Quan Hệ An Ninh - Chính Trị Nhật Bản - Mỹ (1874-1931)

Header Page of 126 B GIO DC V O TO TRNG I HC S PHM H NI HONG TH HI YN QUAN Hệ AN NINH - CHíNH TRị NHậT BảN - Mỹ (1874 - 1931) LUN N TIN S LCH S H NI - 2013 Footer Page of 126 Header Page of 126 B GIO DC V O TO TRNG I HC S PHM H NI HONG TH HI YN QUAN Hệ AN NINH - CHíNH TRị NHậT BảN - Mỹ (1874 - 1931) Chuyờn ngnh: Lch s th gii Mó s: 62.22.03.11 LUN N TIN S LCH S NGI HNG DN KHOA HC: GS.TS Thanh Bỡnh PGS.TS Nguyn Th Hnh H NI - 2013 Footer Page of 126 Header Page of 126 LI CAM OAN Tụi xin cam oan bn lun ỏn ny l cụng trỡnh nghiờn cu ca riờng tụi Cỏc kt qu nghiờn cu c cụng b lun ỏn cha tng c cụng b mt cụng trỡnh no khỏc TC GI LUN N Hong Th Hi Yn Footer Page of 126 Header Page of 126 MC LC Trang M U 1 Lý chn ti i tng, phm vi v nhim v nghiờn cu Cỏc ngun ti liu Phng phỏp nghiờn cu 5 úng gúp ca lun ỏn B cc ca lun ỏn Chng 1: TNG QUAN LCH S NGHIấN CU VN 1.1 Nhng cụng trỡnh nghiờn cu liờn quan n ti 1.2 Nhng lun ỏn trung gii quyt 19 Chng 2: QUAN H AN NINH - CHNH TR NHT BN - M GIAI ON 1874 - 1905 20 2.1 Nhng nhõn t tỏc ng n quan h an ninh - chớnh tr Nht - M (1874 -1905) 20 2.2 Quan h Nht - M trờn lnh vc an ninh - chớnh tr giai on 1874 - 1905 39 Chng 3: QUAN H AN NINH - CHNH TR NHT BN - M GIAI ON 1905 - 1931 63 3.1 Nhng nhõn t tỏc ng ti s thay i quan h an ninh - chớnh tr Nht - M (1905 - 1931) 63 3.2 Quan h Nht - M trờn lnh vc an ninh - chớnh tr giai on 1905 - 1931 78 Chng 4: MT S NHN XẫT V QUAN H AN NINH - CHNH TR NHT BN - M (1874 1931) 113 4.1 c im ca quan h an ninh - chớnh tr Nht - M giai on 1874 - 1931 113 4.2 V trớ ca quan h an ninh - chớnh tr Nht - M giai on 1874 - 1931 lch s quan h Nht - M 131 4.3 Tỏc ng ca quan h an ninh - chớnh tr Nht - M (1874 - 1931) 136 KT LUN 145 DANH MC CễNG TRèNH CA TC GI CễNG B 150 151 PH LC 162 Footer Page of 126 Header Page of 126 M U Lý chn ti Vit Nam, quan h an ninh - chớnh tr Nht - M núi chung luụn thu hỳt s quan tõm nghiờn cu ca khỏ nhiu hc gi, nhng riờng giai on 1874 - 1931 dng nh l mt khong trng Cú th núi õy va l giai on bn l ca mi quan h, va l ngng ca ca th k mi, nờn cú rt nhiu din ó nh hỡnh cho quan h Nht - M n tn ngy Do ú, trin khai nghiờn cu quan h an ninh - chớnh tr Nht - M (1874-1931) mang c ý ngha khoa hc ln thc tin 1.1 Vic i sõu tỡm hiu v bi cnh, nhng nhõn t tỏc ng n s hỡnh thnh, phỏt trin quan h an ninh - chớnh tr Nht - M (1874 - 1931), c im v tỏc ng ca mi quan h ny i vi bn thõn hai ch th cng nh tỡnh hỡnh chớnh tr v xu th quan h quc t khu vc chõu -Thỏi Bỡnh Dng khụng ch cú ý ngha tớch cc vic kho cu m cũn gúp phn hiu hn lch s quan h hai nc cng nh lch s quan h quc t 1.2 Nghiờn cu quan h an ninh - chớnh tr Nht - M (1874 - 1931) giỳp hiu thờm v lch s Nht Bn, c bit l cỏch la chn i tỏc, ng hng phỏt trin, cỏch tip cn v ho nhp vi th gii ca ngi Nht Bn hiu hn v ng m dõn tc Nht Bn ó v ang i ng thi lm sỏng t hn lch s nc M, tm nhỡn chin lc, cỏch tip cn th gii, hiu thờm ng i rt riờng ca nc M vic tỡm kim v khng nh quyn lc trờn th gii 1.3 Trong lch s quan h quc t thi cn - hin i, quan h Nht - M l mt s nhng cp quan h ch cht v úng vai trũ quan trng Lch s quan h hai nc c hỡnh thnh t khỏ sm, nhng giai on 1874 -1931 gi vai trũ c bit õy l thi k din nhng bin c lch s to ln trờn cỏc phng din kinh t, chớnh tr, xó hi ca hai nc Nht Bn v M Ch vũng gn mt th k (1854 1951), quan h Nht Bn - M ó liờn tc chuyn bin qua nhiu mc khỏc nhau, t ph thuc chuyn sang ng minh, t i th cnh tranh chuyn sang k thự v cui cựng li tr thnh ng minh ca Vic ch cht kt dớnh mi quan h ny, nguyờn nhõn dn n s thay i tớnh cht ca mi quan h, lý khin hai quc gia sau nhiu bin c ln thy cn cú v l ng minh chin lc ca cng l iu cn thit bi cnh th gii cú nhiu bin ng phc Footer Page of 126 Header Page of 126 1.4 Tỡm hiu quan h an ninh - chớnh tr Nht - M giai on 1874-1931 l c s hiu v lý gii v quan h Nht - M hin ti Cho n thi im ny, quan h Nht - M l cp quan h c bit, cú ý ngha quan trng i vi bn thõn hai nc v nh hng mnh m n quan h quc t khu vc chõu - Thỏi Bỡnh Dng Trong bi cnh M quyt nh chuyn hng trng