Syntactic and semantic features of resulting copular verbs in english and their vietnamese equivalents in a literature work

CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY I, the undersigned, hereby certify my authority of the study project report entitled SYNTACTIC AND SEMANTIC FEATURES OF RESULTING COPULAR VERBS IN ENGLISHAND THEIR VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS IN A LITERATURE WORK CÁC ĐẶC ĐIỂM VỀ CÚ PHÁP VÀ NGỮ NGHĨA CỦA ĐỘNG TỪ NỐI TRONG TIẾNG ANH VÀ TƢƠNG ĐƢƠNG TRONG TIẾNG VIỆT TRONG MỘT TÁC PHẨM VĂN HỌC submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master in English Language Except where the reference is indicated, no other person‘s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the text of the thesis Hanoi, 2020 Le Phuong Dung Approved by SUPERVISOR Dr Dang Ngoc Huong Date: 26/11/2020 i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis could not have been completed without help and support from a number of people First, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Dr Dang Ngoc Huong, my supervisor, who has given me great help with this paper preparation Without his experienced guidance, valuable suggestions and dutiful supervision, my research would be far from finished I would also like to acknowledge my debt of gratitude to Assoc Prof Dr Hoang Tuyet Minh and the staff members of Post-graduate Department and the lecturers at Faculty of Foreign Languages – Ha Noi Open University for their valuable lectures, which laid the foundation of this thesis, and for their knowledge as well as their sympathy I am also grateful to the Thanh Hoa students in group of English language courses K18M, who helpep me overcome difficulties to complete my thesis Last but not least, I would like to express my deep gratitude to my beloved parents, my brothers, whose support and continual encouragement have been indispensable for the fulfillment of this challenging work This thesis cannot avoid limitation, so I wish to receive comments and opinions to make it better ii ABSTRACT The issue of resulting copular verbs in English and in Vietnamese is a very complex one and there are many different views of linguistists The focus of this thesis is to study on syntactic and semantic fetures of resulting copular verbs and their Vietnamese equivalents in Vietnamese in a literature work The research was carried out to answer the research questions: What are syntactic and semantic features of resulting copular verbs in English? What are the the similarities and differences between resulting copular verbs in English and their Vietnamses equivalents in a literature work? What implication is drawn for learning resulting copular verbs effectively? The differences between the meanings and uses of the different structures are not easy to analyse and describe clearly The study attempts to provide readers, particularly students of English, solutions to their problems when using resulting copular verbs So, in the last chapter, the common errors and mistakes made by Vietnamese learners are highlighted Then the suggestions for each problem are presented with examples to help students understand and overcome their difficulties in using resulting copular verbs And the implications for teaching English grammar better are also given iii SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS A C Cl Adverbial Complement Clause HN Inf Head noun Infinitive Int Interrogative N No Noun Nominal NP O Od Noun phrase Object Direct object Oi Re Indirect object S V RCVs VP Relative Subject Verb Resulting copular verbs Verb phrase iv v TABLE OF CONTENTS Contents Certificate of originality Acknowledgement Abstract Table of contents Page number i ii iii iv 1.1 Rationale 1 1.2 Aims and objectives 1.3 Research questions 1.4 Methodology and methods of the study 1.5 Scopes of the study 1.6 Significance of the study 1.7 Structure of the study 2.1 Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Previous studies 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.2 Theoretical background 2.2.1 Theory of syntax 2.2.2 Theorry of semantics 4 2.5 2.2.3 Overview of English verbs 2.2.3.1 Verbs Definition 2.2.3.2 Classification 2.2.4 Copular verbs 11 11 14 14 2.2.4.1 Definition 2.2.4.2 Classification 2.2.4.3 