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1 INTRODUCTION Rationale for the study Inspection and supervision (I&S) is part of the Party's leadership function, an important step in the Party's leadership process, in order to ensure that all lines, guidelines and resolutions of the Party are thoroughly understood and seriously implemented in reality, overcoming the situation, "resolutions presented in this way, but implemented in a different way"; resolutions are brought to life slowly and in the process of implementing the resolutions, there are errors and shortcomings but not detected and resolved, leaving serious consequences Therefore, practical learned lessons show that: leadership without checking is considered to be no leader Fully aware of the role and importance of Inspection and Supervision in the leadership and Party building work, during the process of leading revolutions, Communist Party of Vietnam always pay special attention to the work of Inspection and Supervision, there have been many guidelines and measures to improve the quality and the efficiency of the work of I&S, meeting the requirements of the revolutionary cause and the work of building the Party Assessing the limitations and weaknesses of the I&S work, the Party has pointed out: “Many party committees and party organizations have not done well in the I&S work and the Party discipline enforcement, the quality and effectiveness of the I&S work are not high enough and not strong enough to prevent and fight against corruption and negative activities in the Party Many shortcomings and mistakes of party organizations and party members are slowly discovered for inspection, handling, so rules and disciplines in some party organizations are not serious, some party committees are not united enough ” At the 12th National Conference of Representatives, our Party continued to affirm: " strengthening and improving the quality of the work of ideology, theory and I&S" Doing well the work of I&S will contribute positively to building a strong and clean Party, making the Party capable of leading successfully the cause of industrialization and modernization in the country Air defense regiments of the Vietnam People's Army are tasked to be ready to fight, to destroy the air attack vehicles of the enemy in any situation, along with the entire army and the entire people firmly defend the Socialist Fatherland) To lead the air defense regiments of the Vietnam People's Army to successfully complete the task, it is necessary to build the strong and clean party committees of air defense regiments, improve the leadership capacity and fighting strength Building the strong and clean Party Committees of air defense regiments must be done in a synchronous manner with many contents and measures, in which the work of I&S plays a particularly important role to ensure the Platform, the Charter of the Party, the resolutions and directives of the Party and party committees and party organizations at all levels are strictly observed; improve the quality of party committees, party organizations, cadres and party members, overcome weaknesses and negatives in the Party building work In the past time, with the attention and leadership of the Party Committee of the Air Force and Air Defense Service (AF-AD), the Party Committees of the air defense divisions, the direction of the Inspection Committee (IC) of the Service’s Party Committee, the Inspection Committee of the air defense Division's Party Committee, the I&S work in the Air Defense Regiment's Party Committees have been carried out closely and seriously, the quality, efficiency and effectiveness have been increasingly raised, making an important contribution to building the strong and clean Party Committees of the Air Defense Regiments, improving the leadership capacity and fighting strength, leading anti-aircraft regiments to complete and successfully fulfil the central political duties and other tasks assigned However, besides the achieved results and advantages, the I&S work in the the Air Defense Regiments’ Party Committees in the Vietnam People’s Army still revealed the limitations and shortcomings, and have been facing with many difficulties and the actual quantity, efficiency and validity of the I&S work still have certain limitations compared with the requirements, and the situation of officials and party members violating the discipline up to the level that have to be disciplined is not reduced, but increased Meanwhile, the work of building the Party according to the spirit of the 4th Central Resolution, session XI, the 4th Central, Session XII, on preventing and fighting against the recession on political ideology, morality, lifestyle, "self-evolution", "self-transformation" happening to the cadres and party members is posing very high requirements for the work of I&S in the conditions of the ruling Party On the other hand, the downside of the market mechanisms, negatives and social evils, and sabotage conspiracies in the field of ideology and theory of hostile forces have been directly affecting the army daily and hourly, causing significant impacts on the awareness, ideology, sentiments and beliefs of party members, officers and soldiers in the Army in general, and in the air defense regiments in particular Therefore, improving the effectiveness of I&S work in the air defense regiments’ party committees is an issue of urgent significance in theory and practice, making an important