tõm chin lc sang khu vc chõu - Thỏi Bỡnh Dng nhng thp niờn u th k XXI, Nht Bn v M phi i phú vi cuc khng hong kinh t bt u t nm 2008, s tri dy ca Trung Quc cng nh nhng din bin phc ca mụi trng an ninh chõu Thỏi Bỡnh Dng ó khin cho mi quan h ng minh chin lc Nht Bn - M cng quan trng hn vic theo ui nhng li ớch ct lừi ca hai cng quc 1.5 Vit Nam ang ngy cng hi nhp sõu rng vo khu vc v th gii, ang y mnh cụng nghip hoỏ, hin i hoỏ t nc nờn rt cn cú mụi trng ho bỡnh, an ninh v trỡ mi quan h hu ngh, hp tỏc hiu qu vi cỏc cng quc trờn th gii Nht v M l hai i tỏc quan trng ca Vit Nam, ú tỡm hiu lch s ca hai nc, ca mi quan h Nht - M quỏ kh giỳp chỳng ta hiu rừ thờm v hai cng quc ang úng vai trũ ln cỏc quc t; hiu c v trớ ca khu vc chõu - Thỏi Bỡnh Dng (trong ú cú Vit Nam) chin lc i ngoi ca Nht v M Qua ú, chỳng ta cng cú th rỳt c nhng kinh nghim tham kho vic ỏnh giỏ tỡnh hỡnh quc t, khu vc xỏc nh, la chn v thit lp quan h vi cỏc i tng c th, c bit l hc hi c nhng kinh nghim hi nhp quc t ca cỏc nc ln Do vy, vic nghiờn cu quan h an ninh - chớnh tr Nht - M khụng ch cn thit cho vic nhn thc lch s m cũn cú ý ngha thi s sõu sc Vi nhng ý ngha khoa hc v thc tin nờu trờn, chỳng tụi chn Quan h an ninh - chớnh tr Nht Bn - M (1874-1931) lm ti Lun ỏn Tin s i tng, phm vi v nhim v nghiờn cu 2.1 i tng nghiờn cu: i tng nghiờn cu ca ti l Quan h an ninh - chớnh tr Nht Bn - M (1874-1931) 2.2 Phm vi nghiờn cu: Hp tỏc an ninh - chớnh tr quan h quc t l nhng hot ng ca cỏc ch th quan h quc t nhm to mụi trng chung m cỏc bờn tham gia hng Footer Page of 126 Header Page of 126 n Da trờn lý thuyt v i chiu vi thc t lch s quan h Nht - M cho thy nhng ni bt quan h an ninh - chớnh tr Nht - M giai on 1874-1931 l: i Loan (1874), Chin tranh Trung - Nht (1894-1895), Chin tranh Nga Nht (1904-1905), cnh tranh Nht - M Hi ngh Washington, Món Chõu (chỳng tụi cú m rng phm vi nghiờn cu ca mỡnh bng vic cp ti yu t kinh t nh: tranh chp ng st Món Chõu, vic thnh lp Tp on Ti chớnh ngõn hng mi v phõn tớch cỏc yu t ny phc v cho mc tiờu lm rừ hn quan h an ninh - chớnh tr, vỡ thc cht ca ny l cuc tranh ginh li ớch, phm vi nh hng gia Nht v M) Theo lý thuyt ca Barry Buzan, sau ú c phỏt trin thnh trng phỏi Copenhagen thỡ quan h an ninh - chớnh tr Nht - M giai on 1874 - 1931 cũn ni lờn ngi Nht nhp c vo M Nhng ni dung c la chn tỡm hiu lun ỏn l tr ct quan h hai nc v chi phi chiu hng phỏt trin ca quan h hai nc cui thi cn i v bui u thi hin i V thi gian: chỳng tụi ly mc nm 1874 lm mc m u ca vic nghiờn cu quan h an ninh - chớnh tr Nht - M vỡ õy l nm Nht Bn tin hnh xõm lc i Loan di s ng h ngm ca M S kin ny tiờu biu cho s hp tỏc v li dng ln u tiờn gia Nht v M vic thc hin mc tiờu bnh trng ụng Bc Nm 1931 c chỳng tụi chn lm mc kt thỳc bi ngy 18/9/1931, s kin Món Chõu bt u Nht Bn xõm lc Món Chõu l hnh ng nhm xoỏ b Hip c Washington Bng hnh ng ny, quõn i Nht Bn vi phm nguyờn tc khụng can thip vo cụng vic ni b ca Trung Quc v cam kt gia cỏc cng quc ln Sau s kin ny, Chớnh ph M tuyờn b Nht Bn khụng cũn l mt i tỏc cho s n nh chõu -Thỏi Bỡnh Dng Quan h Nht - M bc sang giai on cnh tranh khc lit hn Tuy nhiờn, hai mc thi gian ny khụng phi l s phõn nh mỏy múc lm rừ ti, lun ỏn ó m rng nghiờn cu giai on trc v sau cú cỏi nhỡn liờn tc v logic Trong quan h quc t khụng cú hp tỏc hay cnh tranh n thun, tựy iu kin lch s m hai mt ny nng, nh khỏc Trờn c s kho cu quan h an ninh chớnh tr Nht M, chỳng tụi chn nm 1905 lm mc phõn chia gia hai giai on bi vỡ: Trong giai on 1874 - 1905, c hai nc u cú nhu cu hp tỏc lờn tr thnh cng quc ca th gii Vi M, Nht l cu ni, l bn p quan trng sang lc a chõu v phỏt trin hi thng Cũn vi Nht, M l ch da an ninh chng li mi e da t bờn ngoi, xa hn na l tỡm kim s ng h v mi mt ci Footer Page of 126 Header Page of 126 thin a v trờn trng quc t Do vy giai on 1874 - 1905, Nht - M ó hp tỏc, li dng ln thc hin tham vng Vin ụng v Thỏi Bỡnh Dng Th nhng, s thay i quan h an ninh - chớnh tr Nht - M bt u t cuc Chin tranh Nga - Nht (1904 - 1905) Ban u, M ó ng h Nht phỏt ng cuc chin tranh vi Nga nhm xoỏ b chớnh sỏch