Chief Patterns of Copular Verbs 2.2.4.4 Rules of Realization 2.4 Summary 14 18 20 21 26 Chapter 3: WHAT ARE THE SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN RESULTING COPULAR VERBS IN ENGLISH AND THEIR VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS IN A LITERATURE WORK? 3.1 Overview 3.2 Syntactic features of resulting copular verbs 27 27 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 2.6 vi 3.2.1 Syntactic Features of RCVs in English 27 3.2.1.1 General Syntactic Features of RCVs in English 27 3.2.1.2 Specific Syntactic Features of RCVs inEnglish 28 3.2.2 Syntactic Features of RCVS in Vietnamese 3.3 Semantic features of resulting copular verbs 3.3.1 SemanticFeatures of RCVs in English 34 39 39 3.3.1.1 RCVs denoting the process of changing 3.3.1.2 RCVs denoting the results of changing 41 41 3.3.1.3 RCVs expressing natutal changes 41 3.3.1.4 RCVs expressing social changes 3.3.1.5 RCVs expressing changes in people's physical state 42 42 3.3.1.6 RCVs describing changes in people's mental state 3.3.1.7 RCVs designating changes of people's psychological state 3.3.1.8 RCVs describing gradual changes in attitude 3.3.1.9 RCVs indicating a change of politics 42 42 3.3.1.10 RCVs talking about a change of religion 3.3.1.11 RCVs indicating a change of occupation 3.3.1.12 RCVs describing the change of quality 3.3.1.13 RCVs describing changes of colour 3.3.1.14 RCVs describing a change to a better condition 3.3.1.15 RCVs expressing a specified state or condition that the subject enters or reaches 3.3.1.16 RCVs talking about changes of deliberate actions 43 43 43 44 44 44 3.3.1.17 RCVs reporting an assessment 3.4 Frequency of RCVs investigated 3.4.1 Frequency of English RCVs 3.4.2 Frequency of Vietnamese RCVs 3.5 Detailed examples in ―The call of the wild‖ by Jack Lodon 3.6 Similarities and differences between English RCVs and Vietnamese RCVs 45 47 47 48 48 3.6.1 Similarities and Differences in Syntactic Features Between English RCVs and Vietnamese ones 54 42 43 45 54 vii 3.6.2 Similarities and Differences in Semantic Features 55 Between English RCVs and Vietnamese ones 3.7 Summary 57 Chapter 4: CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS 59 62 64 REFERNCES APPENDICES viii Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 RATIONALE The verb is perhaps the most important part of the sentence A verb or compound verb asserts something about the subject of the sentence and express actions, events, or states of being The verb or compound verb is the critical element of the predicate of a sentence.Being aware of its importance will help Vietnamese learners overcome difficulties when learning and using English verbs World languages, especially English and Vietnamese, are different, so transferring an idea from English into Vietnamese and vice versa in some cases is not a simple job For example, in Vietnamese, we say ―Anh ta trở nên giàu có‖ or ―Anh ta trở nên mù lòa‖ In both cases, the verbs are the same regardless of the adjectives following them “giàu có” and “mù lòa” However, in English, we say ―He has got rich.‖ but ―He went blind‖ The verbs in the two sentences are different The verbs highlighted above are used to express the result of the process of change so they are called Resulting Copular Verbs (RCVs) Despite this general similarity, these RCVs differ greatly in their specific meanings, collocational preferences, and register distributions In other words, they are different in syntactic and semantic features, therefore, they cause difficulties to Vietnamese learners of English and translation work For example: You getyoungereveryday In that sentence, we can use ―become” instead of “get” to express the process of change but “get” is less formal than “become” What is more, in the practice of teaching English as a foreign language, we have found out that Vietnamese learners often have difficulties when dealing with RCVs For instance, a number of Vietnamese learners of English may make sentences like “Mary became angrily.” while the right sentence must be “Mary became angry.” or they have encountered more challenges when they translate the following sentences into Vietnamese: (*) It went a strange colour (Nó hóa thành màu kỳ lạ.) (**) Her finger went blue with cold (Ngón tay ta