Syntactic and semantic features of SET phrasal verbs with reference to vietnamese translation equivalents

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY NGUYỄN THỊ MI SYNTACTIC AND SEMANTIC FEATURES OF SET PHRASAL VERBS WITH REFERENCE TO VIETNAMESE TRANSLATION EQUIVALENTS (Đặc điểm cấu trúc ngữ nghĩa cụm động từ đa thành tố với SET hình thức diễn đạt tương đương Tiếng Việt ) M.A THESIS Field: English Language Code: 8220201 Hanoi, 2018 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY NGUYỄN THỊ MI SYNTACTIC AND SEMANTIC FEATURES OF SET PHRASAL VERBS WITH REFERENCE TO VIETNAMESE TRANSLATION EQUIVALENTS (Đặc điểm cấu trúc ngữ nghĩa cụm động từ đa thành tố với set hình thức diễn đạt tương đương Tiếng Việt ) M.A THESIS Field: English Language Code: 8220201 Supervisor: Assoc Prof Dr Hồ Ngọc Trung Hanoi, 2018 STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP I, the undersigned, hereby certify my authority of the study project report entitled “Syntactic and semantic features of SET phrasal verbs with reference to Vietnamese translation equivalents” submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master in English Language Except where the reference is indicated, no other person‟s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the text of the thesis Hanoi, 2018 Nguyen Thi Mi Approved by Assoc Prof Dr Ho Ngoc Trung Date:…………………… i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my deepest appreciation to all those who provided me with the possibility to complete the current paper First and foremost, I would like to say a big thank you to my supervisor, Assoc Prof Dr Ho Ngoc Trung, whose step- by- step instructions, insightful comments, enormous and continuous encouragement helped me a lot throughout the whole process of carrying out this investigation I am really more thankful than I can express Furthermore, I am also greatly indebted to all the lecturers in Faculty of Post Graduate, Hanoi Open University for their enthusiasm, expertise and support I would like to say a special word of thanks to Assoc Prof Dr Hoang Tuyet Minh, who inspired me and helped me narrow down the topic I am also very grateful to my beloved students in Phuong Dong university, who were willing to take part in the written test, which offered me a relevant and reliable source of data for this study to be conducted A final word of gratitude is to my family, without whose support and encouragement, this paper would not have been completed ii ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to examine the syntactic and semantic features of English SET phrasal verbs and the way how they are translated into Vietnamese This study used both quantitative and qualitative methods as the main ones In addition, a descriptive method was also used to shed light into the features of these English structures in terms of syntax and semantics Finally, some other methods and techniques such as statistical technique and survey sampling method were also used by the writer of this paper to measure the chosen participants‟ ability to respond to a translation written test The findings showed that English SET phrasal verbs have only two uses in terms of syntax including intransitive and transitive while no copular phrasal verbs were found What‟s more, SET phrasal verbs have three levels of idiomaticity semantically including non- idiomatic, semi- idiomatic and highly- idiomatic The way they were conveyed into Vietnamese varies among Vietnamese translators There can exist various equivalents for a certain SET phrasal verb due to the discrepancies of the two languages belonging to two different language families Furthermore, the variety of the Vietnamese translation equivalents stem from the differences in formality or contextual factors These findings will be useful to all those who translation from English into Vietnamese and vice versa iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS A Adverbial C Complement Co Object complement Cs Subject complement -ed -ed participle form -ing -ing participle form NP Noun phrase O Object Od Direct object Oi Indirect object PV Phrasal verb PVs Phrasal verbs Ph- PrV Phrasal - Prepositional verb Pron Pronoun PrV Prepositional verb S Subject Sb Somebody St Something V Verb VP Verb phrase √ Acceptable / grammatically correct * Unacceptable / grammatically incorrect {} Free alternatives / Alternatives = Semantic equivalence iv LIST OF DIAGRAMS Diagram 2.1 Diagram 2.2 Auxiliaries Lexical verbs 13 13 LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 15 Table 2.2 The categorization of particles Basic particle meanings in Oxford Phrasal Verb Dictionary