úng ca Món Chõu ca Nga, to c hi cho M len chõn vo ni õy Tuy nhiờn, k t trn chin Phng Thiờn (20/2 10/3/1905), hay núi cỏch khỏc l t chin thng ca Nht ó tr nờn rừ rng thỡ thỏi ca M cng thay i m mu ca M l nhỡn thy cuc chin tranh kt thỳc vi kt qu Nga v Nht Bn b khúa cht th bt li, n lc chng li v tip tc suy yu [156] Vỡ vy, quỏ trỡnh m phỏn, Tng thng M - vi vai trũ ho gii ó dn dt nú theo hng khụng cú li nht cho Nht Bn Mc dự vy, chin thng ca Nht Bn cuc Chin tranh Nga - Nht (1904 - 1905) ó a Nht tr thnh cng quc chim u th Vin ụng vi nh hng m rng n Món Chõu v bỏn o Triu Tiờn, to s chuyn bin cn bn cỏn cõn quyn lc ụng Tham vng ca Nht Bn cng gia tng cựng vi s phỏt trin ca tim lc kinh t v quc phũng Cng giai on 1905 - 1931, M dn lờn tr thnh mt trung tõm cụng nghip v ti chớnh ca th gii, tham vng m rng quyn li Thỏi Bỡnh Dng ngy cng ln Vi u th v nhiu mt, M ó gõy sc ộp lờn Nht Bn v bt Nht phi chp nhn nhiu nhng b thua thit Nhng xung t li ớch vic ginh u th ti khu vc ny gia Nht v M ó quy nh tớnh cht ch yu quan h hai nc giai on ny l cnh tranh, kim ch ln V khụng gian: Quan h an ninh - chớnh tr Nht - M (1874 -1931) chu s chi phi bi nhiu yu t, ú cú nhng xy khu vc ụng Bc (i Loan, Triu Tiờn, Trung Quc) Vỡ vy chỳng tụi s cp n quan h Nht - M c khu vc ụng Bc vo nhng thi im cú liờn quan 2.3 Nhim v ca vic nghiờn cu ti - Lm rừ vai trũ, v trớ, mc ca cỏc nhõn t tỏc ng n s ng, phỏt trin ca quan h an ninh - chớnh tr Nht - M (1874-1931) - Lm rừ nhng c bn quan h an ninh - chớnh tr Nht - M (1874-1931) thụng qua vic i sõu phõn tớch cỏc s kin tiờu biu - a nhng nhn xột, ỏnh giỏ v quan h an ninh - chớnh tr Nht - M (1874-1931) Footer Page of 126 Header Page of 126 Cỏc ngun ti liu Ngun ti liu c s dng lun ỏn ny bao gm: - Ti liu gc: cỏc hip c kớ kt gia Nht Bn v M; cỏc ngh nh, cụng hm trao i gia hai bờn; cỏc bỏo cỏo ca cỏc b, ngnh gi Ngoi trng hai nc; cỏc bc th ca cỏc nh lónh o cp cao hai nc c khai thỏc t ngun lu tr ca B ngoi giao M, trờn trang web ca Th vin Quc hi Nht Bn, hoc qua cỏc t liu gc c in cỏc cụng trỡnh tuyn chn - Cỏc cụng trỡnh chuyờn kho cú ni dung phn ỏnh trc tip quan h Nht - M - Cỏc bi bỏo khoa hc cú liờn quan n ti c cụng b trờn cỏc khoa hc nc v ngoi nc - Cỏc trang web Phng phỏp nghiờn cu - Phng phỏp ch yu c s dng quỏ trỡnh nghiờn cu l phng phỏp lch s v phng phỏp logic Vi cỏc phng phỏp ny, mi quan h an ninh- chớnh tr Nht - M s c tỏi hin thụng qua vic phõn tớch cỏc s kin lch s c th, cỏc giai on theo logic v mang tớnh liờn kt Bờn cnh ú, tỏc gi cũn s dng phng phỏp tng hp, phõn tớch v so sỏnh gii quyt m ti t úng gúp ca lun ỏn Gii quyt c cỏc nhim v t ra, Lun ỏn cú nhng úng gúp sau: - Lun ỏn l cụng trỡnh u tiờn Vit Nam nghiờn cu cú h thng v quan h Nht - M trờn lnh vc an ninh - chớnh tr giai on 1874-1931, gúp phn lp khong trng nghiờn cu quan h Nht - M cui thi cn i v u thi hin i; B sung, cp nht nhng t liu mi cho ging dy, nghiờn cu lch s quan h quc t núi chung v quan h Nht - M núi riờng - Dng li bc tranh v quan h an ninh - chớnh tr Nht - M (1874-1931) vi nhng nột c thự, di tỏc ng ca cỏc nhõn t c th - Lun ỏn ch c im, v trớ, nh hng v tỏc ng ca quan h an ninh chớnh tr Nht - M (1874-1931) ti hai ch th Nht, M v tỡnh hỡnh khu vc ụng Bc v th gii; rỳt nhng kinh nghim lch s hu ớch cho Vit Nam thc tin hot ng i ngoi Footer Page of 126 Header Page 10 of 126 6 B cc ca lun ỏn Ngoi phn m u, kt lun, ti liu tham kho v phn ph lc, ni dung lun ỏn c trỡnh by chng: Chng 1: Tng quan lch s nghiờn cu Chng 2: Quan h an ninh - chớnh tr Nht Bn - M giai on 1874-1905 Chng 3: Quan h an ninh - chớnh tr Nht Bn - M giai on 1905-1931 Chng 4: Mt s nhn xột v quan h an ninh - chớnh tr Nht Bn - M (1874-1931) Footer Page 10 of 126 Header Page 260 of 126 256 Page 259 SECTION II REPLACEMENT AND SCRAPPING OF CAPITAL SHIPS UNITED STATES US_TABL.HTM (Netscape Friendly) US Replacement Table (Flat ASCII) Page 260 SECTION II REPLACEMENT AND SCRAPPING OF CAPITAL SHIPS BRITISH EMPIRE Great Britain Replacement Table (Netscape Friendly) Great Britain Replacement Table(Flat ASCII) Page 261 SECTION II