tê cóng lạnh “go” in example (*) means “become” not “move or travel” as its common meaning However, the Vietnamese translational equivalents of “go” can be omitted as in example(**) Here and there, there are many studies on verbs with certain linguistic units However, there are not many studies of Resulting Copular Verbs Thus, the topic ― Syntactic and semantic features of Resulting Copular Verbs in English and their Vietnamese equivalents in a literature work‖ is chosen for my study Hopeful, the result of the study will be useful for learners of English and Vietnamese and contribute a small part into the teaching and learning English and Vietnamese as a foreign language in Vietnam 1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY AIMS:To help learners of English master Resulting Copular Verbs in English and their Vietnamese equivalents in terms of syntactic and semantic features effectively OBJECTIVES: - To identify the syntactic and semantic features of English Resulting Copular Verbs - To find out the similarities and differences between Resulting Copular Verbs in English and their Vietnamese equivalents - To give some implications for learning Resulting Copular Verbs effectively 1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS What are syntactic and semantic features of Resulting Copular Verbs in English? 2.What are the the similarities and differences between Resulting Copular Verbs in English and their Vietnamses equivalents in a literature work? What implication is drawn for learning Resulting Copular Verbs effectively? 1.4 THE SCOPES OF THE STUDY - To differentiate English Resulting Copular Verbs and their Vietnamese equivalents according to their experiential meanings concentrating on the most common structures and patterns of Resulting Copular Verbs - To make contrastive analysis of English Resulting Copular Verbs and their complementation and the Vietnamese equivalents 3.6.2 Similarities and Differences in Semantic Features Between English RCVs and Vietnamese ones Studying the semantic features of English RCVs and Vietnamese ones in section 3.3.2 helps us to find out some similarities and differences between them Following are some similarities Firstly, the RCVs in both languages are used to denote a process of changing as well the result of a process of changing For example: (3.155) He‘d found himself becoming more curious about the aged than the young (3.157) Anh học hết trung cấp kĩ thuật, trở thành người đốt than xe lửa, chuẩn bị thi lên tài xế Secondly, English RCVs and Vietnamese ones are used to refer to the same thing having a quality to be changed (3.158) His thin body became stronger, and he began to look quite healthy (3.159) Làn da gái thắm tƣơi trở nên vàng vọt, cổ cao duyên dáng ngẳng Thirdly, English RCVs and Vietnamese ones share some other semantic features such as expressing stative changes, indicating changes of region, politics and occupation, or describing a change of quality However, some English RCVs are used with certain semantic features but Vietnamese ones are not found to be used in those features and vice versa For example, English RCVs not Vietnamese ones are employed in such semantic features as expressing natural changes, social changes, gradual changes in attitude, or changes of colour, etc What is more, Vietnamese learners of English often face difficulties when dealing with RCVs because there is not a clear difference between RCVs in Vietnamese while English RCVs differ greatly in their specific meanings, collocational preferences Let us have a look at the following example (3.160) Soon it began to get dark and it was time to go home In example (3.160) the daylight began to disappear, we use get or grow (in formal style) but ―Soon it began to become dark and it was time to go home.