Lý thuyết giới phân tích từ góc độ tâm lý học xã hội

DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NOI TRUNG TAM NGHIEN CUU VE PHU N U De tai nghien ciiru ca ban thuoc KHXHN V De tai LY THUYET GlOl PHAN I iCH TU GOC DO TAM LY HOC XA HOI Ma so: CB 03 22 Chu nhicm de tai: CN Do Hoang Tham gia: NguySn The Hieu- TTNC v6 Phii nu Nguyen Linh Trang- TTNC ve Phii x\\x Truang Phiic Hung- TT NC ve Phu nu Le Lan Phuang- TTNC ve Phu nu Hoang Xuan Dung- TTNC \t Phu nu Le Ngoc Lan- SV K47 Tam ly hoc HA NOL NAM 2005 MUC LUC Phan I: Tong quan van de nghien curu L Ly chon de tai Muc dich nghien cuii Doi tirang va khach the nghien ciJu Quan di6m nghien ciru Nhiem via nghien cihi Khach the' nghien cuii Phirang phap nghien ciiu Phan II: Noi dung nghien ciiu Chu^ong I: Nhung khai niem then chdt ly thuyet giol: Sir giao thoa giiia khoa hoc gioi va tam ly hoc xa hoi LL Giai va binh dang giai- nhiJng khai niem phan biel mot nganh khoa hoc LLL Giai: Mot thuat ngu* va mot phuang phap LL2 Binh dang giai: mot thuat ngtJ va mot miic tieu L2 Mot so khai niem lien nganh tam ly hoc xa hoi va khoa hoc gi6i L2.L Vai tro xa hoi- vai tro giai L2.2 Nhu cau xa hoi va nhu cau giai L2.3 Dinh kien xa hoi va dinh kien giai L3 Khac biet giai: khai niem duac de xuat bai cac nha tam ly hoc xa hoi Chuong II: Mot so quan diem tiep can ly thuyet gidi ILL Tiep can ly thuyet gidi IT LI Tiep can ly thuyet gi6i til cac nha nii quy^n ILL2 Tir tiep can Phia nil Phat trien den tiep can Giai va Phat trien IL2 Tiep can tam ly hoc xa hoi vi gi6i IL2.L Thuyet hoc tap xa hoi: sir hoc tap cac hanh vi gi6i IL2.2 Thuyet nhan thiic xa hoi: nhung ni6m tin ve giai IL2.3 Thuyet vai tro xa hoi: sir nhap tam va the hien cac vai tro giai Chuong m Sir khac biet gidi: Nh&ng khac biet diroc tao in Khac biet gi6i tinh: nhiJng khac biet tao sir khac biet IIL2 Khac biet v6 tam ly giai IIL2.L Khac biet tam ly giai thai ung xtr xa hoi IIL2.2 Khac biet tam ly gi6i hanh vi ung XLI' xa hoi IIL3 Khac biet giai cac mat van hoa- xa hoi IIL3.L Khac biet giai cac vai tro gia dinh IIL3.2 Khac biet giai cac vai tro cong dong va xa hoi Chirong IH: Thu hep khoang each cua cac khac biet gidi- mot so bien phap tac dong IV Tra luc ciia sir thay doi IV.2 Mot so tac dong nham thay doi cac vai tro giai IV.2.1 Tang cirong tiep xiic nhom: thay d6i nhOng niem tin sai lam ve giai IV.2.2 Thuc day sir thay d6i ve phan cong lao dong gia dinh IV.2.3 Thay d6i hanh vi ciia cha me va giao vien IV.2,4 Thay doi khuon mlu gi6i tren cac phirong tien truyen thong IV.2.5 Thay doi cac chinh sach h6 tra a nai lam viec va gia dinh Ket luan va khuyen nghi L Ket luan Khuyen nghi Tai lieu tham khao Phan phu luc PHAN I TONG QUAN VAN DE NGHIEN CLU L LY DO CHON DE TAI Til mirai nam tra lai day, xuat hien thuat ngiJ "Giai'' (Gender)- khac biet vai thuat ngii "Giai tinh" (Sex)- cac bai viet cong trinh nghien ciai a Viet Nam Giai la sir khac biet mang tinh xa hoi (khong phai sir khac biet ve sinh hoc), chi sir tuang quan ve vai tro xa hoi, vi iri va gia tri xa hoi giua phii nir va nam giai Sir khac biet v6 gidi khong phai von c6 citing vai sir ton tai ciia nam va nu ma la sir tap hgp cac hanh vi hoc duac iix xa hoi va nhung ky vong ve cac dac diem, pham chat, nang luc duac can nhac nham xac dinh the nao la mot nguai nam gidi hay mot ngudi phu nu (hoac cau be hay c6 be), mot xa hoi hay n6n van hoa nhat dinh Tren the gidi thuat ngu gidi xuat hien vao khoang nam 80 ciia the ky XX Tuy nhien, lich sir hinh hay nfin tang ly luan ca ban de ddi ly thuyet gidi can duac xem xet tir nhirng quan diem khac ciia phong trao nu' quyen phuang Tay, nhat la tu giai doan sau nhCrng nam 60 Vao nhung nam 80, xuat hien