Syntactic and semantic features of english non finite clauses in the adventures of tom sawyer by mark twain with reference to their vietnamese translation equivalents

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY M.A.THESIS SYNTACTIC AND SEMANTIC FEATURES OF ENGLISH NON-FINITE CLAUSES IN “THE ADVENTURES OF TOM SAWYER” BY MARK TWAIN WITH REFERENCE TO THEIR VIETNAMESE TRANSLATION EQUIVALENTS (Nghiên cứu cú pháp ngữ nghĩa mệnh đề không hữu hạn tác phẩm “Cuộc phiêu lưu Tom Sawyer” tác giả Mark Twain liên hệ với tương đương chúng dịch tiếng Việt) DUONG TAN PHONG Field: English Language Code: 8.22.02.01 Hanoi, 12/2020 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY M.A.THESIS SYNTACTIC AND SEMANTIC FEATURES OF ENGLISH NON-FINITE CLAUSES IN “THE ADVENTURES OF TOM SAWYER” BY MARK TWAIN WITH REFERENCE TO THEIR VIETNAMESE TRANSLATION EQUIVALENTS (Nghiên cứu cú pháp ngữ nghĩa mệnh đề không hữu hạn tác phẩm “Cuộc phiêu lưu Tom Sawyer” tác giả Mark Twain liên hệ với tương đương chúng dịch tiếng Việt) DUONG TAN PHONG Field: English Language Code: 8.22.02.01 Supervisor: Ph.D Nguyen Thi Van Dong Hanoi, 12/2020 CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY I, the undersigned, hereby certify my authority of the study project report entitled Syntactic and semantic features of English non-finite clauses in “The adventures of Tom Sawyer” by Mark Twain with reference to their Vietnamese translation equivalents submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master in English Language Except where the reference is indicated, no other person‟s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the text of the thesis Hanoi, 2020 Duong Tan Phong Approved by SUPERVISOR PhD Nguyen Thi Van Dong Date: ……………….…………… i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis could not have been completed without the help and support from a number of people First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr Nguyen Thi Van Dong, my supervisor, who has patiently and constantly supported me through the stages of the study, and whose stimulating ideas, expertise, and suggestions have inspired me greatly through my growth as an academic researcher A special word of thanks goes to all the lectures of the Master course at Hanoi Open University and many others, without whose support and encouragement it would never have been possible for me to have this thesis accomplished Last but not least, I would like to express my gratitude to my family members and friends who supported me and contributed to the completion of my study Finally, my sincere thanks are due to all of you who will give me some comments after reading the thesis To all mentioned and to many more, my heart extends the warmest thanks Ha Noi, October, 2020 Student Duong Tan Phong ii TABLE OF CONTENTS CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY ……………………………………… i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ………………………………….…………… ii TABLE OF CONTENT ………………………………………………… iii ABSTRACT ……………………………………………… …………… vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ……………………………………………… vii LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES ……………………………………… viii Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION …………………………………………… 1.1 Rationale ……………………………………………………………… 1.2 Aims and objectives of the study …………………………………… 1.3 Research questions …………………………………………………… 1.4 Methods of the study ………………………………………………… 1.5 Scope of the study …………………………………………………… 1.6 Significance of the study ………………………….………………… 1.7 Structure of the study ……………………………………….……… Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ………………………………… 2.1 Previous studies ………………………………………….…………… 2.2 An overview of English Non-finite clauses ………………………… 2.2.1 Definition of Translation …………………………………………… 2.2.2 Forms of Non-finite clauses …………….…………………………… 2.2.3 Syntactic Features of Non-finite Clauses …………………………… 2.2.4 Functions of Non - finite Clauses …………………………………… 10 2.2.5 Position of Non - finite Clauses ……………………………………… 10 2.2.6 Semantic Meanings of Non - finite Clauses ………………………… 11 2.3 Realization of Non-finite clauses in English ………………………… 12 2.3.1 General remarks about subordination ……………………………… 13 iii 2.3.2 General Remarks on Non-finite and Verbless Clauses ……………… 20 2.4 Definition of Translation ……………………………………………… 34 2.5 Translation methods ………………………………………………… 34 2.6 Non-finite clauses…………………………………….