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Bài viết trình bày quan hệ an ninh, chính trị Việt Nam với Lào; quan hệ an ninh, chính trị Việt Nam với Campuchia; tác động của quan hệ an ninh, chính trị Việt Nam với Lào và Campuchia đối với ba nước và khu vực.
QUAN HE A]\ NENK - CHII^n TRI VIET NAM V d l ^' LAO VA CAMPrCHIA GIAI DOAN 1991 BEM MAY TRAN XUAN HlfiP* he Viet Nam vdi Ldo vd Quan Campuchia tren linh vflc an ninh chinh tri dUdc hinh thdnh, cung cd' va phdt trien tfl rd't sdm, trai qua cdc giai doan lich sfl dflng nfldc vd gifl nfldc, ddc biet thdi ky khdng chie'n chd'ng thflc dan Phdp vd de qudc My xdm lUdc Qua trinh hinh thdnh, phat trien cua mdi quan he dd dUpc bdt ngudn tfl nhflng nhan td' ve dia ly, lich sii, van hda, xd bdi va dflpc tang cUdng bdi chinh sach doi ngoai lang gilng truyin thd'ng tdt dep gifla ba nfldc Ben canh dd, quan he an ninh - chinh tri gifla ba qud'c gia, ddn tpc cdn chiu nhilu tac dpng cua boi canh qudc te vd khu viic TrUdc sii bien ddi nhanh chdng cua tinh hinh the'gidi, xu the toan cdu boa, khu viic hda cdng phat trien, dd ca ba quoc gia deu xem an ninh - chinh tri la linh viic dUdc Uu tien va la moi quan tdm hang ddu quan he ba nUdc Budc vdo the ky XXI, the gidi dang vdn dpng theo nhflng xu hfldng ma nhieu qud'c gia, dac biet la nhflng nfldc di sau nhfl Viet Nam, Ldo vd Campuchia kho cd the cUdng lai nhu todn cdu hod, xd bdi thdng tin, each mang khoa hpc cdng nghe, kinh te tri thflc Thach thflc cua toan cdu hod dien cdng manh me tren ca binh dien quo'c te' ldn khu vflc, bao trum len mpi mat ddi sd'ng chinh tri, kinh te', van hda, xa hdi cua tflng qud'c gia, dan tdc Tren thflc te', xu the da cflc hod chinh tri vd todn cdu hod kinh te' dang ngdy cdng phdt trien Chu nghia ba quyln vdn phdt huy tac dung, vi vdy hdp tdc vd kilm che' ldn da trd thdnh ndt ddc trflng ldn nhd't quan he gifla cac nfldc ldn Dilu dd tac ddng rd't ldn de'n quan he an ninh - chinh tri cua Viet Nam vdi Lao vd Campuchia Ben canh xu hudng hod binh hdp tac, tren linh viic an ninh - chinh tri tren the' gidi vdn cdn tdn tai nhilu nguy cd tilm dn cua chien tranh vd xung dot Cac vd'n de "ndng" tren the' gidi vdn dien hdng ngdy nhu chie'n tranh khu viic, xung dot ton gido, sdc tpc, tranh chd'p bien gidi cung vdi nhflng thdch thflc an ninh phi truyin thd'ng ngdy mdt gia tang sflc dp len cac chu the qud'c gia Chidn tranh lanh ke't thuc da triet tieu nguy cd ddi ddu gifla Ddng - Tay va Ddng Nam A dupc giai phong khdi ganh nang vd moi de doa dd Vd'n dd Campuchia Id mpt vd'n d l phflc tap dd dfldc cpng ddng the gidi vd Viet Nam, Campuchia cung phoi hdp giai quye't thoa dang Thang 10-1991, Hiep •Th.S Khoa KHXH&NV - Dai hoc Duy Tan, Di Ning Quanh^ an ninh - chfnh hi dinh Paris ve Campuchia dUdc ky ke't, md kha nang cdc nU6c Dong DUdng hpi nhdp vdo ASEAN vd the gidi Trong qud trinh ddy sdi dpng cua Dong Nam A, ASEAN da chuyen tfl ASEAN ASEAN 10, tfl mdt td chflc.mang tinh phdng ngfla, cd luc ddi ddu vdi ba nUdc Ddng DUdng da trd mdt cdng ddng hod hdp cung phat trien Tuy nhien, Ddng Nam A ndi chung va ba nUdc Viet Nam, Lao va Campuchia ndi rieng vdn ludn tdn tai nhflng mdm mdng bd't dn Do cd n h i l u ton giao va van hod khdc cung sd'ng xen ke, nen de cd kha ndng xay nhflng cudc ndi ddy, xung dot vdi quy md nhd d nhilu ndi Sfl bdt dn dinh ve xa hpi cung de cd kha nang lam xay nhflng cudc dau tranh d nhiing khu vflc kinh te chdm phat trien nhfl Mianma, Ldo, Philippin, Campuchia O nhieu ndi, dfldng bien gidi chfla dfldc hoach dinh ro rang nen cd kha ndng tdi phdt cupc tranh chd'p lanh thd gifla cac nfldc Tinh trang tranh chd'p d Bien Ddng, nan khung bd^ vd cac thach thflc an ninh phi truyen thd'ng ngdy cdng gia tang manh me Ngoai ra, viec cac nfldc ldn tranh gianh anh hfldng tai khu vflc Ddng Nam A cung