nhung an phaim, sach bao, tap chi nghien ciiu thuc trang bat binh dang gidi va van de gidi tii' gdc nhieu chuyen nganh khoa hoc xa hoi (xa hoi hoc, dan toe hoc, tam ly hoc xa hoi v.v ) Ket qua cua nhij'ng nghien ciiii la nen tang ca ban xay dung ly thuyet gidi Viet Nam, han chuc nam lai day, lap chi "Khoa hoc ve Phu nu" la an pham chii yeu tap Irung cac bai viet, cong trinh nghien cirii ve Gidi va cac van de ciia phu nu Ccic bai viet tren tap chf da tap trung giai quycl mot so \'an dc ly luan vc gidi va thuc trang van de gidi d Viet Nam Hien d nude ta, Gidi budc dau da duac long ghep cac chuang trinh, du an phat trien qudc gia va hien la mot chi so quan d^ danh gia hieu qua ciia cac chuong trinh, du an phat trien ben virng chi so danh gia sir phat trien ngudi cua mot dat nude- GDI' (Ngoai chi so HDI) Trong bao cao phat trien nhan lire (1995), chua cd mot qudc gia nao tren the gidi dat duac sir binh dang loan dien Trong thong bao xcp hang 130 nude theo chi lieu ' Chi so phiit incn lien quan i\cn giai (GDI: Ciciulcr- rclatcti Dcvclopmcnl index) ciua Ircii chi so phai Iricn nuuai (MDI: Human Oc\clopnicnl hidex) tlmyc dicu chnih ihco cac licu chi hinh dang gun (L NOP PJ97) binh dang gidi, Viet Nam dung thu 74 (vdi chi so 0,537) nude dirng dau la Thuy Dien (vdi chi so la 0,919), nude dung cudi la Afganistan (vdi chi so la 0,169) Ve dao tao, van de Gidi budc dau da dua vao dmc cac chuang trinh giang day dai hoc (Khoa Tam ly hoc, khoa Xa hoi hoc- Trirdng DHKHXH & NV, khoa Xa hoi hoc trudng dai hoc Cong Doan, khoa Phu nu hoc- Dai hoc md TP HCM) Tuy nhien viec dao tao mang tinh long ghep va thu nghiem chua dii de dap ung nhiing ddi hoi ciia thuc le Trong dd, ly thuyet Gidi da dugc dua vao giang day chuang trinh dao tao ciia nhitSu trudng dai hoc tren the gidi nhu mot phan nganh khoa hoc v6 Gidi Nam 2000, mot nghien ciiu tiep can gidi iix gdc c\g xa hoi hoc dugc xuat ban la "Xa hoi hoc ve Gidi va Phat trien"' Cac tac gia coi Gidi nhu mot ddi tugng nghien cuu ciia xa hoi hoc va da cho chiing ta nhirng phan lich khoa hoc ve tinh hinh phu nu Viet Nam sir nghiep doi mdi va phat trien dat nude Chua cd nghien cuu d Viet Nam phan ifch van d6 gidi ti^r gdc khoa hoc tam ly, thuc le d mot so nude tren the gidi, ly thuyet gidi da dugc phan tfch nhu mot chii dc quan trong tam ly hoc xa hoi Chiing ta cd the tim thay nhieu khai niem tam ly hoc, nhat la tam ly hoc xa hoi (nhu dinh kien xa hoi, khuon mau xa hoi, anh hudng xa hoi ), nhung ly thuyet tiep can (thuyet hoc lap xa hoi, ly thuyet nhan thiic, ly thuyet vai trd xa hoi ), nhirng thuc nghiem tam ly hoc (ve nhung tac dong cua nhung khuon mau gidi tinh tdi nhan thiic ciia chiing la, ve sir hinh cac dinh kien ) gdp phan bd sung va lam sang to mot so van de ly luan va khai niem ly thuyet gidi Nhu vay, chiing ta cd ca sd de phat tric-n ly thuyet gidi nhu mgl van de nghien cu'u ciia tam ly hoc xa hoi, sir dung cac khai niem va ly luan tu tam ly hoc xa hoi sir dung cac phuang phap nghien ciiu cua lam ly hoc xa hdi\ Chinh \'i the tiep can tam ly hoc xa hoi ve gidi d nude la hien can dugc lien hanh song song vdi hai nhiem vii chinh: dich thuat tiep thu cac quan diem va ly luan ca ban ciia lam ly hoc xa hoi vi gidi, dong thai phan tich gidi bdi canh thuc te d Viet Nam (thuc trang binh dang va bat binh dang gidi dieu kien chfnh tri- van • Ix Ngoc Miing^ Ngu>cn Thi M\ I,oc N \ b DIlQG f IN 2000 ' Day la mot ti'ong n h i e u huOiig ticp can khoa h()'et giOi cua de tai na>- hoa- xa hoi- kinh te) tren n6n tang ly luan va phuang phap cua tam ly hoc xa hoi Khai niem gidi xuat hien nhu mot pham trii xa hoi (Social Category), nhung khac biet gidi phan Idn lien quan den xa