‖ is a wrong sentence In short, in the light of semantic, English RCVs and Vietnamese ones are used to express the changing They not have much meaning in themselves They 48 link the subjects to the complements The subject and the complement which they link are not distinct entities but the same person or thing However, there is a great difference among English RCVs‘ meanings as well as their collocations 3.6.3 Some Suggestions for Vietnamese Learners of English With the analysis of syntactic and semantic features of English and Vietnamese RCVs in chapter 4, some suggestions were made in order to help Vietnamese learners of English avoid some errors when using RCVs Unlike other verbs, English RCVs are followed by adjectives, not adverbs Therefore, Vietnamese learners of English should pay attention to this in order to not to produce sentence like: “Our teacher became angrily.” while the accurate sentence is “Our teacher became angry.” The structures of English RCVs are syntactically a little more complicated than those in Vietnamese In Vietnamese, Vietnamese learners can write or say sentences without to be in this case: Because the verbs go, get, turn, come, grow are more common as intransitive or transitive verbs than as copular, Vietnamese learners often have difficulty in translating English sentences containing these verbs that function as copular into Vietnamese or vice versa Hence, Vietnamese learners need pay attention to the function as RCVs of these verbs In order to avoid making wrong sentences like “I hope all your dreams become true.” “She began to think she was becoming mad.” instead of such right sentences as “I hope all your dreams come true.” “She began to think she was going mad.” learners should raise their awareness of English RCVs‘ collocational preferences in order to use their collocations properly In many cases, more than one verb can occur with the same adjective, but if this RCV is more common in informal English language than that one, learners of English should know in order to not use it when speaking or writing in formal English Some Suggestions for Teachers of English As for teachers, some following suggestions are offered to reduce the students‘ problems as well as help them to be more successful in their studying of English 49 and communication For years of teaching grammar, we have discovered that trở thành is a common Vietnamese equivalent to verb become and vice versa Therefore, teachers should introduce other Vietnamese equivalents of RCV become as well as other verbs which have Vietnamese equivalent trở thành On the other word, teacher should spend more time on familiarizing students with other RCVs andspecific meaning which each verb encodes Teachers should strongly encourage their students to use a variety of RCVs as well as RCVs‘ structures Teachers should design more exercises for students to in order to help learners of English practice RCVs constantly Teachers should present the difference between the use of a foreign language and the mother tongue to avoid interlingual errors In short, the guidance of teachers is always important and necessary for students to have the proper knowledge of using language device so that they can get their purpose in learning English language 3.7 SUMMARY Up to this point, syntactic and semantic features of RCVs in English and Vietnamese have been discussed Similarities and differences between RCVs in English and those in Vietnamese have been pointed out The last section of this chapter is the two exercises on RCVs and the analysis of students‘ errors in using English RCVs 50 Chapter 4: CONCLUSIONS A SUMMARY OF THE THESIS The ultimate goal of this thesis was to provide Vietnamese learners with a comprehensive description of syntactic and semantic features of RCVs in English in comparison with those in Vietnamese Therefore, the first thing that we need to in chapter was to present the rationale of the study and state what the study is aimed at Also, the research questions, scope of the study, significance of the study are included Chapter has provided a review of previous studies related to the thesis, fundamental and essential theoretical preliminaries concerning the subject under consideration which serve as the basic foundation of data analysis, findings and discussion in the following chapters Chapter presents the findings of the thesis where the syntactic and semantic of RCVs in English and in Vietnamese are in focus Syntactically, RCVs in both languages are the verbs with diverse syntactic structures They take not only an adjective as complement but also a noun phrase or a verb or be and a complement, or a clause Some RCVs are limited to one type of complement, while others occur with many