contribution to building a strong and clean party committee of the air defense regiments and leading the air defense regiments to successfully complete all the assigned missions in every situation Because of the above reasons, the PhD student chose the issue: "Enhancing the effectiveness of the inspection and supervision work at the Party Committees of the air defense regiments of the Vietnam People's Army currently" as the topic of doctoral thesis in the field of building the Party and Government Purposes and tasks of the research Purposes of the research Interpreting practical and theoretical issues on the effectiveness of the examining and supervising work; proposing the solutions to promoting the effectiveness of the examining and supervising work at the Party Committees of Air Defense Regiment of the Vietnam People’s Army today Tasks of the research - Giving an overview of the thesis-related works - Clarifying practical and theoretical issues on the effectiveness of the examining and supervising work at the Party Committees of Air Defense Regiment of the Vietnam People’s Army - Precisely assessing the actual situation of the examining and supervising work; indicating the causes and experiences on promoting the effectiveness of the examining and supervising work at the Party Committees of Air Defense Regiment of the Vietnam People’s Army - Promoting requirements and solutions to promoting the effectiveness of the examining and supervising work at the Party Committees of Air Defense Regiment of the Vietnam People’s Army today Object and scope of the research Object of the research The effectiveness of the examining and supervising work at the party Committees of Air Defense Regiment of the Vietnam People’s Army Scope of the research Focusing on the examining and supervising work at the party Committees of Air Defense Regiment of the Vietnam People’s Army today Conducting surveys at Air Defense Regiments located on the Northern provinces Survey questionnaires are made with the following samples: Members of Party Committees, members of the Examining Board of Air Defense Regiment Party Committee, party members at some party organizations of the Air Defense Regiment Party Committees of the Vietnam People’s Army Data and sufficient numbers are mainly from 2011 to present Theoretical, practical basis and methodology Theoretical basis: The dissertation is based on the viewpoint of Marxism-Leninism and Ho Chi Minh's thoughts; the lines and views of Vietnam Communist Party on Party building; the Party’s directives and regulations on the examining and supervising work and the State’s legal system Practical basis: The dissertation is based on the actual leadership and direction of the examining and supervising work of the Communist Party of Vietnam and of the Party Committees of Air Defence Regiment; results of survey sociology and practical surveys made by the author during his conducting this thesis Methodology: The dissertation uses the methodology of dialectical materialism and historical materialism, combined with the use of methods of analysis and synthesis; history and logic; generalization and abstraction; sociological investigation methods and experts consultancy to fulfil the purposes and tasks of the dissertation New contributions of the research The dissertation builds up the concept of the effectiveness of the examining and supervising work; interpreting and clarifying the basis issues on the effectiveness and improving the effectiveness of the examining and supervising work of Air Defence Regiment Party Committees of the Communist Party of Vietnam The dissertation generalizes some experiences on improving the effectiveness of the examining and supervising work of Air Defence Regiment Party Committees of the Communist Party of Vietnam The dissertation proposes some feasible measures to promote the effectiveness of the examining and supervising work of Air Defence Regiment Party Committees of the Communist Party of Vietnam at the present Theoretical and practical significance of the research The dissertation contribute to add the theoretical basis on the effectiveness of the examining and supervising work of Air Defence Regiment Party Committees of the Communist Party of Vietnam at the present The findings of the dissertation provide a number of scientific arguments for Party Committees and the Examining Boards to promote the effectiveness of the examining and supervising work of Air Defence Regiment Party Committees of the Communist Party of Vietnam The dissertation can be used as references researching and teaching such subjects as party task and political task at academies and military schools Structure of the thesis The thesis includes: Introduction, chapters (9 periods), Conclusions, list of scientific works of the author related to the dissertation, list of references and Appendices Chapter AN OVERVIEW OF THE THESIS-RELATED RESEARCH SITUATION 1.1 The thesis-related foreign works 1.1.1 The works on building and correcting the Communist Party “Strengthening the construction of the Board of leadership, forming the leaders of enthusiasm, full energy and strive for success” by Ton Hieu Quan (2004); “Conference between the Communist Party of Vietnam and the Communist Party of China in building the ruling party - Vietnam and China’s experiences” by the Publishing House of National Politics, Hanoi; “Constantly improving the Party management and construction in accordance with the scientification