hoi hoa va sir hoc lap xa hoi.v.v Cho nen, Gidi la ddi tugng nghien cuu ciia tam ly hoc xa hoi Nhu vay, neu xem xet tam ly hoc xa hoi hinh til xuat ban cudn sach giao khoa dau tien (Dougall, 1908) cho den nay, so vdi su xuat hien ly thuyet gidi (1980) , thi viec nhin nhan van de gidi (ly luan va thuc ti6n) su dung cac khai niem va ly thuyet ciia tam ly hoc xa hoi la mot hudng tiep can ggi nhieu trien vong nghien cuu ly luan va thuc ti6n ve gidi Nhu vay, ca ve mat ly luan va thuc ti^n, su tham gia ciia tam ly hoc xa hoi nghien cuu gidi d Viet Nam la van de dang dat Trudc hel, nghicMi ciiu ve gidi tii' gdc tam ly hoc xa hoi se bd xung khia canh khac tiep can thuc te van de gidi d Viet Nam Mat khac, van de gidi lai la thuc tien de chiing ta ap dung phan lich, xem xet cac van de ly luan, cac thuc nghiem ciia tam ly hoc xa hoi nham lam phong phii he^n v6 mat ly luan va phuang phap mot mirc khac, la xem xet kha nang nghien cuu va dao tao ve gidi nhu la mot ngi dung ciia mon tam ly hoc xa hoi, hay mot mdn hoc trudng dai hoc cua Viet Nam H MUC DICH NGHIEN CUU: Tong hgp, phan lich va ly giai mot sd khai niem, quan diem ly thuyet gidi qua king kfnh ciia tam ly hoc xa hoi nham cd dugc su hieu biet va each nhin da dang han vc ly luan va thuc tifin van de gidi a Viet Nam HI DOI TUGNG NGHIEN CUt Ly thuyet gidi- phan tich tij* gdc tam ly hoc xa hoi IV QUAN DIEM NGHIEN CUU Tiep can van de gidi tii' gdc tam ly hoc xa hoi, nghia la sir dung cac phuang phap ciia lam ly hoc xa hoi, sir dung nhirng khai niem hoc thuyet va nhfrng phai hien ciia nganh lam ly hoc xa hoi (von cd be day lich sir nghien ciiu ve nhung ling xii ca nhan mdi trirdng xa hoi) de ly giai van de gidi (bdi ban chat ciia khai niem gidi la ndi ve tuong quan nhu'ng khac biet \t mat xa hoi giira nam gidi xa phu nCr) Cac phat hien, khai niem ly luan \v gidi dua cho den thudng dua vao kinh nghiem va true giac Trong dd tiep can tu gdc tam ly hoc xa hoi cho nhiJng bang chung thuyet phuc tu thuc nghiem ve cac van de gidi (nhu ca che hinh va tri cac dinh kien gidi, sir phan biet ddi xu tren ca sd gidi, bat binh dang gidi ) cau hoi cd the dat la nghien ciiu Gidi tii nganh tam ly hoc xa hoi thi cd gi khac so vdi nganh nhan hoc, sinh hoc xa hoi hay xa hoi hoc- von la ba nganh cung coi gidi nhu mot van de nghien cuu? Nhan hoc xem xet sir khac biet gidi cac toe ngudi va qua cac thai ky Ijch su Cac phat hien tij' nganh nhan hoc cho chiing ta thay vai trd ciia nam gidi va phu niJ da bien ddi nhu the nao qua cac thai ky, va ca d ciang thai diem hien nay, vai trd gidi cung khac d moi toe ngudi moi nen van hoa khac Sinh hoc xd hoi tap trung xem xet sir khac biel nam- nir ve mat sinh hoc (gen di iruygn, cau tao ca the, hodc mdn gidi tinh ) va coi nhung khac biet nam- nu v6 mat xa hoi la ket qua ciia sir dien bien sinh hoc (vdi nhirng khcic biet sinh hoc von cd giua nam va nij') Xd hoi hoc xem xet nhirng bdi canh xa hoi lam sinh tri va Cling cd nhu'ng khac biel nam nir, nhij'ng bat binh dang giua nam va nfr gia dinh va xa hoi Tam ly hoc xd hoi xem xet nhij'ng yeu td tam ly- xa hoi (phan biel vdi nhung yeu td sinh hoc) tao nhung khac biel gidi mot sd phiim chat tam ly, nang lire nhan thiic va hanh vi ling xir xa hoi cua nam va nCr Nhu vay, khac biet gidi dugc nhin nhan d ba khia canh: nhung khac biet sinh hoc, khac biet tam ly va khac biet xa hoi Khac biel sinh hoc thudng la ch6 dua cho nhung ngudi chdng lai quan diem gidi vdi ly luan rang sir khac biet giua nam va nu cd nguon gdc sinh hoc, sinh da cd va vi the khong the thay doi Khac biet tam ly cung cd the la ch6 dira cho nhiJng ngudi chdng lai quan diem gidi vdi ly luan rang su khac biet tam ly giua nam va