dat cac nfldc trfldc nhflng thach thflc nghiem trpng Ta't ca nhiing va'n d l neu tren budc Viet Nam, Lao vd Campuchia cdn cd nhiing chinh sach ddi ngoai dung ddn, ddng thdi phai tiep tuc cd nhflng lien ket chat che quan he an ninh - chinh tri nhdm gifl vflng dn dinh vd phat trien kinh te' - xa hpi cua mdi nfldc Quan he an n i n h - chinh trj Viet Nam vdi Lao Sau gidnh dfldc ddc Idp, cung vdi xu the' hod binh hdp tdc ngdy cdng rpng md quan he qudc te, quan he Viet Nam vdi Lao cung co nhflng cd hpi phat triln v l moi mat Noi bat quan he chinh tri 53 ngoai giao la sfl nha't tri cao gifla hai Dang tren td't ca cac vd'n d l cd ban cua each mang hai nfldc, dfldc danh dd'u bdng nhflng cudc trao ddi thfldng ky hang nam gifla hai Bd chinh tri Tfl nam 1990 trd lai day, cdc nhd lanh dao cd'p cao cua Dang, Nhd nfldc hai nfldc da cd n h i l u chuyen vieng tham ldn nhdm trao ddi kinh nghiem v l cdc linh vflc quan ly nhd nUdc, xdy diing Dang, xdy diing nen kinh te' thi trUdng theo dinh hudng xa hdi chii nghia da tao hieu qua thiet thiic Trong chuyen tham Lao (81992), Tdng Bi thU Do Mudi da tuyen bd khang dinh: "Hai nUdc cdn thiei phdi cung cd chd't lupng vd hiiu qud cua viic hdp tdc hiep udc hdu nghi, dodn ke't ddc biet vd sii hdp tdc todn diin tinh hinh, dieu kien cua hai nUdc vd trin nguyen tdc gid nen dpc lap chu quyen, binh ddng vd cdc ben deu co ldi nhU " (1) Tie'p ndi truyen thd'ng quy bdu dd, nhflng nam gdn day, cac chuyen vieng thdm ldn cua cac nha lanh dao bai Dang, hai Nhd nfldc ngdy cdng dfldc tang cUdng Ndm 2002, Chu tich nUdc Cdng hda Dan chu Nhan dan Lao Khamtay Xinphandon da tham hflu nghi chinh thflc nUdc ta Phdt bieu chuyen tham Viet Nam ldn nay, Chu tich coi dd la minh chflng cho viec that chat quan he Viet - Lao va nhd'n manh: "Chung tdi khdng dinh se tii'p tuc hdp tdc vdi Bdng, Nhd nUdc vd nhdn ddn Viet Nam anh em, ldm hit sdc minh de gid gin vd phdt trien moi quan hi hdu nghi dodn kei ddc biit vd sii hdp tdc todn dien Viet Ldo " (2) Viec lanh dao cd'p cao hai nfldc thfldng xuyen tham vieng cung nhU cac cudc gap thudng xuyen diin cua cdc cd quan Idnh dao hai Dang cdng lam tang cUdng sii hieu bidt, tin cdy ldn nhau, tao sU nhd't tri v l cdc vd'n d l cd ban cua dUdng ldi chie'n lUdc, sdch lUdc cua mdi nUdc ciing nhu cdc vdn d l qudc te quan trpng, ddng 54 thdi nang cao hieu qua cua sii hdp tac hflu nghi Tdng Bi thfl Ndng Dflc Manh (102006), dd k h i n g dinh: "Trong quan hi qudc ti', that hii'm cP mPi quan hi ndo thdm thiei, ben vdng, thuy chung nhU quan he Viet - Ldo trd thdnh moi quan hi mdu mUc sdng, la tdi sdn vP gid cua hai Ddng, hai ddn tpc vd Id quy ludt phdt triin, mpt nhdn to' dam bdo thdng ldi cua sU nghiep xdy diing vd bdo vi TP qudc " (3) Thdng qua cac chuyen thdm da tang cfldng sfl hieu bie't, tin cdy ldn nhau, thuc diy hdp tdc hflu nghi khong ngflng phat trien gifla Viet Nam vd Ldo Dung nhfl ldi phat bieu ciia Thu tUdng Chinh phu Ldo Bua Xdn Bup Pha Vdn nhdn dip ky niem 45 nam thiet Idp quan he ngoai giao gifla haj nUdc (1962-2007): "Ddng, Nhd nUdc vd nhdn ddn Ldo vo cung tU hao nhdn thdy hai nUdc chung ta dd hdp tdc vd phoi hdp chat che linh vUc chinh tri Hai Ddng, hai Nhd nUdc thUdng xuyen trao ddi, gap gd nen da hieu biii vd tin cay sdu sdc Do Id dieu kien thudn ldi de tdng cUdng quan he hdp tdc todn dien, dac biit Id ve an ninh, qudc phong, ngoai giao, kinh te, vdn hod, khoa hgc - ky thuat dat hiiu qud thiet thUc hdn" (4) Ngodi kenh ngoai giao chinh thflc gifla hai Dang, hai Nhd nUdc, quan he ngoai giao Viet Nam - Lao cdn cd sU ddng gdp quan trpng cua kenh ngoai giap nhan ddn Dd la sU hdp tac gifla cdc ngdnh, cac cdp, cdc tinh ke't nghia, cac dia phfldng dpc theo bien gidi, cac cd quan dodn the qudn chung cua nhan dan hai nfldc De dam bao hod binh, hflu nghi va dn dinh ldu