REPLACEMENT AND SCRAPPING OF CAPITAL SHIPS FRANCE France Replacement Table (Netscape Friendly) France Replacement Table(Flat ASCII) Footer Page 260 of 126 Header Page 261 of 126 257 Page 262 SECTION II REPLACEMENT AND SCRAPPING OF CAPITAL SHIPS ITALY Italy Replacement Table (Netscape Friendly) Italy Replacement Table(Flat ASCII) Page 263 SECTION II REPLACEMENT AND SCRAPPING OF CAPITAL SHIPS JAPAN Japan Replacement Table (Netscape Friendly) Japan Replacement Table(Flat ASCII) NOTE APPLICABLE TO ALL THE TABLES IN SECTION II The order above prescribed in which ships are to be scrapped is in accordance with their age It is understood that when replacement begins according to the above tables the order of scrapping in the case of the ships of each of the Contracting Powers may be varied at its option; provided, however, that such Power shall scrap in each year the number of ships above stated PART 4.-Definitions For the purposes of the present Treaty, the following expressions are to be understood in the sense defined in this Part Footer Page 261 of 126 Header Page 262 of 126 258 Page 264 CAPITAL SHIP A capital ship, in the case of ships hereafter built, is defined as a vessel of war, not an aircraft carrier, whose displacement exceeds 10,000 tons (10,160 metric tons) standard displacement, or which carries a gun with a calibre exceeding inches (203 millimetres) AIRCRAFT CARRIER An aircraft carrier is defined as a vessel of war with a displacement in excess of 10,000 tons (10,160 metric tons) standard displacement designed for the specific and exclusive purpose of carrying aircraft It must be so constructed that aircraft can be launched therefrom and landed thereon, and not designed and constructed for carrying a more powerful armament than that allowed to it under Article IX or Article X as the case may be STANDARD DISPLACEMENT The standard displacement of a ship is the displacement of the ship complete, fully manned, engined, and equipped ready for sea, including all armament and ammunition, equipment, outfit, provisions and fresh water for crew, miscellaneous stores and implements of every description that are intended to be carried in war, but without fuel or reserve feed water on board The word "ton" in the present Treaty, except in the expression "metric tons", shall be understood to mean the ton of 2240 pounds (1016 kilos) Vessels now completed shall retain their present ratings of displacement tonnage in accordance with their national system of measurement However, a Power expressing displacement in metric tons shall be considered for the application of the present Treaty as owning only the equivalent displacement in tons of 2240 pounds A vessel completed hereafter shall be rated at its displacement tonnage when in the standard condition defined herein Footer Page 262 of 126 Header Page 263 of 126 259 CHAPTER III.-MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS Article XXI If during the term of the present Treaty the requirements of the national security of any Contracting Power in respect of naval defence are, in the opinion of that Power, materially affected by any change of circumstances, the Contracting Powers will, at the request of such Power, meet in conference with a view to the reconsideration of the provisions of the Treaty and its amendment by mutual agreement Page 265 In view of possible technical and scientific developments, the United States, after consultation with the other Contracting Powers, shall arrange for a conference of all the Contracting Powers which shall convene as soon as possible after the expiration of eight years from the coming into force of the present Treaty to consider what changes, if any, in the Treaty may be necessary to meet such developments Article XXII Whenever any Contracting Power shall become engaged in a war which in its opinion affects the naval defence of its national security, such Power may after notice to the other Contracting Powers suspend for the