Table 2.3 Table 3.1 PV classification based on compositionality Subjects of the research 28 30 Table 4.1 Complex transitive SET PV in the model SVOC 41 Table 4.2 Table 4.3 Ditransitive SET PVs Monotransitive SET PVs and their meanings 43 44 Table 4.4 Table 4.5 Table 4.6 Table 4.7 Non-idiomatic SET PVs and their meanings Semi-idiomatic SET PVs with their family group Highly-idiomatic SET PVs and their meanings SET PVs and their Vietnamese translation equivalents 48 49 50 52 27 LIST OF CHARTS Chart 3.1 Chart 3.2 Students' ability to translate SET PVs into Vietnamese 35 The frequency of using SET PVs by students in their 36 translated outputs v TABLE OF CONTENTS Certificate of originality Acknowledgements i ii Abstract iii List of abbreviations iv List of tables and figures Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION v 1.1 1.2 Rationale for the study Aims and objectives of the study 1.3 1.4 Research questions Methods of the stud 3 1.5 1.6 1.7 Scope of the study Significance of the study Design of the study 4 Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 2.2 2.2.1 Previous studies An overview of syntax, semantic and translation theories Syntax theories 7 2.2.2 Semantic theories 2.2.2.1 Interpretative semantics 2.2.2.2 2.2.3 2.3 2.3.1 2.3.1.1 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.2 Generative semantics Translation theories An overview of English verbs and phrasal verbs English verbs Definitions of English verbs Ways of classification of verbs English phrasal verbs Definitions of phrasal verbs 10 11 11 12 12 14 14 2.3.2.2 2.3.2.3 2.3.2.4 2.3.2.5 2.3.2.6 Particles Phrasal verbs and prepositional verbs Phrasal verbs and phrasal- prepositional verbs Syntactic criteria of phrasal verbs Semantic criteria of phrasal verbs 15 15 17 18 25 vi 2.4 Summary 29 Chapter 3: METHODOLOGY 30 3.1 Subjects 30 3.2 Instruments 31 3.3 3.4 3.5 Procedures Statistical Analysis Summary 31 33 36 Chapter 4: SYNTACTIC AND SEMANTIC FEATURES OF “SET” PHRASAL VERBS AND THEIR VIETNAMESE TRANSLATION EQUIVALENTS 4.1 Syntactic and semantic features of SET phrasal verbs 37 4.1.1 Syntactic features of SET phrasal verbs 4.1.1.1 Copular SET phrasal verbs 37 37 4.1.1.2 4.1.1.3 4.1.2 4.1.2.1 4.1.2.2 37 40 47 47 48 Intransitive SET phrasal verbs Transitive SET phrasal verbs Semantic features of SET phrasal verbs Non-idiomatic SET phrasal verbs Semi-idiomatic SET phrasal verbs 4.1.2.3 Highly-idiomatic SET phrasal verbs 50 4.2 4.3 51 58 4.3.1 4.3.2 4 SET phrasal verbs and their Vietnamese translation equivalents Some implications for Vietnamese translators to translate SET phrasal verbs Some implications in translating SET phrasal verbs into Vietnamese Some implications in translation from Vietnamese texts into English using SET phrasal verbs Summary 58 61 62 Chapter 5: CONCLUSION 63 5.1 5.2 Summary of Findings Concluding remarks 64 64 5.3 Recommendations for Further Study 65 REFERENCES APPENDICES vi ix vii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION This chapter gives some overall information about the topic which has been chosen to investigate by the writer First, it describes a general background of the topic, the reason as well as the necessity of the study Then, aims and objectives of the research are also clearly presented and they are followed by three research questions, which will be answered in Chapter After that, this chapter provides a brief explanation about the methods utilized during the research process, the scope and the significance of the investigation of the topic Finally, it indicates the overall plan of the thesis and the way how this paper is structured 1.1 Rationale for the study It is obviously undeniable that English, which is becoming an increasingly common international language, plays an extremely important part in our everyday life It is being taught in many countries worldwide as either a foreign or a second language As a matter of fact, in order to improve students‟ success in mastering this fundamental language, a stronger emphasis should be placed on teaching vocabulary, which is of paramount importance to language learning However, one of the most challenging areas in English vocabulary acquisition is phrasal verbs (hereafter abbreviated as PVs) It is these PVs which tend to cause foreign learners of English numerous difficulties with PVs usage in general and highly accurate translation into their target language in particular One main reason for the troublesomeness of PVs is that the meaning of PVs is usually idiomatic and cannot be determined by knowing the meaning of their individual parts Furthermore, PVs are polysemous, which means