ddi, gdp phdn dfla quan he an ninh - chinh tri Viet Nam vdi Lao len bfldc phdt trien mdi thi viec giai quyet vd'n d l hoach dinh vd cdm mdc bien gidi quoc gia Id mdt nhflng nhiem vu quan trpng Rghien curu Lich sJr sd 6.2010 Tfl nhflng nam 90 the ky XX, de tao dilu kien thudn ldi hdn viec dam bao an ninh - chinh tri mdi nUdc cung nhU khu viic trUdc tdc ddng mdi cua boi canh qud'c te vd hodn thien cac quy dinh v l quan ly bien gidi, hai ben da ky ke't Hiep dinh v l quy che bien gidi Viet Nam - Lao ngdy 1-3-1990 vd Nghi dinh thU bd sung Hipp dinh v l quy che' bien gidi Viet Nam - Lao 31-81991 Tfl nam 1991-1997 hai ben da thflc hien cudc hpp thfldng nien gifla hai dodn dai bieu bien gidi Viet - Ldo nhdm ddnh gid, kiem diem cong tdc phdi hpp gifla hai ben qua trinh thflc hien Hiep dinh Tai cudc hpp thudng nien ldn thfl VII td chflc tai Hue (27-31/8/1997), hai ben da ky Nghi dinh thfl sfla ddi vd bd sung Hiep dinh v l quy che bien gidi qud'c gia Viet Nam - Lao ngdy 1-3-1990 Tai Dilu cua Nghi dinh da ghi ro: "Hai ben ky ke't co bien phdp kien quyei ngdn chdn mgi hdnh dpng khPng cho phep ben ndo tiin xdy dUng them bdt cd cong trinh gi phg.m vi 100 (mpt trdm) met cdch dUdng bien gidi ve moi bin Ne'u bin ndo co nhu cdu xdy dUng pham vi noi tren, phdi thdng bdo vd trao doi trUdc vdi phia ben tren cd sd ton trgng chu quyen, ldi ich cua nhau, phu hdp vdi cdc diiu kien vd hodn cdnh thiic te'' (5) Ddng chu y, tfl nam 1995 den 2003 hai ben da phdi hdp xdy dflng ban dd ky thuat sd' hien dai v l dfldng bien gidi qud'c gia Viet Lao ty le 1/50.000 phuc vu cho cdng tac quan ly bien gidi Day Id mdt viec lam cd y nghia an ninh - chinh tri het sflc to ldn, gdp phdn Cling cd' mdi quan he hflu nghi ddc biet Viet - Ldo Tfl cfla k h I u chinh theo Hiep dinh quy che' bien gidi ky nam 1990, de'n nam 2007 hai ben da phdi hdp md ndng cd'p dfldc cfla k h I u qud'c te, cfla khdu chinh vd 14 ciia khdu phu, dap flng nhu cdu giao Iflu qua lai bien gidi gifla hai nfldc vd phuc vu tich cUc cho cdng cupc phat Quan M an ninh - chfnh tn 55 6-2002, Chu nhiem tdng cue chinh tri quan dpi Ldo tham Viet Nam Ddng thdi hai chinh phu, hai bp quoc phdng, an ninh da ky ke't nhilu Hiep dinh, Nghi dinh thU dd cd npi dung v l an ninh qud'c phdng Tfl 1991 den 2001, hang nam Lao gid sang Viet Nam bdi dUdng vd dao tao khoang 120-150 can bd cac ngdnh, cdc cd'p Hien dang cd cdc nghien cflu sinh, hpc vien cao hpc quan sii, chinh tri, hdu cdn Ldo dang hpc tap tai Viet Nam Hien nay, Viet Nam giup Ldo ddo tao cdn bp cdc nganh (khoang 600 ngUdi/ndm) chie'm khoang 60% tdng sd' vien trd khdng hodn lai cua Viet Nam cho Lao Trong hdp tac chd'ng budn ldu vd cdng tdc hai quan, tfl 1996 de'n 1997, cac ddn vi bien phdng hai ben dd phdt hien 42 vu bat gifl 62 ddi tUdng, thu 9,05 kg V l hdp tdc ddi phd vdi nhflng thdch thflc thud'c phien; 1,4 kg herdin, 135 k h I u sung an ninh phi truyin thd'ng gifla hai nfldc qudn dung va 1437 vien dan cdc loai Tai Viet - Lao vdn ludn la vd'n d l quan trpng vd Hdi nghi lan thfl V v l hdp tdc phdng chd'ng CO y nghia chien Ifldc, ddc biet la thdi ma gifla Lao - Viet Nam - Campuchia ky ddi mdi va xay dflng chu nghia xa hdi ngdy 23-8-2005 d Vieng Chan, Bd trfldng cua ca hai nUdc Linh vflc hdp tdc ndy da Xu Ban Xa Rit Thi Lat vd ThUdng tfldng Le dap flng yeu cdu gifl vflng dn dinh chinh tri The' Tiem da ky bien ban hpi nghi song vd an ninh qud'c gia, tao dilu kien thudn ldi phUdng lan thfl v l kiem sodt ma tuy, chd't de phdt trien kinh te, gdp phdn gifl vflng hfldng thdn vd tien chdt ma gifla Uy hod binh, dn dinh, hdp tdc vd phdt trien ban Qud'c gia kiem soat va quan ly ma cua mdi nfldc va cua ca khu vflc Trong giai Ldo va Uy ban Qud'c gia phdng chd'ng AIDS doan 1991 - 2007, Viet Nam vd Ldo da phdi vd phdng chd'ng te nan ma tuy, mai dam