of the Party’s building” by Truong Thu Quan (2004); “Strengthening the construction of the officers’ manner for the people and of practicality and integrity” by Bach Lap Binh (2013) and “Building the clear and powerful party in the new situation - Vietnam and China’s experiences”, the Publishing House of National Politics, Hanoi 5 1.1.2 The works on the examining and supervising work and the Communist Party implementation “Strengthening the principles, maintaining the party’s solidarity and unity” by Tang Thang Nghiep (2013); “Building a strong and clean party in the new situation - Vietnam and China’s experiences” by the Publishing House of National Politics, Hanoi; “Measures to fight against corruption in China” by Hong Vi (2004), the Publishing House of National Politics, Hanoi; “Some new requirements in inspecting Lao’s Party and State currently” by Chan - sy - Sen - som- phu (2009), Journal of Political Theory, Issue (11); “Renewing the inspection at local party organizations in the Lao People’s Army at the current period” by Xom - Vay - Xeng - Pa - Sot (2011); “Lao revolutionary people’s party, its training and nurturing the inspecting officers” by Dao Bua - La -Pha Ba - Vong - Phet (2016); Journal of Party Building, Issue (7), pp.61-63; “Activities and work of inspection and supervision of some countries in the world” (2001), the Publishing House of National Politics, Hanoi; “China with its good results of corruption fighting”, (2001) translated by Nguyen, Ho Chi Minh city Publishing House; “Theoretical conference between the Communist Party of Vietnam and China - Building the ruling party: Vietnam-China’s experiences” (2004) by the Central Board of Theory, the Publishing House of National Politics, Hanoi; “Experiences on preventing and fighting against corruption of some countries in the world” (2005) by the Central Department of Domestic Policy, the Publishing House of National Politics, Hanoi; “Learning to fight against corruption - experiences of foreign press” (2006) by Agency Publishing House, Hanoi 1.2 The works in Vietnam related to the thesis 1.2.1 The works on inspection, supervision and discipline of the Communist Party of Vietnam “Renewing the inspection and supervision work to enhance the Party’s fighting spirit in the new revolutionary period” by Nguyen Thi Doan (2006), the Publishing House of National Politics, Hanoi; “Applying Ho Chi Minh’s thought on inspection, supervision and discipline of the Party” by Pham Thi Hai Chuyen (2010), Publishing House of national Politics, Hanoi; “Humanity in the Party’s inspection, supervision and discipline” by Pham Thi Ngan (2009), Journal of Inspection, Issue (70), pp 28-30; “Some issues on the Party’s inspection, supervision and discipline currently” by Dang Dinh Phu, (2012), Publishing House of Political Theory, Hanoi; “Ho Chi Minh’s thought on criticism and self- criticism in the Party’s inspection, supervision and discipline” by Cao Van Thong (2016), Journal of Inspection, Issue (5), pp 5-9; “Some issues on criticism and self- criticism in the Party’s inspection, and discipline” by Ha Quoc Tri (2011), Issue (833), pp 18-21; “Strengthening in order to enhance party members’ political quality and revolutionary virtue” by Mai The Duong (2012), Journal of Communist, Issue 841, pp 38-41; “Basic issues on the Party’s inspection, supervision and discipline” by Cao Van Thong (2011), Publishing House of National Politics, Hanoi; “Some solutions to ensure the Party’s implementation presently” by Nguyen Cong Hoc (2012), Publishing House of Politics - the Truth, Hanoi; “Enhancing the quality of democracy in the Party’s inspection, supervision and discipline” by Le Van Giang (2011), Publishing House of National Politics, Hanoi; “Enhancing the quality of the Party’s inspection and supervision” by Nguyen Duc Tai (2008); “Some issues on building the Party in the 10th Congress’s documents”, Publishing House of National Politics, pp 72-76; “Enhancing the quality of the lower level party organizations and party members” by Hoang Tra (2013), Journal of Inspection, Issue (2), pp 67-68 “Enhancing the quality of the inspection work within violation” by Le Van Thanh (2012), Journal of Inspection, Issue (11), pp 39-40; “Enhancing the quality of reports on the Party’s inspection, supervision and discipline” by Cao Van Thong (2014), Publishing House of Politics-Administration, Hanoi; “Enhancing the quality of the lower level party organizations and party members with violation signs” by Cao Van Thong - Do Van Tuat (co-chief authors) (2016), Journal of Communist, Issue (881), pp 20-23; “Enhancing the quality of inspecting party members with violation in the provinces of central part currently” by Nguyen The Tu (2004); “Improving the quality of officers in charge of the Party’s issues currently” by Truong Thi Thong (1996); “Solutions to improving the quality of criticism and self- criticism in the Party’s inspection, supervision and discipline” by Bui Van The ( 2009), Publishing House of National Politics, Hanoi; “Core points of the Party’s inspection, supervision and discipline in the Party’s XII Congress tenure” by Tran Quoc Vuong (2016), Journal of Communist, Issue (5), pp 38-41 1.2.2.The works on the inspection and supervision Party Committees and the Examining Boards in the Military Party Committees “Enhancing the quality of inspecting party members complying with the Party’s rules at the Border Guard Party Committee in the current situation” by