Semantically, English RCVs and Vietnamese ones not have much meaning in themselves They are used to link the subjects to the complements in order to express the changing The subject andthe complement which they link are not distinct entities but the same person or thing However, there is a great difference among English RCVs‘ meanings as well as their collocations Last but not least, in chapter 5, the thesis has attempted to give some suggestions for English teaching and learning with the hope they can help Vietnamese learners of English feel confident when dealing with RCVs LIMITATIONS Due to the limitation of time and data collected, there are unavoidable weaknesses in the study Firstly, there are other RCVs such phrasal RCVs as turn out, end up and wind up that are not fully mentioned here so that the results would be more convincing Secondly, the study just focuses on written language so spoken language, for example, the language from the tape, films has not been studied sufficiently in this study The pragmatic features have not been mentioned and 51 analyzed SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY Focusing on the syntactic and semantic features of RCVs in English and in Vietnamese, the thesis here is just small-scale one Therefore, the thesis can continue to be studied in the following proposed topics: - Pragmatic features of RCVs in English and in Vietnamese A study of phrasal RCVs as turn out, end up and wind up 52 REFERENCES ENGLISH Alexander, L G (1975), English Grammar structure, Longman Group Limited, London and New York Alexander, L G (1988), Longman English Grammar, Longman Group U.K Limited, London and New York Cobuild, C (1990), English Grammar, William Colins Son & Co Limited, New Delhi Douglas Biber, Susuan Conrad, Geoffrey Leech (2002), Students grammar of spoken and written English, Longman Group Limited, London and New York East Wood, J (1994), Oxfod Guide to English Grammar, Oxford University Press, Hong Kong Halliday, M.A.K (198S), An Intloduction to Functional Grammar, British Library Cataloguing in Publigan Data Jack London (1903), The Call of the Wild, Macmillan, United States Martin Joo (1968), The English verbs, The university of Winsconsin Press in The USA Roderick, A.Jacobs (1995), English Syntax, A grammar for English Language professionals, Oxford Unversity Press 10 Quirk, R et al (1985), A Comprehensive Grammar of English Language, Longman Group Limited London, London 11 Quirk, R et al (1972), A Grammar of Contemporaly English, Longman Group Limited London, London 12 Quirk, R & Greenbaum, S (1990), A student‟s Grammar of the English Language, Addison Wesley Longman Limited, London 13 Quirk, R & Greenbaum, S (1973), A University Grammar English, Longman group Limited London, Harlow 14 Quirk, R & Greenbaum, S (1973), A University Grammar English, Workbook, Longman group Limited London, Harlow 15 Frank, M (1972), A Practical Reference Guide, English Cliffs, New Jersey 16 https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia 53 VIETNAMESE Bùi Ý (2013), Ngữ pháp Tiếng Anh, NXB Hồng Đức Cao Xuân Hạo (1991), Tiếng Việt – Sơ thảo ngữ pháp chức (quyển 1), NXB Giáo dục, Hà Nội Cao Xuân Hạo (1999), Tiếng Việt - Mấy vấn đề Ngữ âm - Ngữ pháp - Ngữ Nghĩa, NXB Giáo dục, Hà Nội Diệp Quang Ban (chủ biên), Hoàng Dân (2000), Ngữ pháp tiếng Việt (tập 1), NXB Giáo dục, Hà Nội Diệp Quang Ban (2012), Ngữ pháp tiếng Việt (tập 2), NXB Giáo dục, Hà Nội Diệp Quang Ban (1989), Ngữ pháp Tiếng Việt phổ thông, NXB Đại học giáo dục chuyên nghiệp Hà Nội Diệp Quang Ban (1992), Ngữ pháp Tiếng Việt, tập 2, NXB Giáo dục, Hà Nội Diệp Quang Ban, Hoàng Vǎn Thung (1991), Ngữ pháp Tiếng Việt, tập 1, NXB Giáo dục, Hà Nội Hoàng Trọng Phiến (1980), Ngữ pháp Tiếng Việt, NXB Đại học trung học chuyên nghiệp Hà Nội 10 Nguyễn Kim Thản (1977), Động từ Tiếng Việt, NXB khoa học Xã hội 11 Nguyễn Kim Thản (1997), Nghiên cứu ngữ pháp Tiếng Việt, NXB Giáo dục, Hà Nội 12 Nguyễn Minh Thuyết, Nguyễn Văn Hiệp, Thành phần câu Tiếng Việt, NXB Đại học Quốc gia Hà Nội 13 Nguyễn Tài Cẩn (2004), Ngữ pháp Tiếng Việt, NXB Đại học Quốc Gia Hà Nội 14 Nguyễn Công Ái, Vũ Tuấn Phƣơng (1983), Tiếng gọi nơi hoang dã (bản dịch), NXB Lao động Hà Nội 54 APPENDICES Exercises on RCVs Exercise 1: Complete the sentences with an appropriate