nil la can thiet de tao su hap dan giiJa hai gidi Nhung khac biet xa hoi thudng dugc de cap nhieu nhat va la lieu diem dau tranh ciia cac phong trao ddi binh quyfin cho phu nir vdi ly luan rang phu nil dang hi phan biel ddi xir hau hel cac xa hoi va n6n van hoa Vi the, tu quan diem ciia tam ly hoc xa hoi cac khac biel tam ly- xa hoi la tam nghien ciiu ciia tam ly hoc xa hoi: mat khac, cac khac biet sinh hoc cung can dugc chi ro nham xac dinh nhirng gidi han ciia sir khac biet nam- nu V NHIEM VU NGHIEN CUU 4.1 Luge thuat mot sd quan diem tiep can ly thuyet gidi 4.2 Tdng hgp mgl sd khai niem ca ban khoa hgc gidi va ciic khai niem lien quan tam ly hgc xa hoi 4.3 Tdng hgp mot sd ket qua nghien ciiu tam ly hgc xa hoi cd y nghTa guii thich mot sd van de gidi 4.4 Xay dung bg bang hoi dieu tra 4.4 Phan tich bd Irg nhu'ng kien thiic giua nganh khoa hgc gidi va tam ly hgc xa hoi VI KHACH THE NGHIEN CUU Mac du phuang phap phan tich lai lieu la phuang phap chinh dugc sir dung de tai nay, chiing tdi van lien hanh dieu tra thuc le ve nhan thuc, thai lien quan den gidi ciia sinh vien nham kiem chiing mgl sd nhan dinh dugc nil Khach the nghien ciiu la: - 239 sinh \'iCMi ihugc hai trirdng true thugc Dai hoc Qudc gia (trong dd cd 118 sinh vicMi trudng Dai hgc Khoa hoc Xa hoi & Nhan van va 121 sinh vien trirdng Dai hgc Khoa hgc Tu nhicMi) Trong mau nghien ciiu hau het sinh vien (95%) khang dinh hg da lung nghe ndi den xan de gidi va binh dang izidi - phong van trudng hgp can bg boat dong ITnh vuc gidi va phii nu Vn PHUONG PHAP NGHIEN CUU 7.1 Phan tich tai lieu Phan tich tai lieu dugc sir dung nhu mgl phuang phap nghien ciiu chinh 66 tai Dua tren tong thuat cac tai lieu, chiing tdi xem xet cac khai niem, quan diem, ly thuyet gidi sir so sanh vdi cac khai niem, thuc nghiem, ly thuyet tam ly hgc xa hoi 7.2- Dieu tra bang hoi Dieu tra bang hdi dugc sir dung nhu mgl phuang phap nham ly giai, bd sung cho nhiJng phat hien hay ket luan lir phuang phap phan ifch lai lieu 7.3 Phong van ban cau triic Phong van ban cau true dugc lien hanh vdi nhung ngudi boat dong ITnh vuc gidi nham thu thap cac y kien ddng gdp ciia cac chuyen gia ti^r cac gdc nghien ciiu khac 43 Tong quan dua vdn de gidi vdo phdt trien thdng qua su binh ddng gidi ve quyen, ngudn luc vd tieng ndi Bao cao nghien cuu chfnh sach cua ngan hang the gidi 2000 44 Phdn tich vd lap ke hoach dudi gdc gidi Uy ban qudc gia vi sir tien bg cua phu nu: Viet Nam- UNDP, 1998 45 Tdm tdt tinh hinh gidi Lien hgp qudc tai Viet Nam, 2002 46 Gia dinh dang bien doi mot xd hgi dang bien ddi (tdng thuat cdc tdi lieu hgi thao ve gia dinh Unesco td chdc) Td nhan hgc Trung tam Nghien cuu Tam ly Tre em 1994 47 Dua vdn de gidi vdo phdt trien - Thdng qua su binh ddng gidi ve quyen, ngudn luc vd tieng ndi - World Bank NXB Van hda thong tin 2001 48 Gidi chinh sdch cdng cdng a Viet Nam DPI' chirong trinh ke hoach hoa va chfnh sach gidi 1998 49 Ddnh gid lai vai trd cua phu nu (trong "Vai trd cua phu mi phdt trien") Khoa phu nu hgc- Dai hgc md ban cong Ho Chf Minh, 1998 50 Binh ddng gidi bdo tra xd hdi cho phu nu vd nam gidi d khu vuc kinh te chinh thuc vd khdng chinh thitc: nhung phdt hien phuc vu xdy dung chinh sdch Van phdng ILO lai Viet Nam Nxb Lao dong- xa hgi, 2003 51 Mdt sd vdn de gidi ndi len qud trinh tham gia hoi nhap kinh te^ ' • a Viet Nam UBQG vi su tien bo cua Phu nCr Viet Nam Chuang trinh Phat'trien Lien hop qudc Dai su quan vuong quoc Ha Lan Ha Noi 5/2005 52 ''• So lieu thdng ke gidi cua Viet Nam nhitng ndm ddu the ky 21 Tong cue thdng ke'uBQG vi su tien b5 cua Phu nfr Viet Nam^ Chuong trinh Phat tri^n lien hgp qudc Dai sir quan vuong quoc Ha Lan Nxb Phu nu Ha Ngi, 2003 