Hoang Minh Hieu (1997); “Improving the quality of the inspection work of teaching departments’ party cells under the Party Committee of Political Academy currently” by Bui Quang Cuong (2011); “Some solutions to improving the quality of the inspection and supervision work at military party committees currently” by Bui Quang Cuong (2009), Journal of Military Political Theoretical Education, Issue (50), pp 29-31; “Maintaining strict rules at the training units’ party organizations in the army currently” by Tran Ba Thanh (2011), People’s Army Publishing House, Hanoi; “Enhancing the quality of the inspection and supervision work, contributing to successfully implement the th Central Resolution in the Military Party Committee” by Le Huu Duc (2012), Journal of Nationwide Defense, Issue (11), pp 1-3; “Enhancing the quality of the inspection work for party organizations and party members within violation” by Nguyen Van Quyet (2016), Journal of Military Political Theoretical Education, Issue (3), pp 49-51; “Results of the inspection and supervision work in the 2010 - 2015 tenure of Party Committee, Political Academy” by Tran Duc Nhan (2015), Journal of Military Political Educational Theory, Issue (152), pp 31-33; “The quality of the inspection and supervision work of party committees at academies and schools in the Vietnam People’s Army today” by Pham Quang Thanh (2015) 1.3 An overview of the findings of the thesis-related published works and issues need further dealing with in the thesis 1.3.1 An overview of the findings of the thesis-related published works The published works focus on the following areas: Firstly, the published works have clarified basic issues on the work of inspecting, supervising and conducting punishment of the Communist Party in party building in general and in the military party committees in particular Secondly, some works have interpreted basic issues on building the officers in charge of inspecting; the working quality of examining committees of different levels in order to improve the quality of inspecting, supervising and conducting punishment of the Communist Party in party building in general and in the military party committees in particular Thirdly, these works have clarified the reality of inspecting, supervising and conducting punishment of the Party, the quality of inspecting, supervising and conducting punishment of the Party, improving the quality of inspecting, supervising and conducting punishment of the Communist Party of different levels including the Military Party Committee Fourthly, some works have justified the difficulties and rising issues on theory and practice for inspecting, supervising and improving the quality of the inspection and supervision in parties including the Military Party Committee in the revolutionary period Fifthly, these works have proposed the aims, orientations, requirements and solutions to conducting the inspection and supervision work; improving the quality of the inspection and supervision work in party building in general and in the military party committees in particular However, there have been no works systematically and thoroughly touching upon enhancing the effectiveness of the inspection and supervision work at party committees of air defence regiments of the Vietnam People’s Army under the perspective of Party Building and State Government Thus, the thesis entitles: “Enhancing the effectiveness of the inspection and supervision work at the Party Committees of the air defense regiments of the Vietnam People's Army currently”, is a new, fresh and original doctoral thesis which has no coincidence with any other previous published works 1.3.2 The issues need further addressing in this thesis The focal points are listed here below: Firstly, the thesis interprets the basic issues on structure, function, task, position and role of the air defense regiments in the Vietnam People’s Army currently Secondly, the thesis clarifies some basic issues on the inspection and supervision work of the Party Committees of air defense regiments in the Vietnam People’s Army currently It justifies the concept of the inspection and supervision’s effectiveness; factors deciding the inspection and supervision’s effectiveness of the Party Committees of air defense regiments in the Vietnam People’s Army Thirdly, the thesis clarifies the concept of enhancing the inspection and supervision’s effectiveness of the Party Committees of air defense regiments, issues of regularity in promoting the inspection and supervision’s effectiveness of the Party Committees of air defense regiments in the Vietnam People’s Army Fourthly, the thesis conducts surveys questionnaires, precisely assessing the reality of the inspection and supervision’s effectiveness of the Party Committees of air defense regiments in the Vietnam People’s Army, indicating its achievements, limitations and experiences on enhancing the quality of the inspection and supervision’s effectiveness at the Party Committees of air defense regiments in the Vietnam People’s Army Fifthly, the thesis anticipates the factors directly affecting the inspection and supervision’s effectiveness at the Party Committees of air defense regiments currently and in the coming time in both positive and negative direction The thesis proposes feasible solutions to enhance the inspection and supervision’s effectiveness at the Party Committees of air defense regiments in the Vietnam People’s Army currently Summary of