hdp cd hieu qua viec ban che vd triet Viet Nam tieu nhflng thach thflc an ninh phi truyin thd'ng cdng gia tang nhfl chd'ng budn Ben canh dd, Viet Nam vd Ldo cdn phdi lau, ma tuy, budn ngfldi, tdi pham xuyen hdp nhip nhdng viec giai quye't cac qudc gia, chd'ng mpi am mUu "diin bien boa vd'n d l ldi ich hai nUdc quan he vdi binh" cua cac the' lUc phan ddng Hai ben khu viic va quoc td, nhd't la viec dUa thudng xuyen td chflc cac cudc gap gd trao nhilu ke hoach bien phap td chflc hdi ddi kinh nghiem nhdm dd chu trUdng nghi, hdi thao bdn v l Hanh lanh Ddng dudng ldl va dinh hUdng hpp tac Chang Tdy, Tam giac phat trien, phoi hdp ban, thdng 2-2001 Bd trUdng qud'c phdng Tieu vung song Me Kong md giai doan vd thang 5-2001, Bp trUdng cdng an Viet mdi hfldng tdi xay diing cdng ddng ASEAN Nam tham Ldo Thdng 6-2001, Bd trUdng vao nam 2015 Sii phdi hdp cua nganh ddi qud'c phdng Ldo Duong Chay Chi, va thang ngoai hai nUdc da tao cd hpi ldn de mdi trien kinh te - xa hdi, cung cd' toan dien quan he an ninh - chinh tri gifla hai nUdc cung nhu cac dia phUdng dpc hai ben bien gidi Ddnh gia nhflng thdnh tiiu dat dfldc qua trinh phan gidi vd cdm mdc dfldng bien gidi Viet Nam - Ldo, dodn dai bidu chinh phu hai nUdc da neu ro: "Hai ben rdt vui miing nhdn thdy rdng, qud trinh phdn vg.ch cu thedudng biin gidi tren thUc dia, nhving trUdng hdp kho khdn lich sd delai, dia hinh riing nui hiem trd gdy ra, deu dUdc gidi quyit tdt trin cd sd hodn todn nhdt tri, ton trgng ldn nhau, vda ddm bdo nguyin tdc, vda dam bdo hdu nghi, dam dd tinh nghia anh em, vi ldi ich cua mdi quan hi dac hiit Viet Nam - Ldo" (6) 56 nUdc cd the tham gia cdng sau rdng hdn vdo quan he qud'c td, tao ddng liic de Viet Nam vdi Ldo cung tham gia tich cUc vd chu ddng hdn nfla tai cdc dien ddn qud'c te vd khu vflc; gdp phdn ndng cao vi the, vai trd vd uy tin cua mdi nfldc tren the gidi, gdp phdn vdo sfl nghiep hod binh, hflu nghi vd phdt trien dang la xu the chung cua thdi dai Q u a n h e a n n i n h - c h i n h t r i Viet N a m vdi C a m p u c h i a Trong qud trinh phdt trien, ddc biet giai doan tfl 1991 de'n 2007, mdi quan he an ninh - chinh tri gifla hai nfldc cang dfldc md rdng vd that chat Hai ben da thflc hien nhilu chuyen tham vieng lan Dac biet, chuyen tham cua Td'ng Bi thfl Dang Cdng san Viet Nam Le Kha Phieu vao thang 6-1999 la mdc son md mdt giai doan mdi quan he gifla hai nfldc vdi phUdng chdm 16 chfl vdng "Hdp tdc Idng gieng tdt dep, dodn ket hdu nghi truyen thdng, Pn dinh ldu ddi" ldm dinh hudng cho quan he hai nUde the ky XXI Viet Nam dd tang cUdng quan he td't dep vdi cdc dang phai, to chflc chinh tri, xa hpi cua Campuchia nhdm the hien ro thien chi cua Viet Nam, gop phdn diy liii cac the liic thu dich chd'ng Viet Nam Trong nhflng nam qua, cdc cupc gap g6, trao ddi cd'p cao dfldc tang cudng; cdc dodn di tham, trao ddi lam viec d cac bp, nganh, doan the qudn chung va cac dia phUdng hai nUdc, nhd't Id cac tinh cd chung bien gidi ngdy cang tang, gop phan tang cUdng mdi quan he ngdy cdng sdu sdc, chan thdnh vd gdn bd gifla Viet Nam va Campuchia Dfla tren nIn tang quan he hflu nghi td^t dep sdn cd, Chinh phu hai nUdc dd vd dang nd liic tao mpi dieu kien thuan ldi de cung bao ve va xay diing dd't nUdc, vi sii thinh vUdng chung cua mdi nUdc va cua ca khu vUc Rghien curu Lich siSr sd 6.2010 Ddng Nam A Phd Thu tudng kiem Bd trudng ngoai giao Pham Gia Khiem da nhd'n manh: " Chung ta khdng dinh quyei tdm khdng ngUng tdng cUdng vd phdt trien manh me hdn nda quan hi hdu nghi truyen thdng vd hdp tdc todn diin Viet Nam Campuchia, ddp dng nguyin vgng vd ldi ich cua nhdn ddn hai nUdc, gop phdn tich cUc vdo hod binh dn dinh, hdp tdc vd phdt trien dkhu vUc vd trin thi'gidi" (7) V l vd'n d l bien gidi lanh thd: Id hai qud'c gia lang gilng cd lich s^ quan he tfl