form of become, get, come, turn, go, prove or grow If more than one answer is possible, give them both Just like his father, he bald before he was thirty When we broke the news to Val, her face white and she collapsed Sorry I‘m late, I lost She a minister in the government in 1981 The children really excited on Christmas Eve He to be an impostor As the months passed, I actually to enjoy his company The housing problem in Hongkong more serious It began dark and so we headed back to the shore 10 He traitor Exercise 2: Translate into English Giấc mơ đoạt đƣợc huy chƣơng vàng trở thành thật Cơng việc tỏ khó nghĩ Các bác sĩ sợ bị mù Rồi bạn ân hận định Hãy đợi đến đèn xanh Đi đƣờng ban đêm trở nên nguy hiểm Trƣớc bạn kết hôn bạn sống đâu? Vào mùa đông khoảng trời nhá nhem tối Bạn phải làm để trở thành phi cơng? 10 Trời trở rét Answers to Exercise Answers to Exercise 1: Went Went / turned Got 55 Became Got Proved Grew / came Is becoming To get / to grow 10 Turned Answer to Exercise 2: His dream of winning a gold medal has come true The task proved more difficult than we had thought The doctors are afraid that he is going blind You will come/grow to regret your decision Wait until the lights turn/ go green It‘s becoming dangerous to go out alone at night Where did you live before you got married? In the winter it gets/ grows dark by o‘clock What you have to to become a pilot? 10 It suddenly turned cold DETAILED EXAMPLES IN “THE CALL OF THE WILD” BY JACK LODON (3.124) During the four years since his puppyhood he had lived the life of a sated aristocrat; he had a fine pride in himself, was even a trifle egotistical, as country gentlemen sometimes become because of their insular situation But he had saved himself by not becoming a mere pampered house-dog [The call of the wild by Jack London] Trong năm trời từ sinh ra, Bấc sống đời nhà quý tộc đƣợc thoả mãn điều Nó đỗi kiêu hãnh Thậm chí có phần tự cho đấng độc tôn - nhƣ ngài trƣởng giả nông thôn trở nên nhƣ vậy, hoàn cảnh ếch ngồi giếng ngài Thế nhƣng, tránh cho khỏi trở thành giống chó nhà quen đƣợc nuông chiều [Tiếng gọi nơi hoang dã (bản dịch) Nguyễn Công Ái, vũ Tuấn Phƣơng] (3.125) For two days and nights he neither ate nor drank, and during those two days and nights of torment, he accumulated a fund of wrath that boded ill for whoever sfirst fell foul of him His eyes turned blood-shot, and he was metamorphosed into a 56 raging fiend So changed was he that the Judge himself would not have recognized him; and the express messengers breathed with relief when they bundled him off the train at Seattle [The call of the wild by Jack London] Chúng đừng hòng đặt sợi dây khác vào cổ Bấc nhƣ Suốt ngày đêm khơng ăn không uống, ngày đêm bị hành hạ ấy, nỗi căm giận chứa chất bên báo trƣớc chẳng lành cho kẻ vô phúc chạm phải Đơi mắt vằn lên đỏ ngầu Nó hố thành quỷ nộ xung thiên Nó thay đổi dù thân ơng Thẩm có gặp khơng thể nhận đƣợc Và nhân viên trênt àu thở phào nhẹ nhõm lúc họ tống khứ đƣợc khỏi tàu hoả thành phố Seatle [Tiếng gọi nơi hoang dã (bản dịch) Nguyễn Công Ái, vũ Tuấn Phƣơng] (3.126) "we've had our little ruction, and the best thing we can is to let it go at that You've learned your place, and I know mine Be a good dog and all 'll go well and the goose hang high Be a bad dog, and I'll whale the stuffin' outa you Understand?" [The call of the wild by Jack London] Chúng ta có ẩu đả nho nhỏ với nhau, đến tốt hết cho qua, đừng để tâm nhé! Chú mày hiểu đƣợc cƣơng vị mày, cịn ta, ta biết cƣơng vị ta Hãy trở thành chó ngoan, tất việc trơi chảy êm đẹp Cịn mày mà bƣớng, ta quật cho sặc cơm Nghe chƣa? [Tiếng gọi nơi hoang dã (bản dịch) Nguyễn Công Ái, vũ Tuấn Phƣơng] (3.127) Once, during a brief halt, when he got tangled in the traces and delayed the start, both Dave and Sol-leks flew at him and administered a sound trouncing [The call of the wild by Jack London] Có lần sau phút tạm dừng, Bấc làm rối dây kéo gây nên chậm trễ không đƣợc, Đêvơ Xônlếch xơng vào cho trận trị [Tiếng gọi nơi hoang dã (bản dịch) Nguyễn Cơng Ái, vũ Tuấn Phƣơng] (3.128) His development (or retrogression) was rapid His muscles became hard as iron, and he grew callous to all ordinary pain [The call of the wild by Jack London] 57 Sự phát triển (hay nói thối hố nó) diễn biến thật nhanh chóng Những bắp