……….……… 35 2.6.1 Gerund nominal …………………………………….….…………… 35 2.6.2 Participial clause ………………………………….………………… 44 2.7 Summary ……………………………………………………………… 46 Chapter 3: SYNTACTIC AND SEMANTIC FEATURES OF ENGLISH NON-FINITE CLAUSES WITH REFERENCE TO THEIR 47 VIETNAMESE TRANSLATION EQUIVALENTS 3.1 Syntactic features of non-finite clauses in “The adventures of Tom Sawyer” by Mark Twain in English and in Vietnamese …………… 49 3.1.1 Syntactic features of non-finite clauses in “The adventures of Tom 49 Sawyer” by Mark Twain in English …………………………………… Syntactic features of non-finite clauses in “The adventures of Tom 55 Sawyer” by Mark Twain in Vietname …………………………… Semantic features of non-finite clauses in “The adventures of 61 Tom Sawyer” by Mark Twain in English and in Vietnamese ……… Semantic features of non-finite clauses in “The adventures of Tom 62 Sawyer” by Mark Twain in English …………………………………… Semantic features of non-finite clauses in “The adventures of Tom 64 Sawyer” by Mark Twain in Vietnamese ………………………………… Comparison between the syntactic and semantic features of set 66 expressions of behavior in English and in Vietnamese ………………… In terms of syntactic features ……………………………………… 66 In terms of semantic features ……………………………………… 69 Implications for teaching and learning non-finite clauses in 71 English and in Vietnamese …………………………………………… iv Summary …………………………………………………………… 72 Chapter 4: CONCLUSION ……………………………………………… 73 4.1 Recapitulation ………………………………………………………… 73 4.2 Concluding remarks ………………………………………………… 73 4.3 Limitation of the research …………………………………………… 74 4.4 Recommendations/Suggestions for further research ……………… 75 REFERENCES …………………………………………………………… 76 APPENDICES …………………………………………………………… 78 ABSTRACT v One of the things that should be learned by the English students is grammar There are so many topics to be mastered by the students, one of which is the nonfinite clauses In order to help Vietnamese learners of English to master English non-finite clauses, we would like to choose the thesis Syntactic and semantic features of English non-finite clauses in “The adventures of Tom Sawyer” by Mark Twain with reference to their Vietnamese translation equivalents This study focuses on the syntactic and semantic features of on-finite clauses in English and Vietnamese It is investigated with the hope of finding out the similarities and differences between the non-finite clauses‟ form in both languages and suggesting practical applications to the process of teaching and learning English as a foreign language in Vietnam Data used for analysis in this study were collected from “The adventures of Tom Sawyer” story by Mark Twain and some literary works To carry out this research, the writer used descriptive, qualitative, quantitative and contrastive methods The result of the study illustrates the fact that Vietnamese and English native speakers are similar in the choice of non-finite clauses as the prominent element in sentences However, the structures of non-finite clauses are quite different between two languages Hopefully, the finding of this study can, to some extent, be suggested as a referential materials for Vietnamese students and teachers of English in translating English non-finite clauses into Vietnamese vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Adj : Adjective Adj.P : Adjective phrase AdvP : Adverb phrase N : Noun NP : Noun Phrase Pre.P : Prepositional Phrase V : Verb A : Adverbials D : Determiner VP : Verb phrase O : Object S : Subject DO : Direct object IO : Indirect object vii LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Table 2.1: Sentence elements - Sebastian Lobner 2013 …………… 13 Table 2.2: Immediate constituent analysis ………………………… 14 Table 2.3: Functions of Infinitive clauses ………………………… 29 Table 2.4: Functions of Ing-Participle Clauses …………………… 31 Table 2.5: Functions of Ed-Participle Clauses ……………………… 32 Table 2.6: Functions of Verbless clauses …………………………… 33 Figure 2.7: Two common methods of translation ………………… 34 Table 2.8: Gerunds vs Process Noun IN-, ION/ -AL …………… 37 Table 2.9: Structure of Gerund nominals ………………………….