IV Tai lieu tieng Anh 53 Robert A Baron, Donn Byrne Social Psychology- Understanding Human Interaction (6^^ edition) Allyn and Bacon 1991 54 Sharon S Brehm, Saul M Kassin Social Psychology (2'^ edition) Houghton Mifflin Company, 1993 55 Shawn Meghan Burn The Social Psychology of Gender McGrawHill, 1996 56.: Kamla Bhashin - What is patriarchy ? - NXB Kaki for women 2000 57 V Spike Peterson, Anne Sisson Runyan Global Gender Issues Westview Press, 1993 58 Shulamit Reinharz Feminist methods in social research Oxford University Press, 1992 59.: Sheila Ruth Issues in Feminism (3'^ edition) Mayfield Publishing Company, 1995 60.: David O Sears, Letitia Anne Peplau, Jonathan L Freedman Shelley E Taylor Social Psychology (6"" edition) Prentice Hall 61.- Eliot R Smith, Diane M Mackie Social Psychology (2"' edition) Psychology Press, 2000 62 Marvin E Shaw, Philip R Costanzo Theories of social psychology : McGraw- Hill Book Company 1970 63 Gender glossary Chuang trinh lucrng thuc the gicri 2()()() PHAN PHU LUC TRUN^cfuSf^N^'c^^vi'Sv N0 PHIEU TRUNG CAU Y KIEN (CWS-VNU) OOO Cdc ban sinh vien thdn men! Binh ddng giai (binh ddng nam- nu) la mot vdn de dang dugc cd xd hoi quan tdm Khdi niem Gidi dugc su dung nhdm phdn biet vdi khdi niem Gidi tinh: Giai ndi den mdi tiro'ug quan ve vi tri, vai trd ciia nam va nu gia dinh vd xd hgi; Gidi tinh ndi len bgn Id nam hay nd ve mat gidi phdu sinh hpc Phieu tnrng cdu y kien ndy nhdm tim hien nhdng cdm nhdn vd niem tin ciia cd nhdn ban xung quanh vdn de Gidi vd Binh ddng gidi Trong mdi cdu hoi sau, ban dgc ky cdc y kien dua vd ddnh ddu chgn vdo mot V kien phii hap nhat vdi suy nghi ciia bgn Xin chdn thdnh cdm an cdc bgn! 'Ban Id: Nam Nu - Bgn ddkhi ndo nghe noi den vdn de Gidi vd Binh ddng gidi? Da tiing nghe L 2 Chua tijng nghe Bgn co the dd nghe hoac chua nghe ndi den vdn de Gidi vd Binh ddng gidi Trong quan niem cua bgn, cdc hogt ddng binh ddng gidi Id: Cong viec ciia nguai pbii niJ, phu niJ khai xudng, nham tai Icri fch eiia phii nfr (va vi the co the chong lai nam giai) Cong viec ciia nbiatig ngucri co trach nhiem va quyen lire hien nay, thuang la nam giai (vi dii ngu'ai lanh etao, nguai lap chinh sach.v v.), nham tai lai ich va SU" phat trien ciia phii nir Cong viec ciia bat cii* nguai nam giai va nguai phu nu nao, nham tai Igfi ich cua ca hai giai Toi khong biet, khong may quan tam den van de Tuang quan ve vi tri, vai trd cua nam gidi vd phu nd la khdc d cdc nen vdn hoai cdc qudc gia khdc Bgn cd nhdn dinh gi thuc te Men a Viet Nam? _ Phu niJ dang chiu thiet thoi ban so vai nam giai va dieu la lu nhien, sinh da vay, do kho ma thay d6i duerc 2_ Nam giai dang phai chiu nhieu thiet thoi ban so \ai phu nir sau nhirng tim dat duoc lir cac phong Irao dau tranh x\ su tien bo cua phu nu do can thay dcM de duac binh dang hern Phu nu dang chiu thiet thoi hern scr xen nam gioi chu >eu tac dong "" 4_ cua xa hoi, do co the' thay dOi de' diroc binh dang h(rn Phu nu hien da du binh dang so xax nam gioi neu hinh dang hern the thi rat bat "lai do kheing can phai lha\ doi nua Thuc tehien phu nudang ddm nhdn chu yeu cdc cong viec gia dinh (ndu nudng^ gidt gidy cham soc cdi ), do hg cd it thdi gian de nghi ngoi gidi tri vd tham gia cdc cong viec xd hgi Theo bgn, cd the thay ddi gi de tdt han cho phu nd? C^n hien dai boa cac vat dung gia dinh (nhu bep ga, may giat ) de giam bdt ganh nang cong viec va thai gian lam viee nha eiia phu nu, cho phu nil CO nhieu thai gian ban tham gia cac boat dong xa hoi va nghi ngai Can trang bi them cho nam giai kien thue va ky nang lam cac cong viec gia dinh, khuyen khieh nam gi6i chia se vai phu niJ cac cong viec gia dinh de phu nu co nhieu thai