thịt trở nên cứng nhƣ sắt, thành chai sạn nỗi đau thông thƣờng [Tiếng gọi nơi hoang dã (bản dịch) Nguyễn Công Ái, vũ Tuấn Phƣơng] (3.129) Sight and scent became remarkably keen, while his hearing developed such acuteness that in his sleep he heard the faintest sound and knew whether it heralded peace or peril [The call of the wild by Jack London] Thị lực tài đánh trở nên sắc sảo phi thƣờng, tai trở nên thính ngủ nghe đƣợc tiếng động nhỏ biết tiếng động báo điềm lành hay [Tiếng gọi nơi hoang dã (bản dịch) Nguyễn Công Ái, vũ Tuấn Phƣơng] (3.130) And not only did he learn by experience, but instincts long dead became alive again The domesticated generations fell from him In vague ways he remembered back to the youth of the breed, to the time the wild dogs ranged in packs through the primeval forest and killed their meat as they ran it down [The call of the wild by Jack London] Nhƣng khơng phỉa hiểu biết qua kinh nghiệm mà tắt lịm từ lâu đời lại trỗi dậy Những hệ hoá rơi rụng khỏi cách mơ hồ, nhớ lại tận buổi sơ khai nòi giống, nhớ lại tự thời chó hoang ạt bầy chạy lùng mồi khắp khu rừng nguyên thuỷ giết chết thịt mà chúng đuổi đến đƣờng [Tiếng gọi nơi hoang dã (bản dịch) Nguyễn Công Ái, vũ Tuấn Phƣơng] (3.131) This was a great relief, and Buck caused even the weazened face of Perrault to twist itself into a grin one morning, when Franỗois forgot the moccasins and Buck lay on his back, his four feet waving appealingly in the air, and refused to budge without them Later his feet grew hard to the trail, and the worn-out footgear was thrown away [The call of the wild by Jack London] Những giầy giẫm nhẹ đau đớn nhiều buổi sáng, Phrăngxoa quên đeo giầy cho Bấc, Bấc làm cho mặt héo quắt Perôn phải xệch thành nụ cƣời nhăn nhở Perôn thấy Bấc nằm ngửa ra, chân huơ khơng khí với dáng điệu van lơn, nằm ỳ không chịu dậy không đƣợc mang giày 58 Nhƣng sau, chân bấc dày dặn dần lên, chịu đựng dƣợc đƣờng gian khổ, bao chân mòn rách bị vứt [Tiếng gọi nơi hoang dã (bản dịch) Nguyễn Công Ái, vũ Tuấn Phƣơng] (3.132) He had never seen a dog go mad, nor did he have any reason to fear madness; yet he knew that here was horror, and fled away from it in a panic Straight away he raced, with Dolly, panting and frothing, one leap behind; nor could she gain on him, so great was his terror, nor could he leave her, so great was her madness [The call of the wild by Jack London] Bấc chƣa thấy chó phát dại, mà chả có lý khiến cho sợ bệnh dại Nhƣng nhận biết đƣợc khủng khiếp, hoảng hốt bỏ chạy Thẳng tới phía trƣớc, phóng Đơli, hổn hển sùi bọt mép, bám riết đằng sau, cách bƣớc, Đôli đuổi kịp, nỗi ghê sợ Bấc lên đến cực độ, mà Bấc không bứt đƣợc, dại Đôli lên đến cực độ [Tiếng gọi nơi hoang dã (bản dịch) Nguyễn Công Ái, vũ Tuấn Phƣơng] (3.133) In the days that followed, as Dawson grew closer and closer, Buck still continued to interfere between Spitz and the culprits; but he did it craftily, when Franỗois was not around [The call of the wild by Jack London] Những ngày tiếp sau, Đoxân dần tới , Bấc tiếp tục xen vào Xpít chó phạm lỗi, nhƣng láu cá, làm điều Phrăngxoa khơng có mặt quanh [Tiếng gọi nơi hoang dã (bản dịch) Nguyễn Công Ái, vũ Tuấn Phƣơng] (3.134) Things no longer went right There was continual bickering and jangling Trouble was always afoot, and at the bottom of it was Buck [The call of the wild by Jack London] Mọi việc khơng cịn trơi chảy Chúng liên tục cắn cấu vặc om sịm Những vụ rắc rối ln ln diễn ra, mà đầu trò Bấc [Tiếng gọi nơi hoang dã (bản dịch) Nguyễn Công Ái, vũ Tuấn Phƣơng] (3.135) No more was Spitz a leader greatly to be feared The old awe departed, and they grew equal to challenging his authority Pike robbed him of half a fish one night, and gulped it down under the protection of Buck [The call of the wild by Jack London] 59 Xpít khơng cịn vị huy đƣợc kính sợ mực Nỗi sợ hãi trƣớc bay biến, chúng trở thành đủ khả thách thức quyền lực Xpít đêm nọ, Paicơ đoạt nửa cá nuốt trôi, dƣới bảo vệ Bấc [Tiếng gọi nơi hoang dã (bản dịch) Nguyễn Công Ái, vũ Tuấn Phƣơng] (3.136) He worked faithfully in the harness, for the toil had become a delight to him; yet it was a greater delight slyly to precipitate a fight amongst his mates and tangle the traces [The call of the wild by Jack London] Trong vòng đai cƣơng, làm việc thật tận tuỵ, cơng