ldu ddi, Viet Nam vd Campuchia cd chung dfldng bien gidi tren dd't lien ddi 1.137 km Do dd, vd'n d l bien gidi ludn dfldc hai ben quan tdm vd tao mpi dilu kien de giai quye't dn thoa Trong thdi gian qua, Viet Nam va Campuchia da tflng bfldc dat vdn d l cai thien mdi quan he v l bien gidi lanh thd Ngay 17-1-1995, hai ben da ky thdng cao bao chi Viet Nam - Campuchia, tai Dilu cd ghi r5: "Hai ben thod thudn chd ddi gidi quyei nhdng van de cdn ton tg,i vi bien gidi thi tri sU qudn ly hien khong thay doi, xe dich cdc cpt mdc bien gidi, gido due khdng cte nhdn ddn xdm canh, xdm cU vd hdp tdc gid gin trdt tU an ninh biin gidi" (8) Tren da phdt trien mdi quan he hai nUdc, 10-10-2005 tai Ha Ndi, Thu tudng Phan Van Khai vd Thu tudng Hun Xen thay mat chinh phu hai nudc da ky Hipp Udc bd sung Hiep Udc hoach dinh bien gidi qud'c gia ndm 1985 nhdm di tdi hodn thien vdn ban phdp quy v l bien gidi Viec Hiep Udc bd sung di vdo thiic t i i n da tao dieu kien khdi dpng lai qua trinh phan gidi cdm mdc bi gian doan gdn 20 nam qua, gdp phdn tang cUdng quan he an ninh - chinh tri Viet Nam vdi Campchia Nhflng nd liic cua hai ben da budc ddu dUa den nhflng ket qua td't dep, 27-9-2006, cot md^c 171 ddu tien dupc cdm tai cua khIu 9uan hg an ninh - chfnh tri Mdc Bai - Ba Vet Phat bieu tai budi le khanh thanh, Thu tUdng Nguyen Ta'n Dung nha'n manh: "Viec khdnh thdnh cpt moc cda khdu quo'c ti'Mpc Bdi - Bd Vet sau chUa ddy mpt ndm ke td Viet Nam vd Campuchia ky hiep Udc bd sung Hiep Udc hoach dinh biin gidi ndm 1985 the hien nd lUc cua hai ben viic cu thi hod Hiep udc bo sung" (9) Binh luan sfl kien ndy, ddi truyin hinh Apsara ciia Campuchia cung da nhd'n manh: " Viec cdm mdc bien gidi la mpt minh chdng hon cho thdnh qud hdp tdc to ldn gida hai chinh phu Viet Nam vd Campuchia viic gidi quyei vdn di biin gidi chung vd dUdc dU ludn vd ngodi nUdc ddnh gid cao" (10) Ddy la sfl kien dac biet quan trpng md thdi ky hdp tdc va phat trien nhanh chdng viec giai quyet ro rdng bien gidi gifla hai nfldc, tao dilu kien phap ly tren thflc tiin cho hdp tac, dn dinh, hod binh vd phdt trien khu viic Hai ben quye't tdm hoan thdnh viec cdm 100 cdt mdc nam 2007 Rieng v l bien gidi bien, hai ben da thd'ng nha't tie'n hanh dam phan giai quye't nhflng quan diem hai ben chfla tim dUdc tieng ndi chung Dilu gay nhilu khd khan, thdch thflc vdi hai nfldc thiic hien quan ly bien gidi tren bien, cung nhU cdng tdc phdng chd'ng tdi pham budn ldu, budn ban ma tuy, nan vUdt bien trai phdp, danh bat thuy hai san V l vd'n d l ngUdi Viet Nam tai Campuchia: NgUdi Viet Nam sang dinh cU tai Campuchia tfl rat lau ddi vd hp dd trd thdnh nhflng cdng dan Campuchia thflc sfl, ddng gdp vdo qua trinh xdy dflng vd phdt trien ciia dd't nfldc Chua Thdp Tuy nhien, tinh hinh chinh tri tai Campuchia lai cd anh hudng rd't ldn den ddi sd'ng cua Viet kilu cung nhu tac dpng khdng nhd den mdi quan he an ninh - chinh tri gifla hai nUdc 57 Trong tinh hinh ddi mdi dd't nUdc nhflng nam gdn day, bdi canh mdi quan he hai nfldc dang dien mdt cdch td't dep Dac biet Id sau cac chuyen di tham ldn cua lanh dao cao ca'p hai Nhd nfldc, hai Chinh phii Viet Nam va Campuchia, cudc sd'ng cua cdng ddng ngfldi Viet da cd nhflng thay ddi, ngdy cang td't dep hdn Ngdy 24-3-2003, Bd ndi vu Campuchia da cho phdp Idp 19/24 chi hdi Viet kilu ca nUdc, tao dieu kien phdp ly thudn ldi de Viet kieu hoat ddng hdp phap vd sinh sd'ng Tao khdng gian cdi md cho mdi quan he hai nUdc tie'p tuc di sau giai quye't vdn d l ndy Vdi t r u y i n thd'ng dodn ke't va sii tin tudng ldn nhau, qua trinh di len mdi quan he hai nUde se gdp phdn to ldn giai quye't td't dep vd'n d l Viet kilu tai dd't nUdc Campuchia, dUa quan he an ninh - chinh tri hai nUdc tien them mdt bUdc dai Nhu ldi phdt bieu cua Phd Chu nhiem Uy ban ve ngUdi