one PV may consist of many different meanings It seems to multiply difficulties for foreign language learners Hence, there is a vital need to make a thorough investigation into PVs in the hope to raise students‟ awareness of the syntactic and semantic features of these structures, which might help them master this troublesome field of English language as well as translate PVs effectively into Vietnamese or vice versa PVs are extremely common in our modern life It is the common knowledge that they are used a lot in everyday conversations and in many types of written these 15 SET PVs results from the opaqueness of their particles The nontransparent meaning of their particles, however, can be identical in several PVs, which put these SET PVs in the group of semi-idiomatic ones Conversely, 14 highly-idiomatic SET PVs own the opaqueness of both the verbal element and the particle The opaqueness of the combination is unique, which makes them highlyidiomatic The final important finding of the current paper is the observation that SET PVs can be translated in a flexible way by Vietnamese translators Several SET PVs can be placed in the same group because of their synonymous meanings Hence, they can be translated identically Another remarkable finding is the phenomenon that a certain SET PVs can carry a great deal of translation equivalents, depending on the informality of the situation as well as the contextual factors in which these SET PVs are used Some SET PVs can be translated literally by using the equivalents of their individual components On the other hand, most of SET PVs cannot be rendered this way because of their idiomaticity 5.2 Concluding remarks It is a commonly acknowledged fact that SET PVs, or PVs in general always remain one of the most challenging aspects of the English language for foreign learners or translators to master This fact is caused mainly by the polysemy and idiomaticity of SET PVs A PV is defined as the combination of a verb followed by one or two particles and this combination acts as a single unit In point of fact, they carry their own syntactic and semantic features as a lexical verb These combinations; however, can hardly be deduced from the interpretation of meanings of each component In other words, most of these SET PVs are idiomatic This paper, a strand of which examines the syntactic and semantic features of SET PVs, makes an important contribution to the clarification of polysemous phenomenon of SET PVs through analyzing the syntax pattern of SET PVs in connection with the meanings they carry What‟s more, the idiomaticy of SET PVs is also fully specified with the classification of SET PVs into three categories: non-idiomatic, semi-idiomatic and highly idiomatic ones Another big obstacle which Vietnamese translators encounter on the road to mastering these troublesome structures results from the discrepancies between the 64 two languages of the two different language families English belongs to the Germanic language family while Vietnamese is among the Mon-Khmer branch of the Austroasiatic language family, in which such structures are not present As a result, the conveyance of SET PVs from English source texts into Vietnamese ones seems to be a tough task for Vietnamese translators The current paper, to some extent, helps to remove the obstacle posed by investigating how SET PVs are translated into Vietnamese language via scanning SET PVs and their Vietnamese translation equivalents used in a great deal of English source texts and the translated works This leads to an interesting fact that SET PVs can be translated in a surprisingly flexible way There may exist a variety of equivalents available for a certain Set PV concerning the formality of the context Another fundamental fact unearthed is that SET PVs are one of the PVs with the most PVs with the similar meanings These PVs, therefore, can be translated the same way After the process of evaluating the students‟ ability of translating SET PVs from English source texts into Vietnamese and vice versa, as well as analyzing the errors committed by the chosen participants in the written translation test with 20 questions, some practical implications have been proposed by the author Some translation techniques have been recommended such as the adoption of theory of meaning to understand the totality of the text and perceive the message rather than the words, analyzing the syntax pattern to find out the meaning of Set PV applied, changing aspect or order of subject- predicate… Conversely, some optimal solutions have been propounded in order that more SET PVs will be used correctly and