gian han tham gia cac cong viec ngoai xa hoi va nghi ngai Giam bat luang thai gian nguai phu nil tham gia cac hoat dong xa hoi de ho co nhieu thai gian ban cac cong viec cham soc gia dinh va nghi ngai Cur de viee phat trien tir nhien nhu no von the Thuc te a Viet Nam Men phu nu tham gia rdt it cdc cdp Idnh dgo Trong hdu hei cdc ban ngdnh- dodn the, vi tri ''trudng'' thudng thudc ve nam gidi, nugidi thudng a vi tri cdp dudri, Id ngudi ''thua hdnh'\ Su phdn biet ndy nhu mot khuon mdu chung cua xd hdi lien quan den gidi Theo ban thi: Tot nhat la theo khuon mAu s^n co vi la sir phan cong lao dong hcrp ly 3_ Can cu vao nang lii'c de tuyen chon vao tat ca cac vi tri lanh dao ma khong phan biet nam hay nir l/u tien phu nil cac vi iri, cac cong viec ho dang thua kem so veri nam giai, cho di^i nang lire phu nu co kem ban Cu de phat trien mot each tu nhien, khong can ban den van dc Trong quan niem xd hdi, nhung ddc diem nhu su diu ddng, nhgy cdm, xiic ddng yeu dudi duac coi nhu la nhung dgc trung "Nu tinh''; nhung dgc diem nhu tinh ddc Idp, quyet dodn, manh me duac coi nhu Id nhung dac trung "Nam tinh" Nhung ddc trung "Nam tinh" hay "Nu tinh" ndy la khac a cdc nen vdn hod vd thay ddi theo thdi gian Ban mong muon gi ve nhung ddc diem ndy tuong lai: _ Chi giu lai nhung dac diem thien ve ^^Nam ifnh" hoac nhfrng dac diem 2_ thien ve ^'Nfr tinh" Se khong nhfmg dac diem, phfim chat goi la ^^Nam tinir hay ^^Nfr tinh^^ ma chi la nhfmg gui tri chung mang dac trung ^'Ngueri 3_ 4_ Nam giai se co nhicm dac diem ^Nfr tinh" ban xa nu gun se cc) nhicu dac diem "Nam tinh" ban Se giu nguyen nhfrng dac trung "Nam linh" xa ^'NCr tfnh" nhu hicn na> - 7- i ly tuang, hau bet nhirng dac trung ma bay gia chiing ta van goi la "nam tfnh" va "nfr tfnh" se dugc hoc lo nhu giua nam giai va phu nfr _^^_^^_ 15 Trong xa hgi ly tuang, nguai dan ong binh thuang se lam cong viec noi tra nhieu ban so vai hien 16 Trong xa hoi ly tucrng, hau hei cac loai cong viec deu co dai dien la 50% nam va 50% nfr Do anh hueVng ciia Nho giao, nguai Viet Nam co tu tucrng ^Irong nam- khinh nfr" -4 Diing j Sai Truong dai hoc ; Frequency ; Valid Truong DH KHXH& NV Truong DH KHTN Total Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Percent 118 49.4 : 49.4 ; 121 50.6 50.6 239 100.0 ' 100.0 Valid Percent Cumulative Percent 49,4 100.0 Gioi tinh nguoi tra loi Frequency Valid Missing nam Percent 66 27.6 27.8 27.8 nu 171 71.5 72.2 100.0 Total 237 99.2 100,0 239 100,0 Total Da tung/ hay chua tung nghe noi den van de gioi va binh dang gioi? Frequency Valid da tung nghe noi den van de gioi va binh dang gioi chua tung nghe noi den van de gioi va binh dang Percent Valid Percent ' Cumulative Percent 227 95.0 97,4 97 2,5 2,6 100 233 97.5 100,0 2,5 239 100,0 gioi Total Missing Total Nhan thuc ve vai tro/ su tham gia cua phu nu va nam gioi cac hoat dong binh dang gioi ' Frequency Valid Missing Total Viec cua phu nu va chi phu nu co loi Viec cua nguoi nao quan tam toi su phat trien phu nu Viec cua bat ky nguoi nao, vi loi ich cua ca hai gioi Khong biet, khong quan tam den van de Total Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent 2,1 21 21 11 46 46 67 213 89,1 89,5 96.2 3,8 3,8 100.0 238 996 100.0 239 100 -1 - Nhan thuc ve tuong quan vai tro/ vi tri cua phu nu va nam gioi hien Frequency Valid Phu nu dang chiu thiet thoi nhung khong the thay doi duoc Nam giol dang chiu thiet thoi hon va can thay doi Phu nu dang chiu thiet thoi hon va co the thay doi Da binh dang va khong can phai thay doi nua Total Missing Total Percent Valid Percent ' ; 2.1 Cumulative Percent 2.1 ' 2.1 ' 1.7 i 3.8 78.2 ; 78,9 ' 82.7 17,2 : 17,3 100,0 237 ' 99.2 ! 100,0 ,8 , 100.0 ! 