Viet Nam d nUdc ngoai Trdn Quang Hoan da ndi: "Diiu quan trgng nhdt la bdn thdn cpng dPng cua chung ta d Campuchia tdng cUdng tinh thdn tU lap vUdn lin, gdn bo hP trd ldn nhau, thiic sU hod nhap vdi cU ddn vd tPn trgng ludt phdp nUdc sd tgi vd ddc biit ludn hUdng vi que hUdng" (11) Trong vd'n d l hdp tdc ddi phd vdi nhiing thach thflc an ninh phi truyen thdiig gifla hai nfldc cung dat dflpc nhilu thdnh tflu dang ke Viet Nam vd Campuchia da cd nhflng hpp tac chat che nhdm ddi phd vdi nhflng thdch thflc an ninh phi truyen thd'ng cdng ndi trdi Hai ben tiep tuc tdng cfldng hdp tdc cac linh vflc trao ddi thdng tin, kinh nghiem, dao tao phdi hpp bao ve bien gidi, ngan chan sU xdm nhdp vd phd hoai cua cdc the liic thu dich, chd'ng am mUu dien bien hod binh, phdng chong toi pham, chd'ng khung bd^ Ngdy 58 14-3-1997, Hipp diiih gifla Bd ndi vu VUdng qud'c Campuchia va Bd ndi vu nUdc Cdng hda Xa hdi Chu nghia Viet Nam v l hdp tac phdng chd'ng tdi pham da dupc ky ket Day la sU kien md ddu quan hd an ninh gifla hai nfldc Sau n h i l u bien phdp tich cflc cila ca hai ben giai quyet vdn d l thach thflc an ninh phi t r u y i n thd'ng, ngdy 10-10-2005, Chinh phu hai nfldc dd ky Hipp dinh hdp tac song phfldng nhdm loai trfl tdi pham budn ban phu nfl, tre em vd giup dd nan nhan bi budn bdn Sau nam thflc hien Hiep dinh song phfldng Viet Nam Campuchia, hai ben da phat hien 95 vu vdi hdn 300 ddi tfldng cd hanh vi Ifla ban 331 phu nfl, tre em qua 10 tinh bien gidi phia Nam Qua hdp tac dilu tra, cdc cd quan chflc nang Viet Nam - Campuchia kham pha 75 vu, bat 240 ddi tfldng, giai cflu 38 nan nhan, tie'p nhan, hd trd tai boa nhap cdng ddng 215 phu nfl, tre em hi budn ban trd v l Viet Nam (12) Mdt khdc, Viet Nam va Campuchia luon cd cdc cudc tie'p xuc, thdng bao tinh hinh tdi pham ma cua mdi nfldc, trao ddi kinh nghiem v l kiem soat ma tuy, nhd't la cdng tdc cai nghien, thd'ng nhd't tang cfldng hdn nfla viec phdi hdp phdng, chd'ng ma gifla hai nfldc Ddng thdi, hai ben cdn tang cfldng kha nang hdp tac dao tao, budn luyen cho cac Iflc Ifldng phdng chdiig ma ciia hai nfldc Viet Nam cung vdi Campuchia phdi hdp Lao da td chflc cdc hdi nghi v l hdp tac phdng chd'ng ma gifla ba nfldc Tai hdi nghi ldn thfl V td chflc d Vieng Chdn (2005), ba nfldc da thdng cao chung, dd nhd'n manh cdn tang cfldng hdn nfla boat ddng hdp tdc phdng chd'ng ma tfl cd'p trung Udng den cd'p tinh vd huyen cd chung dudng bien gidi Hpi nghi khang dinh lai cac cam ket chinh tri manh me va r5 rang cua ba chinh phu v l viec giai quyet vd'n de ma cung nhU nhflng nd liic ldn Rghien curu Lich sJr sd 6.2010 lao va sfl ddng gdp tich cflc da dat dfldc boat ddng kiem soat cha't kich thich Amphetamin (ATS) thdng qua cac cd che hdp tac song phfldng, tieu vung, khu vflc vd qudc td phdng chd'ng ma (13) Viet Nam vd Campuchia cdn cd nhflng phdi hdp quan trpng de tao dilu kien cho phdt trien, dac biet hai ben da thd'ng nhd't viec ddy manh tuyen truyin vd ngan chan nhflng am mflu pha hoai sfl nghiep xdy dflng ddt nfldc cua mdi ben, ddp tan mpi hdnh ddng tinh todn ngdy cdng thdm hiem cua cdc the Iflc thu dich vd ngoai nfldc Tac dpng cua quan he an ninh • chinh tri Viet N a m vdi Lao va Campuchia dd'i vdi ba nifdc v a khu vflc Nhflng tUu v l an ninh - chinh tri cua rieng mdi nUdc, ciing nhU nhflng thdnh tUu cd dupc het sflc ldn lao cua sfl hdp tac an ninh - chinh tri md ba nfldc da tao thdi gian qua da cung cd' them tinh doan ket t r u y i n thdng cua ba dan tdc; ddng thdi gdp phdn danh bai mpi am mflu pha hoai sU nghiep xay diing da't nUdc ciia cac the Iflc thu dich vd ngodi nfldc, nang cao uy tin va vi the ciia mdi qud'c gia tren trfldng qud'c te' Sii phdi hdp nhip nhdng quan he an ninh - chinh tri tao dilu kien het sflc thudn ldi cho qua trinh giao Iflu hdp tac kinh te dfldc