period of hostilities its obligations under the present Treaty other than those under Articles XIII and XVII, provided that such Power shall notify the other Contracting Powers that the emergency is of such a character as to require such suspension The remaining Contracting Powers shall in such case consult together with a view to agreement as to what temporary modifications if any should be made in the Treaty as between themselves Should such consultation not produce agreement, duly made in accordance with the constitutional methods of the respective Powers, any one of said Contracting Powers may, by giving notice to the other Contracting Powers, suspend Footer Page 263 of 126 Header Page 264 of 126 260 for the period of hostilities its obligations under the present Treaty, other than those under Articles XIII and XVII On the cessation of hostilities the Contracting Powers will meet in conference to consider what modifications, if any, should be made in the provisions of the present Treaty Article XXIII The present Treaty shall remain in force until December 31st, 1936, and in case none of the Contracting Powers shall have given notice two years before that date of its intention to terminate the treaty, it shall continue in force until the expiration of two years from the date on which notice of termination shall be given by one of the Contracting Powers, whereupon the Treaty shall terminate as regards all the Contracting Powers Such notice shall be communicated in writing to the Government of the United States, which shall immediately transmit a certified copy of the notification to the other Powers and inform them of the date on which it was received The notice shall be deemed to have been given and shall take effect on that date In the event of notice of termination being given by the Government of the United States, such notice shall be given to the diplomatic representatives at Washington of the other Contracting Powers, and the notice shall be deemed to have been given Page 266 and shall take effect on the date of the communication made to the said diplomatic representatives Within one year of the date on which a notice of termination by any Power has taken effect, all the Contracting Powers shall meet in conference Article XXIV The present Treaty shall be ratified by the Contracting Powers in accordance with their respective constitutional methods and shall take effect on the date of the deposit of all the ratifications, which shall take place at Washington as soon as possible The Footer Page 264 of 126 Header Page 265 of 126 261 Government of the United States will transmit to the other Contracting Powers a certified copy of the procốs-verbal of the deposit of ratifications The present Treaty, of which the French and English texts are both authentic, shall remain deposited in the archives of the Government of the United States, and duly certified copies thereof shall be transmitted by that Government to the other Contracting Powers IN FAITH WHEREOF the above-named Plenipotentiaries have signed the present Treaty DONE at the City of Washington the sixth day of February, One Thousand Nine Hundred and Twenty-Two [SEAL] CHARLES EVANS HUGHES [SEAL] HENRY CABOT LODGE [SEAL] OSCAR W UNDERWOOD [SEAL] ELIHU ROOT [SEAL] ARTHUR JAMES BALFOUR [SEAL] LEE OF FAREHAM [SEAL] A C GEDDES R L BORDEN [SEAL] G F PEARCE [SEAL] JOHN W SALMOND [SEAL] ARTHUR JAMES BALFOUR [SEAL] V S SRINIVASA SASTRI [SEAL] A SARRAUT [SEAL] JUSSERAND [SEAL] CARLO SCHANZER [SEAL] V ROLANDI RICCI [SEAL] LUIGI ALBERTINI [SEAL] T KATO [SEAL] K SHIDEHARA [SEAL] M HANIHARA Footer Page 265 of 126 [SEAL] Header Page 266 of 126 262 Treaty Series No 723 Treaty between the United States of America, Belgium, the British Empire, China, France, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, and Portugal, Signed at Washington February 6, 1922 [1] The United States of America, Belgium, the British Empire, China, France, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands and Portugal: Desiring to adopt a policy designed to stabilize conditions in the Far East, to safeguard the rights and interests of China, and to promote intercourse between China and the other Powers upon the basis of equality of opportunity; Have resolved to conclude a treaty for that purpose and to that end have appointed as their respective Plenipotentiaries; The President of the United States of America: Charles Evans Hughes, Henry Cabot Lodge, Oscar W Underwood, Elihu Root, citizens of the United States; His Majesty the King of the Belgians: Baron de Cartier de Marchienne, Commander of the Order of Leopold and of the Order of the Crown, His Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary at Washington; His Majesty the King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and of the British Dominions beyond the Seas, Emperor of India: The Right Honourable Arthur James Balfour, O M., M P., Lord Footer Page 266 of 126 Header Page 267 of 126 263 President of His Privy Council; The Right Honourable Baron Lee of Fareham, G B E., K C B., First Lord of His Admiralty; The Right Honourable Sir Auckland Campbell Geddes, K C B., His Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to the United States of America; and for the Dominion of Canada: The Right Honourable Sir Robert Laird Borden, G C M G., K C for the Commonwealth of Australia: Senator the Right Honourable George Foster Pearce, Minister for Home and Territories; for the Dominion of New Zealand: The Honourable Sir John William Salmond, K C., Judge of the Supreme Court of New Zealand; for the Union of South Africa: The Right Honourable Arthur James Balfour, O M., M P.; for India: The Right Honourable Valingman Sankaranarayana Srinivasa Sastri, Member of the Indian Council of State; The President of the Republic of China: Mr Sao-Ke Alfred Sze, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary at Washington; Mr V K Wellington Koo, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary at London; Mr Chung-Hui Wang, former Minister of Justice Footer Page 267 of 126 Header Page 268 of 126 264 The President of the French Republic: Mr Albert Sarraut, Deputy, Minister of the Colonies; Mr Jules J Jusserand, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to the United States of America, Grand Cross of the National Order of the Legion of Honour; His Majesty the King of Italy: The Honourable Carlo Schanzer, Senator of the Kingdom; The Honourable Vittorio Rolandi Ricci, Senator of the Kingdom, His Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary at Washington; The Honourable Luigi Albertini, Senator of the Kingdom; His Majesty the Emperor of Japan: Baron Tomosaburo Kato, Minister for the Navy, Junii, a member of the First Class of the Imperial Order of the Grand Cordon of the Rising Sun with the Paulownia Flower; Baron Kijuro Shidehara, His Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary at Washington, Joshii, a member of the First Class of the Imperial Order of the Rising Sun; Mr Masanao Hanihara, Vice Minister for Foreign Affairs, Jushii, a member of the Second Class of the Imperial Order of the Rising Sun; Her Majesty the Queen of The Netherlands: Jonkheer Frans Beelaerts van Blokland, Her Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary; Jonkheer Willem Hendrik de Beaufort, Minister Plenipotentiary, Charge d'Affaires at Washington; The President of the Portuguese Republic: Mr Jose Francisco de Horta Machado da Franca, Viscount d'Alte, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary at Washington; Footer Page 268 of 126 Header Page 269 of 126 265 Mr Ernesto Julio de Carvalho e Vasconcellos, Captain of the Portuguese Navy, Technical Director of the Colonial Office Who, having communicated to each other their full powers, found to be in good and due form, have agreed as follows: ARTICLE I The Contracting Powers, other than China, agree: (1) To respect the sovereignty, the