1,7 1 187 41 j 239 Nhan thuc ve su thay doi vai tro cua phu nu cac cong viec gia dinh Frequency Valid Hien dai hoa trang thiet bi ho tro viec noi tro cua phu nu Thay doi thai va trang bi cho nam gioi ky nang noi tro Bot viec xa hoi de lam viec gia dinh Cu de viec phat trien tu nhien nhu hien Total Percent Valid Percent 34 14.2 186 77,8 14.2 14.2 j 77,8 ' 92.1 2.5 • 25! 94.6 54 5.4 100.0 100,0 13 239 • Cumulative Percent 100 Nhan thuc ve su thay doi tuong quan nam- nu o cac vi tri lanh dao Frequency Valid Theo khuon mau gioi co san Can cu vao nang luc de tuyen chon khong phan biet nam nu Cu de viec phat trien tu nhien, khong can ban den Total Missing Total Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent 2,1 2,1 2,1 224 937 94,5 96.6 3,3 34 100,0 237 992 100.0 239 100 5: Nhan thuc ve su thay doi quan niem ve "Nam tinh"- "Nu tinh" Frequency Valid Giu lai hoac nam tinh hoac nu tinh Khong ranh gioi nam tinh hay nu tinh Bot khoang cach cua cai goi la nam tinh hay nu tinh Giu nguyen nhung dac trung nam tinh va nu tinh nhu hien Total Missing Total Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent 18 7,5 7.7 7,7 82 34.3 34.9 42.6 17 7.1 7,2 49.8 118 49,4 50,2 100.0 235 98.3 1000 1,7 239 100,0 Danh gia cong viec noi tro cua phu nu Frequency Valid Khong phai bat binh dang, la niem tu hao cua phu nu Khong bat binh dang , la cong viec nhe nhang phu hop VOI nu Bat binh dang, can thay doi Bat binh dang, nhung la chuyen nho khong can quan tam Total Missing Total Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent 87 36,4 36.9 36,9 35 14,6 14,8 51.7 54 22.6 229 746 60 25 25.4 100 236 98.7 100.0 1.3 239 100,0 Nhan thuc ve nhung yeu to co the can tro su thay doi vi muc tieu binh dang gioi Frequency Valid Phu nu can tro thay doi vi ho it phai chiu ap luc Nam gioi can tro thay doi vi ho dang co uu the hon Ca hai CO the can tro thay doi Khong can tro thay doi thay doi co loi cho ca hai gioi Total Missing Total Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent 10 42 4,3 4.3 31 130 13.2 17.5 69 28 29.5 47 124 51 53 100 234 97 100 21 239 100 Tam the san sang cho su thay doi vi muc tieu binh dang giol Frequency Valid Co 193 80.8 81.4 81.4 3.3 3.4 84.8 36 15.1 15.2 100.0 237 99,2 100.0 ; 239 100.0 Khong Kho tra loi Total Missing Total i Uocdinh % nam gioi san sang thay doi N Cumulative Percent Valid Percent Percent Valid Missing Uocdinh % phu nu san sang thay doi 231 , 230 8' Mean 46.21 73.22 Median 50,00 70,00 Mode 50 90 21,923 65,124 Minimum 0 Maximum 100 991 Std Deviation Gioi tinh nguoi tra loi nam Uocdinh % nam gioi san sang thay doi Mean 49 68 71 44 63 61 24.412 25 763 Minimum 0 Maximum 100 100 N Std, Deviation 50,00 80.00 45.05 68.39 167 167 20 815 22 624 Minimum 0 Maximum 100 100 Median 50.00 70 00 Mean 46 32 69 21 230 228 21 902 23 486 Minimum 0 Maximum 100 100 Median nu Mean N Std Deviation Total Uoc dinh % phu nu san sang thay doi N Std Deviation Median 50 00 ^''equencies Nam gidi co iru the noi troi ban phu nil ve nang lire tri tue Frequency Valid Missing Percent Valid Percent Dung 120 50.2 52.9 , Sai 107 44.8 47.1 Total 227 95.0 100.0 12 5.0 239 100.0 Total Cumulative Percent 52.9 100.0 Sir khac biet giai chii yeu la nhirng khac biet sinh hoe ca ban giua hai gic^i tinh quy dinh Frequency , Valid Dung Sai Total Missing Total 160 61 221 Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent 66.9 ' 72,4 72,4 25,5 27,6 100.0 92.5 • 18 7.5 239 i 100,0 : 100,0 Co the thay doi nhung thiet thoi ve mat xa hoi doi ve7i phii nir va dieu giiip bii trii nhirng thiet thoi ve mat sinh hoc de phu nfr binh diing vdi nam gic'ri Frequency Valid Dung Sai Total Missing Total Percent Cumulative