… 39 Table 2.10: Gerund and Participlle premodifiers ………………… 44 Table 2.11: -Ing and -Ed participles ……………………………… 46 Table 3.1: Syntactic features of Non-finite clauses in “The 54 adventures of Tom Sawyer” novel by Mark Twain in English Table 3.2: Syntactic features of Non-finite clauses in “The 60 adventures of Tom Sawyer” novel by Mark Twain in English Table 3.3: Syntactic features of non-finite clauses in English and in Vietnamese ……………………………………………… viii 66 -ed participial clauses Total P2 + Prep + N/ NP Verb + Prep + N/ NP 11.8 Past 11.8 34 100 Participle + Prep + N/ NP 34 100 From the above table, it can be seen that the non-finite clauses in “The adventures of Tom Sawyer” novel in English and Vietnamese belong to certain clauses structures such as to infinitive clauses, bare infinitive clauses, -ing participle clauses, and -ed participle clauses in which to infinitive clauses account for the largest (47%), followed by -ing participial clauses (29.4%), Bare infinitive clauses (11.8%), and -ed participial clauses (3.7%) From the studied data, it is clear that both English and Vietnamese non-finite clauses of “The adventures of Tom Sawyer” novel share some similar patterns in the form of to infinitive clauses, bare infinitive clauses, -ing participle clauses, and ed participle clauses However, there are still differences in non-finite clauses of “The adventures of Tom Sawyer” novel in both English and Vietnamese The patterns of to infinitive clauses in “The adventures of Tom Sawyer” novel in English are more various than those in set expressions in Vietnamese Patterns of to infinitive clauses in English are while patterns of to infinitive clauses in Vietnamse are Besides, patterns of bare infinitive clauses in English are and patterns of bare infinitive clauses in Vietnamse are 3; Patterns of -ing participial clauses in English are and patterns of -ing participial clauses in Vietnamse are 4; Patterns of -ed participial clauses in English is while patterns of -ed participial clauses in Vietnamse is Furthermore, based on the above statistics table, the differences in the syntactic characteristics of English and non-finite clauses seem to be clear In short, English and Vietnamese non-finite clauses are analyzed under the same phrasal structures such as to infinitive clauses, bare infinitive clauses, -ing participle clauses, and -ed participle clauses Besides, English and Vietnamese set 69 expressions of behavior tend to be in comparative structures and metaphorical descriptive structures 3.3.2 In terms of semantic features A summary of semantic features of non-finite clauses in English and Vietnamese is presented in the following table: Table 3.4: Semantic features of non-finite clauses in English and in Vietnamese Num Non-finite clauses In English Non-finite clauses in Vietnamese didn‟t have to undo your shirt tháo cổ áo sơ mi nới collar where I sewed it mà dì may to pump on your head để bơm nước lên đầu cháu to open the door đến cánh cửa mở to cry again để khóc lần to gather again tụ tập trở lại to hide her griefs and still her che giấu nỗi đau trái tim tan vỡ broken to exchange sorrows with để chia sẻ nỗi buồn to abstain from smoking kiêng hút thuốc began to think of bắt đầu nghĩ to punctuate the punches with khua mạnh bên đồ đạc phòng 11 to stop to fish dừng lại để câu cá 12 agreed to believe that he might đồng ý tin có ý possibly mean somebody else định với khác 13 get back some time in a week quay lại sau khoảng tuần 14 let it go phải bỏ qua 15 catch their breath phải nín thở 16 understand that his poor rags would hiểu quần áo rách to begin with rưới nghèo nàn làm nên chuyện từ đầu 17 Bringing water from the town Đưa nước từ máy bơm thị trấn pump 18 brushing the dust from his clothes, phủi bụi quần áo, nức nở, sụt 10 70 sobbing, snuffling, and sùi, quay lại, lắc occasionally looking back and đầu đe dọa shaking his head and threatening 19 at seeing him place himself in her thấy đặt vào quyền lực power again in this intrepid way bà lần theo cách gan 20 emphasizing stroke 