chapter There have been several published foreign and domestic works on the inspection and supervision work which thoroughly and completely analysed the basic issues of the inspection and supervision work of some ruling parties worldwide and of the Communist Party of Vietnam Notably, some domestic works have researched on the specialized issues on the inspection and supervision work of the Party, party organizations and the Examining Committees of different levels including party organizations in the Military party Committees Although there have some coincidences on some points of the inspection and supervision work, till now there have been no works systematically and thoroughly touching upon enhancing the effectiveness of the inspection and supervision work at party committees of air defense regiments of the Vietnam People’s Army Thus, the thesis entitles “Enhancing the effectiveness of the inspection and supervision work at the Party Committees of the air defense regiments of the Vietnam People's Army currently", is a new, fresh and original doctoral thesis which has no coincidence with any other previous published works Chapter BASIC ISSUES ON ENHANCING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF INSPECTION AND SUPERVISION AT THE PARTY COMMITTEES OF THE AIR DEFENSE REGIMENTS OF THE VIET NAM PEOPLE’S ARMY IN THEORY AND PRACTICE 2.1 The Party Committees of the Air Defense Regiments and the Inspection and Supervision work at the Party Committees of the Air Defense Regiments of the Vietnam People’s Army 2.1.1 The Party Committees of the Air Defense Regiments of the Vietnam People’s Army Staffing organization of the air defense regiments of the Vietnam People's Army The air defense regiments of the VPA are in fact the air defense regiments belonging to the staff of air defense divisions, Air Force and Air Defense Service Because there are no air defense regiments under the Ministry of Defense, the military regions, the corps not staff the air defense regiment, but only the air defense brigade According to the Army Management Command and the Air Defense Combat Command of the Vietnam People’s Army, Decision No 745 / QD-TM dated May 14, 2019 of the Chief of the General Staff of the Vietnam People’s Army on: Issuing payroll organization (peacetime) belonging to the Air Force and Air Defense Service, the air defense regiments of the Vietnam People’s Army are organized and staffed as follows: The air defense regiments include missile regiments, radar regiments and anti-aircraft artillery regiments Staffing organization of the missile regiment The regiment commanding committee includes the regiment commander, the regiment commissar, the regiment deputy chief of staff, the regiment deputy of military in general, the regiment deputy commissar Four regimental agencies: the staff department, the political department, the logistics department, and the technical department Units belonging to the missile regiment include: combat battalions with battalion’s companies; under the companies staffed the platoons (the control platoon, the transceiver platoon, the calculation platoon, and the command platoon) and a pedestal platoon; a technical ensuring battalion includes ammunition assuring and repairing teams; an information company under the regiment includes reporting platoon, target and information platoon, reconnaissance platoon Staffing organization of the radar regiment The regiment commanding committee includes the regiment commander, the regiment commissar, the regiment deputy chief of staff, the regiment deputy of military in general, the regiment deputy commissar Four regimental agencies: the staff department, the political department, 10 the logistics department, and the technical department Units belonging to the radar regiment include: combat radar stations and an information company staffed by: reporting platoon, target and information platoon; reconnaissance platoon belonging to the regiment, at the radar stations is staffed by a commanding platoon Staffing organization of the anti-aircraft artillery regiment The regiment commanding committee includes the regiment commander, the regiment commissar, the regiment deputy chief of staff, the regiment deputy of military in general, the regiment deputy commissar Four regimental agencies: the staff department, the political department, the logistics department, and the technical department Units under the high-radiation regiment include: high-radiation companies (57-gun high-power company, 37-gun high-power company) and an A87 shoulder-mounted missile company; an information company, including a reporting platoon, a target and information platoon; a reconnaissance platoon under the regiment * The definition and organizational structure of the air defense regiments’ the party committees The Party Committees of the air defense regiments of the Vietnam People’s Army is the grassroots party committee, establishing the foundation of the Party and the Military Party Committee, is the political base at the grassroots, is the bridge connecting the Party with the masses, is the place where all lines and guidelines of the Party, policies and laws of the State, revolutionary tasks of the Army and army units are thoroughly understood and successfully implemented, and building a strong and clean Party Committees of the regiments * Functions, duties, powers and working relationships of the Party Committees of the Air Defense Regiment of the Vietnam People's