việc nhọc nhằn trở thành điều thích thú nó: nhƣng tẩm ngẩm tầm ngầm gây vụ đánh bạn làm rối tung dây kéo lên lại điều cịn thích thú [Tiếng gọi nơi hoang dã (bản dịch) Nguyễn Công Ái, vũ Tuấn Phƣơng] (3.137) Spitz was untouched, while Buck was streaming with blood and panting hard The fight was growing desperate And all the while the silent and wolfish circle waited to finish off whichever dog went down As Buck grew winded, Spitz took to rushing, and he kept him staggering for footing [The call of the wild by Jack London] Xpít nguyên vẹn khơng chút sây sát, cịn Bấc đầm đìa máu hổn hển thở gấp Trận chiến đấu dần trở thành tuyệt vọng Trong suốt thời gian ấy, vòng trịn vật sói lang im thin thít chờ đợi để kết liễu đời chó ngã xuống Thấy Bấc kiệt lực dần, Xpít bắt đầu chuyển sang công, lao vào tới tấp, làm Bấc phải loạng choạng để tìm cách trụ lại đứng thẳng [Tiếng gọi nơi hoang dã (bản dịch) Nguyễn Công Ái, vũ Tuấn Phƣơng] (3.138) He could see them, beyond Spitz and to either side, half crouching for the spring, their eyes fixed upon him A pause seemed to fall Every animal was motionless as though turned to stone [The call of the wild by Jack London] Bấc nhìn thấy chúng bên Xpít phía, thu xuống tƣ lấy đà sẵn sàng vọt tới, cặp mắt dán chặt vào Không gian lắng xuống, nhƣ có giây phút tạm nghỉ Mọi vật im phăng phắc nhƣ biến thành tƣợng đá [Tiếng gọi nơi hoang dã (bản dịch) Nguyễn Công Ái, vũ Tuấn Phƣơng] 60 (3.139) The dark circle became a dot on the moon-flooded snow as Spitz disappeared from view Buck stood and looked on, the successful champion, the dominant primordial beast who had made his kill and found it good [The call of the wild by Jack London] Vòng tròn đen sẫm tụ lại thành điểm mặt tuyết tràn ngập ánh trăng, Xpít biến khơng nhìn thấy đâu Bấc đứng thẳng ngắm nhìn Nhà vô địch thắng trận, thú nguyên thuỷ thống sối hồn thành trận đánh tiêu diệt, hài lịng với trận đánh tốt đẹp [Tiếng gọi nơi hoang dã (bản dịch) Nguyễn Công Ái, vũ Tuấn Phƣơng] (3.140) The rest of the team, however, had grown unruly during the last days of Spitz, and their surprise was great now that Buck proceeded to lick them into shape [The call of the wild by Jack London] Nhƣng cịn chó khác đàn, ngày cuối Xpít, chúng trở thành ngỗ ngƣợc, chúng ngạc nhiên thấy Bấc lại ghép chúng vào kỷ luật [Tiếng gọi nơi hoang dã (bản dịch) Nguyễn Công Ái, vũ Tuấn Phƣơng] (3.141) Then three or four western bad men aspired to clean out the town, were riddled like pepper-boxes for their pains, and public interest turned to other idols [The call of the wild by Jack London] Nhƣng có 3, tên vơ lại từ miền Tây đến với mƣu đồ quơ cải thành phố, đƣợc ngƣời ta thƣởng cho loạt đạn lỗ chỗ khắp ngƣời chết thẳng cẳng, la ý công chúng lại chuyển sang mục tiêu khác [Tiếng gọi nơi hoang dã (bản dịch) Nguyễn Công Ái, vũ Tuấn Phƣơng] (3.142) But it was Dave who suffered most of all Something had gone wrong with him He became more morose and irritable, and when camp was pitched at once made his nest, where his driver fed him [The call of the wild by Jack London] Nhƣng Đêvơ kẻ đau đớn nhiều Có khơng ổn định gã Gã trở nên ủ ê dễ bẳn tính Lúc đứng lại đóng trại nghỉ gã đào tổ nằm, ngƣời lái xe phải đƣa thức ăn đến tận chỗ nằm cho gã [Tiếng gọi nơi hoang dã (bản dịch) Nguyễn Công Ái, vũ Tuấn Phƣơng] (3.143) All the drivers became interested in his case They talked it over at mealtime, and over their last pipes before going to bed, and one night they held a consultation 61 [The call of the wild by Jack London] Tất chàng lái xe quan tâm đến tình trạng sức khoẻ gã Họ trao đổi đau gã họ ngồi ăn, họ rít tẩu thuốc cuối trƣớc lúc ngủ, đêm họ khám bệnh cho gã 62 ... equivalents in Vietnamese in a literature work The research was carried out to answer the research questions: What are syntactic and semantic features of resulting copular verbs in English? What are... contribute a small part into the teaching and learning English and Vietnamese as a foreign language in Vietnam 1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY AIMS:To help learners of English master Resulting Copular. .. Copular Verbs in English and their Vietnamese equivalents in terms of syntactic and semantic features effectively OBJECTIVES: - To identify the syntactic and semantic features of English Resulting