21 clamping his tongue between his kẹp lưỡi hai hàm teeth 22 letting up the pressure on the up- tạo áp lực lên động tác vuốt strokes lên 23 without confessing the robbery that preceded it 24 carrying the rest of the flower-pots mang theo phần lại chậu with him hoa 25 Considering all things Suy xét tất chuyện 26 waiting for the answer chờ đợi câu trả lời 27 to gather again tụ tập trở lại 28 to hide her griefs and still her che giấu nỗi đau trái tim tan vỡ broken heart 29 to cry again khóc lần 30 to exchange sorrows with để chia sẻ nỗi buồn 31 mingled with the murmur of a hòa với tiếng rì rầm lời curse nguyền 32 throned on high in his great splint- ngẩng cao đầu ghế bottom arm-chair tựa đáy có nẹp lớn 33 34 each slow down- nhấn mạnh động tác giảm tốc độ grave- mà không thú nhận hành vi trộm mộ trước lulled by the drowsy hum of study ru ngủ tiếng vo ve học built by the water-drip from a xây dựng nước nhỏ giọt stalactite overhead từ thạch nhũ cao 71 With the attempt to give a full description of all the semantic fields, the differences between the collection of English and Vietnamese set expressions of behavior in semantic categories are statistically significant As listed in the table above, we see basically the non-finite clauses in English and their Vietnamese translation equivalents in “The adventures of Tom Sawyer” novel are relatively similar to each other However, there are also some Vietnames sentences of the translation are not true of the original sentence or in other words have not really shown the meaning of the original and have not fully expressed the meaning of the original such as: In example “to open the door” is a non-finite clause using the infinitive with “to” for the purpose but the Vietnamese translation has a completely different meaning; “đến cánh cửa mở” means that the door was opened before; In example 32, the word “throned” in the original English sentence was a Pasr participial with a passive meaning, but in the Vietnamese translation was -ing form with a active meaning; In example 33, the Vietnamese translation with the English original is also not close to the meaning of the vocabulary In conclusion, both English and Vietnamese have set expressions of nonfinite clauses The perceptions of English and Vietnamese people have so much in common Both English and Vietnamese set expressions of behavior are employed with the same semantic features related to non-finite clauses 3.4 Implications for teaching and learning non-finite clauses in English and in Vietnamese We can see that many students showed their interest in learning English non-finite clauses The answer is that they really need for non-finite clauses for their study However, they are not willing to speak English non-finite clauses in the class because of the lack of language skills and abilities, the lack of understanding of non-finite clauses as well as the lack of practicing in the class Most teachers will create interesting games and activities when teaching non-finite clauses, teachers often say they will encourage students to learn by teaching them non-finite clauses in context and equipping students with knowledge of the syntactic and semantic features of non-finite clauses It is understandable that non-finite clause teaching is quite different from other skills, 72 so teachers should never forget to praise them before pointing out students' mistakes in speaking non-finite clauses to achieve the purpose of them The adopted teaching strategy is expected to play an important role in the lesson planning process First, in non-finite clause teaching, teachers should remember that language learners at different levels should be taught non-finite clauses in different ways Therefore, teachers should attract students' attention by introducing non-finite clause usage Non-finite clauses can be added to vocabulary learned by putting them into short conversations and stories and teachers will clearly and simply explain their meanings Putting non-finite clauses in general topics so on to help students memorize easily For intermediate and advanced levels, the method of cognitive language is the most promising way to learn non-finite clauses