Army Function of the air defense regiments’ party committees Regulation No 111-QD / TW of January 25, 2018 of the 12th Central Committee defines the functions and tasks of the grassroots Party Committee and grassroots party cells in combat units Thus, the regiment Party Committee has the function of: “Being a political nucleus, leading all aspects of the work, all activities of the unit; researching and proposing to the superiors issues related to leadership in performing political tasks and party work, political work” Duties of the air defense regiment’s party committee According to Regulation 111-QD / TW dated January 25, 2018 of the 12th Central Committee Secretariat, the air defense regiment's party committee has the following duties: Firstly, leading to carry out political duties Secondly, leading the logistics, technical and financial assurance Thirdly, leading the work of ideology Fourthly, leading the organization work and cadre work Fifthly, leading the mass organizations and military councils Sixthly, building the party organizations Seventhly, leading the work of inspection, supervision and Party discipline The working relationships of the air defense regiment’s party committee 11 The relationship between the air defense regiment’s party committee and the air defense division’s party committee is the relationship between leadership obedience and leadership The relationship between the air defense regiment’s party committee and the politics department of the division and the inspection committee of the division’s party committee is the relationship under the direction, guidance and directing and guiding the party work and political work, the inspection and supervision work The relationship between the regiment’s party committee and the party committee, the lower party organization in the air defense regiment's party committee is the relationship between the leadership and submission to the leadership The relationship between the regiment’s party committee, the componential party committee, the party cell and the political commissar, the politician, the commander is the relationship between the leader and the servant The relationship between the party secretary (political commissar, politician) and the commander of the unit is a working coordination relationship The relationship between the regiment’s party committee and the inspection committee of the regiment’s party committee is the relationship between the leader and obedience to the leadership The relationship between the committees and mass organizations and military councils in the air defense regiment is the relationship between the leadership and submission to leadership The relationship between the regiment’s party committee, the committee, the party cell belonging to the air defense regiment’s party committee with the committee, the local authority and the agencies and units in the garrison area is the relationship of working coordination and cooperation 2.1.2 The inspection and supervision work in the air defense regiment’s party committees in the Vietnam People’s Army * The definition of inspection and supervision work at the air defense regiments’ party committees of the Vietnam People's Army I&S work at the air defense regiments’ party committees of the Vietnam People's Army, is the sum of the activities of the regiment’s party committees, the inspection committees, the committees, the party organizations and party members in the implementation of the Political Platform , Party Regulations, guidelines, resolutions, directives and regulations of the Party and the policies, laws of the State, performing political tasks and party building work, in order to improve leadership capacity, strengthen the combating capacity of the Party Committee, improve the quality of the party members, contributing to building a strong and clean Party Committee, a completely powerful regiment The purpose of inspection and supervision: to improve the leadership and combating ability of the Party Committee, improve the quality of the 12 party members; contribute to building a strong and clean party committee and a completely powerful regiment The subject of Inspection and supervision: the Party Committee, the Standing Committee, the inspection committee of the air defense regiment’s party committees, the componential Party Committees, the party cells belonging to the componential, under the air defense regiment’s party committee of the Vietnam People's Army The object of inspection and supervision: the committees, party organizations and party members in all air defense regiment’s party committees in the Vietnam People's Army Forces involved in inspection and supervision: are functional agencies, cadres, party members, mass organizations, officers, soldiers, committees, local authorities, and local mass organizations where the party members reside The content of inspection and supervision The content of inspection (party members, party organizations) The content of supervision (party members, party organizations) The forms of inspection and supervision The form of inspection Regular inspection Periodical inspection Irregular inspection The form of supervision Supervision in the air defense regiment’s party committees includes regular supervision and thematic supervision The method of supervision There is direct supervision and indirect supervision The methods of conducting inspection and supervision * Characteristics of the I&S work at the air