independence, and the territorial and administrative integrity of China; (2) To provide the fullest and most unembarrassed opportunity to China to develop and maintain for herself an effective and stable government; (3) To use their influence for the purpose of effectually establishing and maintaining the principle of equal opportunity for the commerce and industry of all nations throughout the territory of China; (4) To refrain from taking advantage of conditions in China in order to seek special rights or privileges which would abridge the rights of subjects or citizens of friendly States,[2] and from countenancing action inimical to the security of such States ARTICLE II The Contracting Powers agree not to enter into any treaty, agreement, arrangement, or understanding, either with one another, or, individually or collectively, with any Power or Powers, which would infringe or impair the principles stated in Article I ARTICLE III With a view to applying more effectually the principles of the Open Door or equality of opportunity in China for the trade and industry of all nations, the Contracting Powers, other than China, agree that they will not seek, nor support their respective nationals in seeking(a) any arrangement which might purport to establish in favour of their interests any Footer Page 269 of 126 Header Page 270 of 126 266 general superiority of rights with respect to commercial or economic development in any designated region of China; (b) any such monopoly or preference as would deprive the nationals of any other Power of the right of undertaking any legitimate trade or industry in China, or of participating with the Chinese Government, or with any local authority, in any category of public enterprise, or which by reason of its scope, duration or geographical extent is calculated to frustrate the practical application of the principle of equal opportunity It is understood that the foregoing stipulations of this Article are not to be so construed as to prohibit the acquisition of such properties or rights as may be necessary to the conduct of a particular commercial, industrial, or financial undertaking or to the encouragement of invention and research China undertakes to be guided by the principles stated in the foregoing stipulations of this Article in dealing with applications for economic rights and privileges from Governments and nationals of all foreign countries, whether parties to the present Treaty or not ARTICLE IV The Contracting Powers agree not to support any agreements by their respective nationals with each other designed to create Spheres of Influence or to provide for the enjoyment of mutually exclusive opportunities in designated parts of Chinese territory ARTICLE V China agrees that, throughout the whole of the railways in China, she will not exercise or permit unfair ,discrimination of any kind In particular there shall be no discrimination whatever, direct or indirect, in respect of charges or of facilities on the ground of the nationality of passengers or the countries from which or to which they are proceeding, or the origin or ownership of goods or the country from which or to which they are consigned, or the nationality or ownership of the ship or other means Footer Page 270 of 126 Header Page 271 of 126 267 of conveying such passengers or goods before or after their transport on the Chinese Railways The Contracting Powers, other than China, assume a corresponding obligation in respect of any of the aforesaid railways over which they or their nationals are in a position to exercise any control in virtue of any concession, special agreement or otherwise ARTICLE VI The Contracting Powers, other than China, agree fully to respect China's rights as a neutral in time of war to which China is not a party; and China declares that when she is a neutral she will observe the obligations of neutrality ARTICLE VII The Contracting Powers agree that, whenever a situation arises which in the