Teachers should equip students with knowledge of the syntactic and semantic characteristics of non-finite clauses to use them effectively in communication 3.5 Summary In this chapter, the syntactic and semantic features of non-finite clauses in English and in Vietnamese were investigated Therefore, a general view of concepts about non-finite clauses in English and Vietnamese can be found From the grammatical features, both English and Vietnamese possess set expressisons in certain structured groups such as to infinitive clauses, bare infinitive clauses, -ing participial clauses and -ed participial clauses Set nonfinite clauses in the form of verb phrases and sentences are most common in English and in Vietnamese In the syntactic and semantic feature, non-finite clauses in English and compared with Vietnamese These non-finite clauses also convey positive and negative about the human character and condition in life Furthermore, this chapter gives some possible implications that are also suggested for teachers and learners who interest in this field Chapter 4: CONCLUSIONS 4.1 Recapitulation My graduation thesis written Syntactic and semantic features of non-finite 73 clause in English and in Vietnamese involves the contrastive study of the grammatical and semantic features of non-finite clauses in English and Vietnamese With the task proposed in this thesis Non-finite clauses in “The adventures of Tom Sawyer” by Mark Twain with reference to their Vietnamese translation equivalents, we have provided an overview of different ways regarding translation of English non-finite clauses and their Vietnamese translation Through sample sentences collected from the “The adventures of Tom Sawyer” by Mark Twain, the Vietnamese translation of English non-finite clauses have been worked out in order to help students understand and translate non-finite clauses easily and correctly The study has four chapters Chapter presents the introduction with an overview of the objectives to be investigated and describes the Methods and Procedures Chapter presents the review of previous studies related to the objectives and some linguists‟ theoretical viewpoints about the translation Chapter deals with Findings and Discussions, including presentations of the ways of Vietnamese translation of English non-finite clauses From the result, we have given some comments on the translation of English nouns - finite clauses Infinitive clauses can be translated in the form of a verb, a noun, an adverb and a non-finite clause They have different Vietnamese equivalents depending on different sentence structures 4.2 Concluding remarks The results of the study indicate that the following findings should be noted regarding non-finite clauses It can be concluded that in syntactic perspectives, English and Vietnamese non-finite clauses are analyzed according to phrase structures such as to infinitive clauses, bare infinitive clauses, -ing participial clauses and -ed participial clauses In terms of their number, what we can see is the obvious 74 domination of to infinitive clauses in the total rate of syntactic features in nonfinite clauses in English and in Vietnamese (47%) Standing at the second place is the approximate number of -ing participial clauses (29,4%) with and then are bare infinitive clauses (11,8%) and -ed participial clauses (11,8%) In terms of semantic features, the non-finite clauses in English and their Vietnamese translation equivalents in “The adventures of Tom Sawyer” novel are relatively similar to each other However, there are also some Vietnames sentences of the translation are not true of the original sentence or in other words have not really shown the meaning of the original and have not fully expressed the meaning of the original Throughout this study, it can be shown that the understanding,using and translating English non - finite clauses may be significant and important to learners of English In reality, it is not easy for them to acquire Students pay attention to combining words to make sentences but they take no notice of the sentence structures In translation, most students only translate word by word, so their translations are very