thdng sud't; an ninh bien gidi dflpc cd ban gifl vflng, cac cudc vieng tham ldn da lam cho nhan ddn ba nfldc hieu hdn Tren n I n tang dd, cdc vd'n dd lich sfl de lai gifla ba nUdc cung ddn ddn dUdc thao gd; nha't Id vd'n d l ve bien gidi, vd'n de Viet kilu tai Campuchia va Khdme Nam Bp gifla Viet Nam va Campuchia dfldc hai ben tflng bfldc giai quydt vd dat dfldc nhflng thdnh tflu dang kd Ddng thdi, sfl hdp tac va ung hd ldn ve mdt an ninh - chinh tri Quan M an ninh - chfnh hi thdi gian ndy gop phdn to ldn vao cdng cudc bao ve, xay diing vd ddi mdi cua mdi nUdc, cung nhu cung cd' nen hda binh vd phat trien cua khu viic Dong Nam A Hdp tdc an ninh- chinh tri giai doan gifla gifla Viet Nam vdi ldo vd Campuchia cd nhflng ndt mdi sU thay ddi ciia tinh hinh khu viic va the gidi Hdp tdc an ninh chinh tri ba nUdc tap trung vao viec dn dinh xd hdi, ddy liii nhflng nguy cd xam hai den ndn an ninh qud'c gia, hdp tac an ninh chinh tri gdn liln vdi hdp tac kinh te, van hda, xa hpi, an ninh - chinh tri gdn lien vdi phdt trien dd't nfldc va ngfldi Thanh tUu hdp tdc an ninh - chinh tri gifla ba nfldc ngdy cdng md rdng va di vdo chieu sdu; nhflng chuyen tham vieng trao ddi ldn da that chat hdn nfla quan he nhdn dan ba nUdc, tao khdng cdi md de ba nUdc di de'n giai quye't triet de nhiing vd'n d l cdn vUdng mdc quan he Mat khac, cdn nhdm ddi phd hieu qua vdi nhflng thach thflc an ninh phi t r u y i n thd'ng cang gia tang tren dien rpng 59 nghiep phdt trien cua bdt cd quo'c gia ndo tren the gidi" (14) Ngdy 26-11-2006, cudc hpp ldn hai gifla Thu tfldng ba nfldc tai Viet Nam da tdp trung vdo viec thda thudn phUdng hudng, bien phap cu the viec trien khai chUdng trinh "Tam giac phdt trien Viet Nam - Lao - Campuchia" tren cd sd ke't hdp nhflng tilm ndng Id ldi the' s i n cd cua mdi nfldc nhdm dUa tinh thudc khu viic bien gidi ba nUdc, vd'n ngheo nan, chdm phat trien, dan tri th^p va cd tinh hinh an ninh vd cung phflc tap mdt khu vflc phdt trien b i n vflng Trong Tuyen bd' chung dUa tai cudc hpp cao cdp Thu tudng ba nUdc (4-5/12/2006), da mdt ldn nfla k h i n g dinh: "Viic xdy dUng thdnh cPng Tam gidc phdt trien khong chi la bdng chdng thiet thiic minh chdng cho no lUc cua ba nUdc Campuchia, Ldo vd Viet Nam viic vun ddp, tdng cUdng quan he hdp tdc, hdu nghi vd dodn ke't truyin tho'ng gida ba nUdc, md cdn dong gop tich cUc cung cd hda binh, dn dinh, hpi nhdp vd phdt trien Tieu viing Me KPng vd khu vUc" (15) Cho den nay, Tam giac phdt trien da thflc sfl di vdo cdc boat ddng thflc tiin Vdi viec hinh tam gidc phdt trien, ba nfldc Viet Nam, Ldo vd Campuchia mpt mat tang cfldng hdp tac vdi nhau, mat khdc tang cfldng hdp tdc vdi cac nfldc khu vflc Bieu hien cua nd la viec phdt trien tfl giac phat trien Viet Nam - Ldo Campuchia - Myanma (CLMV); hdp tac kinh te' ba ddng sdng Ayeyawady Chaophraya - Me Kdng (ACMECS); hpp tac kinh te' tieu vung sdng Me Kdng (GMS) Tren cd sd dd, qud trinh hdp tac vd lien kdt khu viic khdng ngflng dfldc d i y manh Trong giai doan hien nay, Viet Nam vdi Lao vd Campuchia d i u nhd'n manh den hai nhiem vu xay dflng va bao ve td qud'c, vi the phat trien kinh td cdng phai gdn vdi ndng cao hieu qua cua hdp tac an ninh - chinh tri, dd Id dieu k h i n g dinh dflt khodt mdi quan he toan dien gifla ba nfldc Vdo thang 10-1999, Thu tfldng Viet Nam - Lao Campuchia da gdp ldn ddu tien tai Vieng Chan de cung dfla y tudng chung la hinh mdt 'Tam giac phat trien" gifla ba nUdc "Tam gidc phat trien" chinh la mdt budc phat trien mdi quan he hdp tac toan dien gifla ba nfldc; "la mpt chUdng trinh hdp tdc vi an ninh, qudc Ngdy nay, hdp tdc an ninh - chinh tri phong CO y nghia rdt ldn vdi sU phdt trien gifla Viet Nam vdi Lao vd Campuchia dang cua ba nUdc vi sU on dinh ve an ninh, quo'c gdp phdn cung vdi ASEAN tie'n tdi sii