opinion of any one of them involves the application of the stipulations of the present Treaty, and renders desirable discussion of such application, there shall be full and frank communication between the Contracting Powers concerned ARTICLE VIII Powers not signatory to the present Treaty, which have Governments recognized by the Signatory Powers and which have treaty relations with China, shall be invited to adhere to the present Treaty To this end the Government of the United States will make the necessary communications to nonsignatory Powers and will inform the Contracting Powers of the replies received Adherence by any Power shall become effective on receipt of notice thereof by the Government of the United States ARTICLE IX The present Treaty shall be ratified by the Contracting Powers in accordance with their respective constitutional methods and shall take effect on the date of the deposit of all the ratificationsn which shall take place at Washington as soon as possible The Government of the United States will transmit to the other Contracting Powers a certified copy of the procốs-verbal of the deposit of ratifications Footer Page 271 of 126 Header Page 272 of 126 268 The present Treaty of which the French and English texts are both authentic, shall remain deposited in the archives of the Government of the United States, and duly certified copies thereof shall be transmitted by that Government to the other Contracting Powers IN FAITH WHEREOF the above-named Plenipotentiaries have signed the present Treaty DONE at the City of Washington the Sixth day of February One Thousand Nine Hundred and Twenty-Two CHARLES EVANS HUGHES [SEAL] HENRY CABOT LODGE [SEAL] OSCAR W UNDERWOOD [SEAL] ELIHU ROOT [SEAL] BARON DE CARTIER DE MARCHIENNE [SEAL] ARTHUR JAMES BALFOUR LEE OF FAREHAM [SEAL] A C GEDDES [SEAL] R L BORDEN [SEAL] G F PEARCE [SEAL] JOHN W SALMOND ARTHUR JAMES BALFOUR V S SRINIVASA SASTRI [SEAL] SAO-KE ALFRED SZE [SEAL] V K WELLINGTON KOO [SEAL] CHING-HUI WANG [SEAL] A SARRAUT [SEAL] JUSSERAND [SEAL] CARLO SCHANZER [SEAL] V ROLANDI RICCI Footer Page 272 of 126 [SEAL] [SEAL] [SEAL] [SEAL] Header Page 273 of 126 269 [SEAL] LUIGI ALBERTINI T KATO [SEAL] K SHIDEHARA [SEAL] M HANIHARA [SEAL] BEELAERTS VAN BLOKLAND W DE BEAUFORT ALTE [SEAL] [SEAL] [SEAL] ERNESTO DE VASCONCELLOS [SEAL] [1]In English and French; French text not printed Ratification advised by the Senate, Mar 30, 1922; ratified by the President, June 9, 1923; instruments of ratification deposited at Washington, Aug 5, 1925; proclaimed, Aug 5, 1925 [2]An explanation of the drafting of this passage was given by Mr Hughes during a conversation on Apr 4, 1932, with Mr Henry L Stimson, then Secretary of State, and is recorded by Mr Stimson in part as follows: "Root drafted the Nine Power Treaty In the course of that Hughes produced the secret promise made by Japan as part of the Lansing-Ishii arrangement that she would not interfere with other nations in China and without saying anything to anybody this secret agreement was put into the Root draft It became verbatim the corresponding obligation in the Nine Power Treaty." (File no 500.A4d/240 1/2) Papers relating to the cancellation of the Lansing-Ishii Agreement are printed http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/pre-war/9_power.html Footer Page 273 of 126 Header Page 274 of 126 Footer Page 274 of 126 ... Tng quan lch s nghiờn cu Chng 2: Quan h an ninh - chớnh tr Nht Bn - M giai on 187 4-1 905 Chng 3: Quan h an ninh - chớnh tr Nht Bn - M giai on 190 5-1 931 Chng 4: Mt s nhn xột v quan h an ninh - chớnh... tỏc ng n quan h an ninh - chớnh tr Nht - M (1874 -1 905) 20 2.2 Quan h Nht - M trờn lnh vc an ninh - chớnh tr giai on 1874 - 1905 39 Chng 3: QUAN H AN NINH - CHNH TR NHT BN - M GIAI... Nht - M (187 4-1 931) - Lm rừ nhng c bn quan h an ninh - chớnh tr Nht - M (187 4-1 931) thụng qua vic i sõu phõn tớch cỏc s kin tiờu biu - a nhng nhn xột, ỏnh giỏ v quan h an ninh - chớnh tr Nht -