simple and sometimes not accurate Therefore, understanding of the use of language stratums makes the work of translating easier Translation exercises from Vietnamese into English and vice versa should be given to learners to help them express different ways of translating English non-finite clauses 4.3 Limitation of the research Being aware that the Vietnamese translation of English non-finite clauses is a topic of significance to Vietnamese learners, we have made a great effort in doing the research Nonetheless, owing to the limitation of time and ability as well as the shortage of referent materials, the study still has inevitable restrictions This thesis merely investigates English non-finite clauses in “The adventures of Tom Sawyer” by Mark Twain with reference to their Vietnamese translation equivalents With limited data for the analysis, there are certainly some other syntactic and semantic 75 features that the research could not have covered and fully clarified Due to limited knowledge and time my research stops here, but I hope that it will be analyzed further by following people who are interested in set expressions of behavior 4.4 Recommendation and suggestions for Future Research The study has focused on the ways of Vietnamese translation of English non-finite clauses and its application in Vietnamese English translation The samples of non-finite clauses were taken from bilingual novels “The adventures of Tom Sawyer” by Mark Twain with reference to their Vietnamese translation equivalents Future researchers especially those who are interested in conducting research on the non-finite clauses can explore more, or modify this research Future researchers could develop instruments to gather the data, for example by conducting interviews or class observation, in order to obtain more accurate data Further, they can also seek out how the non-finite clauses are used in the students‟ writing The use of the non-finite clauses in the students‟ writing can be conducted through examining the students‟ writing products REFERENCES In English 76 Mohamed Abdou Moindjiewith (2016): The Bahaviour of Non-finite clauses in Translation: A Comparative Case Study of English, Malay and French Renata simunkova (2015): Non-Finite clauses In Students Translation Angel J Gallego (2010): On the prepositional nature of non-finite verbs Alexander, L.G (1998), Longman English Grammar, Longman, London Azar, B S 1989 Understanding and Using English Grammar Second Edition New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc Bachman, L F 1995 Fundamental Considerations in Language Testing Oxford: Oxford University Press Best, J W 1983 Research in Education Fourth Edition Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, Inc Brown, H D 2004 Language Assessment: Principles and Classroom Practices New York: Pearson Education, Inc Brown, H D 1994 Principles of Language Learning and Teaching Third Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc 10 Brown, J D and Rodgers, T S 2004 Doing Secondary Language Research Oxford: Oxford University Press 11 Brown, J D 1996 Testing in Language Programs New Jersey: PrenticeHall, Inc 12 Celce-Murcia, M and Larsen-Freeman, D 1999 The Grammar Book Second Edition Boston: Heinle & Heinle Publishers 13 Curme, G O 1966 English Grammar New York: Barnes and Noble, Inc In Vietnamese 77 Nguyễn Quốc Hùng (2012), Hướng dẫn kỹ thuật biên dịch Anh - Việt Việt – Anh, NXB Tổng hợp Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh Hồng Văn Vân (2005), Nghiên cứu dịch thuật, NXB Khoa học xã hội Diệp Quang Ban (2003), Ngữ pháp Tiếng Việt (tập 1-2), NXB Giáo Dục Diệp Quang Ban (2004), Ngữ pháp Tiếng Việt: Phần câu, NXB Sư phạm Trần Hữu Mạnh (2007), Ngôn ngữ học đối chiếu, Nhà xuất ĐHQG Hà Nội Vương Đăng - Minh Đức (dịch) (2000), Những phiêu lưu Tom Shawyer, Nhà xuất Văn học In the Internet http://www.macmillanenglish.com/readers/teachersite/UGRIC-2008.htm (as of October 6, 2012) 2.http://elt.oup.com/teachers/readers/gettingthemost?cc=global&selLanguage =en&mode=hub (as of October 6, 2012) https://www.sachmoi.net/nhung-cuoc-phieu-luu-cua-tom-shawyer/ https://drive.google.com/file/d/1sawAVc1qRQPHGT9HqXlh6Zg30SDJ1m3F/view