Percent 63 63 335 37 100 90,4 1000 136 569 80 216 Valid Percent 23 9.6 239 100,0 Su khac biet ve sinh hoc giiip phu nfr va nam giai dam nhan \'ai tro cua minh tot ban Frequency Valid Dung Sai Total Missing Total Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent 184 77.0 80 80 44 184 193 100 228 95 100 11 4.6 239 100 - > Nhung nhu c^u cua gia dinh, cong dong va xa hoi duac dap ung tot nhai dua tren cac vai tro gidi theo truySn thong Frequency Valid Dung Missing i Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent 81 33,9 36.8 36,8 Sai 139 58,2 63,2 Total 100,0 220 92.1 100,0 19 7,9 239 100,0 Total Do im the bam sinh ciia nam gioi so voi phu nu duong nhien nam gidi co quyen hon phu nu va duong nhien viec noi trg la cua phu nu Frequency Valid Missing Dung 29 Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent 12.1 127 127 Sai 200 83.7 873 100.0 Total 229 958 100 10 42 Total 239 ! 100,0 Phil nu khong the tham gia binh d^ng veri nam giai cac cong xiec ngoai xa hoi vi phu nir le ihuoc lu nhien vao gia chnh Frequency Valid Missing Dung Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent 42 17,6 186 186 Sai 184 77.0 81 100 Total 226 94,6 100.0 Total 13 ' 239 5.4 100.0 Viet Nam co truyen thong ton va de cao vi iri nguai phu nu Frequency Valid Dung Sai Total Missing Total Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent 135 56,5 600 60.0 90 37,7 40.0 100,0 225 94.1 100 14 59 239 100,0 Thirc te hien nay, vi tri giffa nam gidi va phu nu la khac biet nhung binh d k g L j Valid Missing ] Frecfuency Dung Sai Tota/ Total j I 149 80 229 10 239 Percent 62.3 33.5 Valid Percent 65.1 95.8 100.0 Cumulative Percent 65.1 34.9 100.0 4.2 100.0 ' Hien khong eo gi can trc^f phu nir phat trien, phu nu phai trien duac thi cir phat trien, mi6n la ho thu xep duac viec gia dinh ; Frequency Valid Dung Sai Total Missing Total Percent 174 72.8 Valid Percent ; 75.7 56 23.4 24.3 i 230 96,2 Cumulative Percent 75.7 3.8 239 100-0 100.0 100,0 • Phu nu da dii binh dang vai nam giai, neu binh dang ban the thi that bat Igi Valid Missing Total Frequency 49 Percent 205 Valid Percent 21 Cumulative Percent 21.7 Sai 177 74,1 78.3 100,0 Total 226 94,6 100,0 • Dung 13 5,4 239 100,0 Trong xa hoi nguoi dan ong thuc thu co the the hien nhung dac trung "nu tfnh" va nguoi phu nu thuc thu co the the hien nhfmg dac trung "nam tfnh"- la mot dieu lanh manh Quyen lire tap trung vao nam gidi va cong viec noi trgf tap trung vao phu nu ' Frequency ! Valid Dung Sai Total Missing Cumulative Percent Valid Percent 44 : 18,4 19,7 19.7 179 74.9 , 80.3 100.0 223 93.3 Total Percent 16 6,7 239 : 100.0 100,0 J Trong xahpily tuong hau het nhung dac trung ma bay g,6 chung a ^an HOI la nam tinh va "nu tinh" se duoc boc 16 nhu g.ua nam giol va phu m7 Frequency , Valid Missing Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Dung 124 51.9 55,1 Sai 55 101 42.3 Total 44,9 100.0 225 94,1 100,0 14 5,9 239 100.0 Total Trong xa hoi ly luang, nguai dan ong binh thuang nhieu ban so vai hien Frequency , Valid Dung Sai Total Missing Total Percent Valid Percent se lam cong vice noi tnr Cumulative Percent 163 682 73 73 58 243 26 100 221 925 100 18 75 239 1000 Trong xa hoi ly tue!mg, hau bet cac loai cong viec deu co dai dien la 5iyi nam va 50% nu ' Frequency Valid Dung Sai Total Missing Total Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent 156 65,3 70.0 70 67 28,0 30 100.0 223 93,3 100 16 6,7 239 100,0 Do anh hucrng ciia Nho giao nguai Viet Nam co tu tucrng ^Irong nam- khinh nu" Frequency Valid Dung Sai Total Missing Total Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent 179 74.9 80 80 44 184 197 100 223 93,3 100 16 6,7 239 100.0