appropriately in translation outputs from Vietnamese into English by Vietnamese translators for the sake of naturalism and informality 5.3 Recommendations for Further Study This current study definitely has its own inevitable shortcomings Although the author has made a great effort to offer a wide range of examples and sentences containing SET PVs for investigation, the data mainly come from the written sources The majority of the data is cited from the literary works, newspapers, magazines, books, dictionaries and websites … while just a modest quantity is from spoken contexts Thus, there are still some existing gaps for other researchers to investigate these fascinating structures in spoken English 65 In addition, this paper opts to examine the syntactic and semantic features using the conceptual framework and background of traditional grammar syntax and semantics Some alternative approaches can therefore also be adopted for further investigation, such as approaches from a functional or cognitive point of view Such other perspectives as cultural, pragmatic perspectives can also be adopted by other researchers Last but not least, the overall aim of the study is to help Vietnamese translators with efficient translation Many effective solutions and recommendations have been presented for consideration Application approach in teaching/ learning SET PVs or PVs in general is not included here though Therefore, studies which are aimed at helping Vietnamese learners to master these structures are still available for other research-doers 66 REFERENCES Books and articles Anthony, Pym (2014) Exploring Translation Theories Routledge NY As-Safi A.B (2011) Translation Theories, Strategies and Basic Theoretical Issues Petra University Celce - Murcia, Marianne and Diane Larsen- Freeman The grammar book: An ESL/EFL teacher‟s course 2th edition, Boston,MA Heinle and Heinle Chomsky, N (1964) Chomsky Theory of Syntax Cambridge, Mass., MIT Press Chomsky, N (1965) Aspects of the Theory of Syntax Cambridge, Mass., MIT Press Darwin, C.M & Gray, L.S (2014) Going after the Phrasal Verbs : An alternative Approach to Classification TESOL Quarterly Dehé, N (2002) Particle Verbs in English: Syntax, Information Structure and Innotation Amsterdam Dehé, N (2001) Transitive Particle Verbs in English : the Neutral Order Evidence from Speech Production 2001 Eduard, V (1998) English Group Grammar Constanta Tipofrafia Universitatii Ovidius 10 Fraser, Bruce (1976) The Verb- Particle Combination in English Academic Press, NY 11 Frawley, W (1992) Linguistic Semantics Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers 12 Gentzler E (2001) Contemporary Translation Theories Multilingual Matters LTD 2nd edition 13 Ghazala, H (2014)Translation as Problems and Solutions 4th edition Dar El Kalem Arabi Konooz Al- Marifa i 14 Hampe, B (2012) Transitive Phrasal Verbs Acquisition and Use: A View from Construction Grammar 15 Kazimiez, A (1972) The Syntax of English Phrasal Verbs The Hague Mouton de Gruyter 16 Levitchi, L (1970) Limba Engliza Contemporana Bucuresti 17 Matthews, P.H (1982) An Introduction to Syntax Cambridge University Press 18 Miller, J (2006) An Introduction to English Syntax Edinburgh University Press 19 Murphy, M.J (1983) Understanding Phrasal Verbs Hulton Educational Supplement 20 Palmer, F.R (1998) The English Verb, London, NY Longman 21 Quirk, R ; Greenbaum, S ; Leech, G ; Svartvik, J (1985) A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language Longman Group LTD 22 Quirk, R ; Greenbaum, S ; Leech, G ; Svartvik, J (1972) A Grammar of Contemporary English Longman Group LTD 23 Side, Richard Phrasal Verbs: Sorting them Out ELT Journal 44 24 Sroka, Kazmiez, A (1972) The Syntax of English Phrasal Verbs The Hague Mouton 25 Tran Huu Manh (2008) Fundamentals of English Traditional Syntax VNU Press English dictionaries 26 Cambridge Advanced Learners‟ Dictionary 9th edition Cambridge University Press 2015 27 Cambridge Dictionary Cambridge University Press 2015 28 Cambridge Phrasal Verb Dictionary Cambridge University Press 2006 ii 29 McGraw-Hill Dictionary of American Idioms and Phrasal Verbs The McGrawHill Companies, Inc 2002 30 McMillan Phrasal Verbs Plus McMillan Press 2010 31 Oxford Advanced Learners‟ Dictionary 9th edition Oxford University Press 2015 32 Oxford Phrasal Verb Dictionary Oxford University Press 2002 33 The American Heritage: Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 2005 iii Appendices Appendix List of Literary Works and other resources for Data Collection English original works Austen J (1995) Pride and Prejudice Dover Publications, Inc Barrie J.M (2013) The little