https://www.sparknotes.com/lit/tomsawyer/full-text/ 6.https://books.google.com.vn/books?id=BknoBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT33&lpg=PT33 &dq=Nonfinite+in+The+adventures+of+tom+sawyer&source=bl&ots#v=onepage& q=Non-finite%20in%20The%20adventures%20of%20tom%20sawyer&f=false 78 APPENDIX List of Vietnamese non-finite clauses and their English equipvalents Num VIETNAMESE ENGLISH Cụt hứng, bà tiu nghỉu bước đến cửa vào để mở dán mắt nhìnkỹ cà chua cỏ dại chen mọc kín mảnh vườn She went to open the door and stood in it and looked out among the tomato vines and “jimpson” weeds that constituted the garden “Tom, cháu tháo cổ áo sơ mi nới mà dì may nó, để bơm nước lên đầu cháu chứ? Cởi nút áo khoác cháu ra!” “Tom, you didn‟t have to undo your shirt collar where I sewed it, to pump on your head, did you? Unbutton your jacket!” “Tom, cháu tháo cổ áo sơ mi nới mà dì may nó, để bơm nước lên đầu cháu chứ? Cởi nút áo khoác cháu ra!” “Tom, you didn‟t have to undo your shirt collar where I sewed it, to pump on your head, did you? Unbutton your jacket!” Bà đến cánh cửa mở đứng nhìn dây leo cà chua cỏ dại “jimpson” tạo nên khu vườn She went to open the door and stood in it and looked out among the tomato vines and “jimpson” weeds that constituted the garden Bởi vậy, bà ngồi xuống để khóc lần tự vực dậy thân; vào lúc này, học giả bắt đầu tụ tập trở lại, bà phải che giấu nỗi đau trái tim tan vỡ vượt qua buổi chiều dài, ảm đạm đau đớn, khơng có số người xa lạ đến với bà để chia sẻ nỗi buồn So she sat down to cry again and upbraid herself; and by this time the scholars began to gather again, and she had to hide her griefs and still her broken heart and take up the cross of a long, dreary, aching afternoon, with none among the strangers about her to exchange sorrows with Hắn hứa kiêng hút thuốc, nhai He promised to abstain from nói tục miễn smoking, chewing, and profanity thành viên as long as he remained a member 79 Hắn bắt đầu nghĩ niềm He began to think of the fun he vui mà lên kế hoạch cho had planned for this day, and his ngày này, nỗi buồn anh nhân sorrows multiplied lên gấp bội Bà chưa kết thúc, Và lời đe dọa không thực bao lời khác, bà đưa chổi khua mạnh bên đồ đạc phịng mà thằng bé ranh mãnh nấp trốn She did not finish, for by this time she was bending down and punching under the bed with the broom, and so she needed breath to punctuate the punches with Chúng đói q khơng thể dừng lại để câu cá, chúng lại thích thú với giăm bơng lạnh, thả xuống bóng râm để nói chuyện They were too hungry to stop to fish, but they fared sumptuously upon cold ham, and then threw themselves down in the shade to talk Họ nói tất cả, họ vào thị trấn họ đồng ý tin có ý định với khác anh có nghĩa khơng khác ngồi Tom làm chứng They talked it all over, and as they entered town they agreed to believe that he might possibly mean somebody else at least that he might at least mean nobody but Tom, since only Tom had testified Bởi vậy, bà ngồi xuống để khóc lần tự vực dậy thân; vào lúc này, học giả bắt đầu tụ tập trở lại, bà phải che giấu nỗi đau trái tim tan vỡ vượt qua buổi chiều dài, ảm đạm đau đớn, khơng có số người xa lạ đến với bà để chia sẻ nỗi buồn So she sat down to cry again and upbraid herself; and by this time the scholars began to gather again, and she had to hide her griefs and still her broken heart and take up the cross of a long, dreary, aching afternoon, with none among the strangers about her to exchange sorrows with 10 11 80 12 “Nhưng định phải nói điều có sức mạnh khiến cô phải bận tâm Chà, chơi lâu dài; phiên cô quay lại sau khoảng tuần, khơng tơi tán cơ.” 13 Dì phát hành His aunt detected the act and động bắt phải bỏ qua made him let it go 14 Mỗi gốc bắt đầu đường họ dường toàn kẻ thù kẻ thù, khiến họ phải nín thở; họ phóng nhanh vào số ngơi nhà nhỏ hẻo lánh nằm gần làng, tiếng sủa chó canh chừng bị kích động dường chắp thêm cánh cho họ 15 Họ khiến cho hiểu nhữngThey made him understand that his quần áo rách rưới nghèo nàn poor rags would to begin with, làm nên chuyện từ though it was customary for wealthy đầu, theo thông lệ, pirates to start with a proper tên cướp biển giàu có nên bắt đầu wardrobe với tủ quần áo