phat phong la ddi hoi cdp thiet nhd't doi vdi sii trien hai hda va ben vflng gifla kinh td, mdi 60 Rghien curu Lich sJr sd 6.2010 trfldng va xa hdi dfla tren tflng ddc trflng mdi nfldc Sfl t h i n g ldi quan he an ninh - chinh tri gifla ba dan tdc ndi chung, cung nhfl sfl t h i n g ldi quan he an ninh - chinh tri cua cac vien ASEAN ndi rieng vdi da tao nen n I n tang sflc manh an ninh toan dien, tflng bfldc dfla Ddng Nam A trd thdnh "mdi nhd chung" vdi ddy du y nghia cua nd Cd the ndi, hdn 15 ndm qua, quan he Viet Nam vdi Lao va Campuchia tren linh vflc an ninh - chinh tri dd dat dfldc n h i l u tflu quan trpng, gdp phdn vdo dn dinh vd phat trien cua moi qud'c gia, dan tdc, khu vflc, cung cd' vd tang cfldng hdn nfla mdi quan he todn dien gifla ba nfldc Tuy nhien, ben canh nhflng tUu dat dupc, quan he an ninh - chinh tri gifla Viet CHU Nam vdi Ldo vd Campuchia phai ddi mdt vdi nhilu kho khan, thach thflc, nhd't Id nhflng vdn d l lich sii de lai gifla ba nfldc, nhflng thach thflc an ninh phi truyin thd'ng ngdy cang gia tang manh me De tao dilu kien thuan ldi giai quyet nhiing va'n d l neu tren, Viet Nam vdi Ldo va Campuchia cdn phoi hdp thflc hien cdc bien phap hflu hieu, chu trpng vdo viec giao Iflu, trao ddi gifla nhdn dan ba nfldc, tdng cfldng hdp tac cac td chflc khu vflc va qud'c te Cac ben da thflc hien nghiem chinh nguyen t i c binh ding, hflu nghi quan he ba nfldc; tdn trpng dpc Idp, chu quyln va toan ven lanh thd, khdng can thiep vdo cdng viec ndi bp cua nhau, phdn dd'u vi sfl phdn vinh cua mdi nUdc, khu vUc vd the' gidi THICH (1) Khamsene Phammaseng (2002), "Quan hp Lao - Vipt Nam ve mat chfnh tri ngoai giao", TTKHXHNV Qudc gia, Tp Vinh, tr (2) Bao Nhdn ddn, ngky 15-5-2002 (3) BkoNhdn ddn, ngky 12-10-2006 (4) Phat bieu cila Thii tfldng Chfnh phil Lao Bua Xdn Bup Pha Van (2007), Dac san cua Bdo the gidi vd Viet Nam, tr 12 (5) Gidi thipu cac van ban phap ly lien quan de'n bien gidi va lanh thd', Tap chf Bien gidi vd Lanh thd, so'4/1999, tr 50 (6) Dang Qudc Tuin, "Hpp tac Vipt Nam - Lao vipc giai quye't van de bien gidi, lanh thd'*', Vipn Nghien cflu Ddng Nam A, Ha Npi, 2007, tr, 4-5 (7) Pham Gia Khiem (2007), "Trien vpng td't dpp cua quan hp hflu nghi truyen thd'ng va hpp tac toan dipn Vipt Nam - Campuchia", Dac san cila Bdo The gidi vd Viet Nam (8) Tap chf Bien gidi va Lanh thd', sd' 7/2003, tr (9).http://viptnamnet.vn/chinhtri/2006/12/6 47504/ "Khanh cpt moc quo'c te Mdc Bai - Ba Vet" (10) http://www.mofa.gov.vn/vi/nr "Cim moc bien gidi Vipt Nam - Campuchia la sfl kien lich sil" (11) "Ngfldi Vipt Nam long lang gieng" (2007), Ky nipm 40 nam thiet lap quan hp ngopi giao Vipt Nam - Campuchia, D^c san cila Bdo The gidi vd Viet Nam, tr 43 (12) http://www.tin 247.com/Vietnam Campuchia-hop-tac-chong-buon-nguoi621348865.html "Vipt Nam- Campuchia hpp tac chong budn ngudi" (13).http://www.mofa.gov.vn/vi/nr04080710 4143/nr04087105001/ns05082414494/view "Vipt Nam - Lao - Campuchia that chat hpp tac chd'ng ma tuy" (14) Nguyin Kim Lan, "Hpp tac quoc phdng - mpt linh vflc cd y nghia quan trpng quan hp hpp tac toan dipn va dac bipt Vipt Nam - Lao", Hpc vien Quan hp quoc te Ha Npi, 2002, tr 23 (15) BkoNhdn ddn, ngky 6-12-2006 ... ldi quan he an ninh - chinh tri gifla ba dan tdc ndi chung, cung nhfl sfl t h i n g ldi quan he an ninh - chinh tri cua cac vien ASEAN ndi rieng vdi da tao nen n I n tang sflc manh an ninh toan... ngopi giao Vipt Nam - Campuchia, D^c san cila Bdo The gidi vd Viet Nam, tr 43 (12) http://www.tin 247.com/Vietnam Campuchia- hop-tac-chong-buon-nguoi621348865.html "Vipt Nam- Campuchia hpp tac... l an ninh qud'c phdng Tfl 1991 den 2001, hang nam Lao gid sang Viet Nam bdi dUdng vd dao tao khoang 12 0-1 50 can bd cac ngdnh, cdc cd'p Hien dang cd cdc nghien cflu sinh, hpc vien cao hpc quan