white bird Pook Press Bronte E (1996) The Wuthering Heights Dover Thrift Editions Brown D (2016) The Da Vinci Code Delacorte Press Carroll L (1920) Alice‟s Adventures in the Wonderland McMillan Company Chevalier T (2016) Girl with a Pearl Earring Penguin Random House LLC Collins M (2015) The Love Series – the Complete Box Set Farlex (2016) Complete English Grammar Rules Farlex International Flynn G (2012) Gone Girl Crown Publishers 10 Lee H (1970) To kill a mocking bird The Dramatic Publishing Company 11 Lewis C.S (2008) The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe HarperCollins; Reprint edition 12 Loyvich E L (2005) Gadfly Forgotten Books 13 McCulloug C (1979) The Thorn Birds Avon 14 Mitchel M (1939) Gone with the wind Pocket Books 15 Pavitt A (2014) The Boys Who Cycled Europe 16 Pullman P (2002) The Golden Compass Alfred A Knopf Books For Young Readers 17 Puzo M (1973) Godfather Penguin Random House iv 18 Rowling J.K (1997) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Pottermore 19 Rowling J.K (1997) Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets Pottermore 20 Rowling J.K (1997) Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Pottermore 21 Rowling J.K (1997) Harry Potter and the Half- blood Prince Pottermore 22 Rowling J.K (1997) Harry Potter and the Order of Phoenix Pottermore 23 Rowling J.K (1997) Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban Pottermore 24 Rowling J.K (1997) Harry Potter and the Sorcerer‟s Stone Pottermore 25 Sheldon S (1988) If Tomorrow comes Grand Central Publishing 26 Sparks N (2000) A Walk to Remember Grand Central Publishing 27 Sparks N (2016) Message in a Bottle Grand Central Publishing 28 Thackeray W.M (2016) Vanity Fair CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform 29 Thorpe E & Thorpe S (2007) The Pearson Guide to English for the Combined Defence Services Examination Pearson Education 30 Tolkien J.R.R (2005) The Lords of the Rings Harper Collins Publishers Ltd 31 Tramonto R & Goodbody M (2010) Steak with Friends at Home Andrews Mcmeel Universal Vietnamese translated versions 32 Austen J (1995) Kiêu Hãnh Định Kiến Translator: Diệp Minh Tâm Writers Association Publishing House 33 Bronte E (2013) Đồi Gió Hú Translator: Dương Tường Literature Publishing House 34 Brown D (1996) Mật Mã Da Vinci Translator : Dương Tường- Culture & Information Publishing House v 35 Carroll L (1920) Alice Ở Xứ Sở Thần Tiên Translator: Nguyễn Hoàng Giang Writers Association Publishing House 36 Chevalier T (2016) Thiếu Nữ Đeo Hoa Tai Ngọc Trai Translator: Đặng Tuyết Anh – Literature Publishing House 2007 37 Flynn G (2012) Cơ Gái Mất Tích Translator: Vũ Quỳnh Châu- Labour and Social Publishing House 38 Lee H (1970) Giết Con Chim Nhại Translator: Huỳnh Kim Oanh & Phạm Viêm Phương Literature Publishing House 39 Lewis C.S (2008) Sư Tử, Phù Thủy Tủ Áo Translator : Lệ Nguyễn Lê Kim Đồng Publishing House 40 Loyvich E L (2005) Ruồi Trâu Translator: Hà Ngọc Literature Publishing House 41 Mitchel M (1939) Cuốn Theo Chiều Gió Translator : Dương Tường – Hanoi Literature Publishing House 42 Pullman P (2002) Chiếc La Bàn Vàng Translator: Nhật Thu Saigon Culture Publishing House 43 Puzo M (1973) Bố Già Translator: Ngọc Thứ Lang Times Publishing House 44 Rowling J.K (1997) Harry Potter Hòn Đá Phù Thủy Translator: Ly Lan Youth Publishing House 45 Rowling J.K (1997) Harry Potter Phòng Chứa Bí Mật Translator: Ly Lan - Youth Publishing House 46 Rowling J.K (1997) Harry Potter Chiếc Cốc Lửa Translator: Ly Lan Youth Publishing House 47 Rowling J.K (1997) Harry Potter Hoàng Tử Lai Translator: Ly Lan Youth Publishing House 48 Rowling J.K (1997) Harry Potter Hội Phượng Hoàng Translator: Ly Lan Youth Publishing House vi 49 Rowling J.K (1997) Harry Potter Tên Tù Nhân Ngục Azkaban Translator: Ly Lan - Youth Publishing House 50 Sheldon S (1988) Nếu Còn Có Ngày Mai Translator: Nguyễn Bá Long People‟s Police Publishing House 51 Sparks N (2000) Đoạn Đường Để Nhớ Translator: Thái Hà Women Publishing House 52 Sparks N (2016) Tin Nhắn Trong Chai Translator : Thái Hà Literature Publishing House 53 Thackeray W.M (2016) Hội Chợ Phù Hoa Translator: Trần Kiểm Literature Publishing House 54 Tolkien J.R.R (2005) Chúa Tể Của Những Nhẫn Translator : Nguyễn Thị Thu Yến & Đặng Trần Việt- Literature Publishing House Websites 55 Vivian R (2014, Mar 05) Don‟t forget to set your clocks ahead an hour Daylight Saving Time returns Retrieved from https://www.toronto.com/community-story/4397449-don-t-forget-to-set-yourclocks-ahead-an-hour-daylight-saving-time-returns 56 Abrams A (2017, Nov 3) Daylight Saving Time Is This Weekend Here's What You Need to Know Retrieved