phù hợp 16 Đưa nước từ máy bơm thị trấn trước công việc đáng ghét mắt Tom, điều không khiến ta Bringing water from the town pump had always been hateful work in Tom‟s eyes, before, but now it did not strike him so 17 Cậu bé phủi bụi quần áo, nức nở, sụt sùi, quay lại, lắc đầu đe dọa làm với Tom “lần sau bắt The new boy went off brushing the dust from his clothes, sobbing, snuffling, and occasionally looking back and shaking his head 81 “But it‟s powerful seldom you‟re a mind to, I‟m bound to say Well, go ‟long and play; but mind you get back some time in a week, or I‟ll tan you.” Every stump that started up in their path seemed a man and an enemy, and made them catch their breath; and as they sped by some outlying cottages that lay near the village, the barking of the aroused watch-dogs seemed to give wings to their feet hắn” and threatening what he would to Tom the “next time he caught him out” Bà nghĩ tất nhiên Tom bỏ trốn từ lâu, bà tự hỏi thấy đặt vào quyền lực bà lần theo cách gan Hắn nói: “Cháu chơi bay giờ, khơng dì?” She had thought that of course Tom had deserted long ago, and she wondered at seeing him place himself in her power again in this intrepid way He said: “Mayn‟t I go and play now, aunt?” Hắn nhặt ván lợp gỗ thông sách nằm ánh trăng, lấy túi mảnh “keel đỏ” nhỏ, vẽ mặt trăng lên tác phẩm đau đớn viết nguệch ngoạc dòng này, nhấn mạnh động tác giảm tốc độ cách kẹp lưỡi hai hàm tạo áp lực lên động tác vuốt lên He picked up a clean pine shingle that lay in the moon-light, took a little fragment of “red keel” out of his pocket, got the moon on his work, and painfully scrawled these lines, emphasizing each slow down-stroke by clamping his tongue between his teeth, and letting up the pressure on the upstrokes 20 Hắn ta cẩn thận bắt đầu 02 tuyên bố truy vấn nình với chiến, mà không thú nhận hành vi trộm mộ trước đó; vậy, coi khơn ngoan không xét xử vụ án tòa nhà He had been careful to begin both of his inquest-statements with the fight, without confessing the grave-robbery that preceded it; therefore it was deemed wisest not to try the case in the courts at present 21 Dì Polly bước vào lúc thấy ném vài mùa hè gấp đôi, tung cú vượt rào dũng mãnh cuối cùng, chèo thuyền qua cửa sổ mở, mang theo phần Aunt Polly entered in time to see him throw a few double summersets, deliver a final mighty hurrah, and sail through the open window, carrying the rest of the 18 19 82 lại chậu hoa flower-pots with him 22 Suy xét tất chuyện, Considering all things, he did not không muốn thương hại cô, mà want to pity her, and yet it was all giúp đỡ he could to help it 23 Đôi mắt anh lúc mở to, His eyes were staring wide, now, thở anh ngưng trệ - chờ and his breath suspended-waiting đợi câu trả lời for the answer 24 Có tiếng rít tên lửa khơng trung, hịa với tiếng rì rầm lời nguyền, âm kính rung chuyển theo sau, hình dạng nhỏ bé mơ hồ vượt qua hàng rào bắn bóng tối There was a whiz as of a missile in the air, mingled with the murmur of a curse, a sound as of shivering glass followed, and a small, vague form went over the fence and shot away in the gloom 25 Ông chủ, ngẩng cao đầu ghế tựa đáy có nẹp lớn mình, ngủ gà ngủ gật, ru ngủ tiếng vo ve học The master, throned on high in his great splint-bottom arm-chair, was dozing, lulled by the drowsy hum of study Ở nơi, gần tầm tay, nhũ đá dần lớn lên từ mặt đất lâu đời, xây dựng nước nhỏ giọt từ thạch nhũ cao In one place, near at hand, a stalagmite had been slowly growing up from the ground for ages, built by the water-drip from a stalactite overhead 26 83 ... Syntactic features of non- finite clauses in ? ?The adventures of Tom 55 Sawyer? ?? by Mark Twain in Vietname …………………………… Semantic features of non- finite clauses in ? ?The adventures of 61 Tom Sawyer? ??... describing the syntactic and semantic features of English non- finite clauses in ? ?The adventures of Tom Sawyer? ?? by Mark Twain with reference to their Vietnamese translation equivalents, thereby suggesting... consideration English non- finite clauses in ? ?The adventures of Tom Sawyer? ?? by Mark Twain with reference to their Vietnamese translation equivalents by examining the comparison of steps in analyzing the non- finite