn -> 10 Sinh gia đình nghèo,cha tơi quen với sống giản dị -> 11 Tạm dừng đường bay tới Italia định nhiều hãng hàng không -> 12 Được nhận học bổng ước mơ nhiều học sinh, sinh viên -> 13 Được WHO đánh giá cao thành công lớn ngành y tế Việt Nam -> 14 Những bạn học sinh học tiếng Anh để du học Australia -> 15 Để hồn thành luận văn thời hạn, cần nhiều giúp đỡ -> 70 ... semantic features of English non- finite clauses, on investigation English? ? ?ing non- finite clauses and their Vietnamese equivalents with the hope of finding the ways of teaching and studying? ?ing English. .. three kinds of non- finite clauses a Infinitive non- finite clauses Definition: 12 Infinitive non- finite clauses are part of the non- finite clauses and they have functions as non- finite clauses In. ..MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY M .A THESIS SYNTACTIC AND SEMANTIC FEATRURES OF ENGLISH -ING NON- FINITE CLAUSES AND THEIR VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS IN A LITERATURE WORK