from http://time.com/5007531/when-is-daylight- saving-time-2017 57 http://www.anhvietsongngu.com 58 East Durham website Students Set Out On Historical Trip Retrieved from https://www.eastdurham.ac.uk/students-set-out-historical-trip 59 Dean & Deluca (2018) Chicken Pot Pie with Rosemary Retrieved from https://www.deandeluca.com/chicken-pot-pie-with-rosemary 60 Money Box (2018) A Simple and Fun Way to Make Money Retrieved from https://uusi.op.fi/private-customers/daily-banking/accounts/money vii Movies, songs and magazines 61 Kungfu Panda Animated movie 2016 62 Mission Impossible Action Movie 2000 63 Setting Forth song Eddie Vedder 64 The Sun 2008 65 ABC News 2013 66 The Sunday Times 2013 viii Appendix A written translation test to measure students‟ abilities to translate SET phrasal verbs from English into Vietnamese and vice versa Dear students, You are invited to participate in a written translation test In this test, there are 10 short English texts containing different SET phrasal verbs and 10 Vietnamese ones for you to translate respectively Completion of the test will take 40 minutes Your answers will then be collected for a study on SET phrasal verbs and their Vietnamese translation equivalents Thank you very much for your time - o0o Fill in your personal information Name : ……………………………… Gender: M Date of birth : ……………………… University: ………………………… F Part 1: Translate these texts into Vietnamese After collecting sticks, the campers set about building a fire ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… Right now, what you need is to set aside your personal feelings and stay focused on the task at hand ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… He was standing in front of her The dazzling white of his shirt set off his olive skin coloring to perfection ix ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… Someone opened the lower door earlier this week, which set off the alarm It just rang for a while ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… You should pay attention to the bus route Passengers are set down and picked up at only some official stops ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… One morning, he informed me that he wanted to set down his recollections of his childhood directly Soon after, the book came out ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… Why are you so set against going to college? It will help you discover yourself and set you on the path to success ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… According to the weather forecast, the rainy season will set in before long ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… There will be a risk of public protest that could set back reforms ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… 10 After her divorce from her husband of nearly five years, people at work tried repeatedly to set her up with various men x ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… Part 2: Translate these texts into English Nếu xuất phát từ sáng sớm, trước trời tối tới ngơi nhà ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… Khơng khí lạnh tràn trận mưa nhẹ, rải rác ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… Cô để dành 3.000 đô –la để chi trả học phí gái vòng năm ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… Anh ta cầm bút bắt đầu ghi lại ký ức làng chài ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… Kết trì hỗn hội vơ địch Manchester City ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… Những cờ đỏ bật trời xanh ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… Đây nhiệm vụ mà đề hồi đầu năm ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… xi Khi máy bay bạn đến California, nhớ chỉnh đồng hồ bạn nhanh thêm hai ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… Sau bữa tiệc kết thúc, họ bắt tay vào việc lau dọn phòng ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… 10 Khơng lâu sau, phát bị gài bẫy để thua trận đấu ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… - the end - xii ... 4: SYNTACTIC AND SEMANTIC FEATURES OF SET PHRASAL VERBS AND THEIR VIETNAMESE TRANSLATION EQUIVALENTS 4.1 Syntactic and semantic features of SET phrasal verbs 37 4.1.1 Syntactic features of SET. .. 2.3.2.5 2.3.2.6 Particles Phrasal verbs and prepositional verbs Phrasal verbs and phrasal- prepositional verbs Syntactic criteria of phrasal verbs Semantic criteria of phrasal verbs 15 15 17 18 25... semantics Translation theories An overview of English verbs and phrasal verbs English verbs Definitions of English verbs Ways of classification of verbs English phrasal verbs Definitions of phrasal verbs