defense regiment's party committees of the Vietnam People's Army Firstly, the subject who leads, directs and conducts the work of I&S has a lot of experience in leading, directing the training, combating readiness, combating, building formal regulations, managing disciplines, Party building work, and I&S work Secondly, the objects of inspection and supervision in the air defense regiment's party committees are very diverse and have special characteristics compared to other party committees in the Military Party Committee Thirdly, the contents of the I&S work at all levels of the air defense regiment's party committees a very comprehensive, focusing on inspecting and supervising the leadership of the central political mission, building strong and clean party organizations Fourthly, the I&S work in the air defense regiment’s party committees has the participation of many organizations and forces * The role of inspection and supervision in the air defense regiment's party committees in the Vietnam People's Army 13 Firstly, the I&S work in the air defense regiment’s party committees contributes directly to the guarantee of the Political Platform, the Party Charter, the Party's guidelines, the policies and laws of the State Secondly, the I&S work in the air defense regiment’s party parties contributes to educating, encouraging cadres and party members to cultivate, train and strive to fulfil their assigned duties and tasks Thirdly, the I&S work in the air defense regiment’s party committees contributes to proactively preventing the phenomenon of political, ideological and moral deterioration among cadres and party members Fourthly, the I&S work in the air defense regiment’s party committees contributes to improving the leadership capacity; building strong and clean Party Committees, a completely powerful Regiment 2.2 Basic issues on the effectiveness and enhancing the effectiveness of the inspection and supervision work at the air defense regiment’s party committees of the Vietnam People’s Army 2.2.1 Basic issues on the effectiveness of the inspection and supervision work at the air defense regiment’s party committees of the Vietnam People’s Army * Definition of the effectiveness of the inspection and supervision work at the air defense regiment’s party committees: The effectiveness of the inspection and supervision work at the air defense regiment’s party committees of the Vietnam People's Army is the sum of the actual values to implement the contents, forms and methods of the Party Committees’ inspection and supervision * Factors regulating the effectiveness of the inspection and supervision work at the air defense regiment’s party committees of the Vietnam People’s Army Firstly, the leadership of the division’s party committee, the direction and guidance of the inspection committee of the air defense divisions’ party committees Secondly, the leadership of the regiment’s party committees, the direction and guidance of the inspection committee of the regiment’s party committees about the I&S work in the air defense regiment’s party committees Thirdly, the leadership and combating capacity of the committees and party organizations at all levels in the air defense regiment’s party committees Fourthly, the quality of the contingent of cadres and party members of the air defense regiment’s party committees Fifthly, the Party's statutes and regulations on I&S work, and Party discipline implementation Sixthly, the sense of responsibility to participate in the I&S work of mass organizations, military councils and officers and soldiers in air defense regiments * Criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of I&S work at the air defense regiment’s party committees of the Vietnam People’s Army 14 Firstly, the level of awareness and results of the implementation of the roles and responsibilities of the subjects, participating forces and the objects of the I&S work in the air defense regiment’s party committees Secondly, the level of implementation of the content, form, method, and process of I&S work in the air defense regiment’s party committees compared to the position, role, goals and requirements of the I&S work Thirdly, the degree of change and progress of party members, party organizations in the air defense regiment's party committees after receiving inspection and supervision Fourthly, the results of building the strong and clean party committees of the regiment, the results of leading units to complete the assigned tasks 2.2.2 Definition and principled issues in enhancing the effectiveness of the inspection and supervision work at the air defense regiment’s party committees of the Vietnam People's Army * Definition of enhancing the effectiveness of the inspection and supervision work at the air defense regiment’s party committees Enhancing the effectiveness of the I&S work at the air defense regiment’s party committees of the Vietnam People’s Army is the sum of the guidelines, contents, forms and measures affecting the subjects, participating forces, and objects of the inspection and supervision work, the factors that regulate the effectiveness of the inspection and supervision work to meet the objectives and requirements of the inspection and supervision work, the requirements of building strong and clean party committees of the defense regiments The definition clearly indicated: The purpose of enhancing the effectiveness of the inspection and supervision work in the air defense regiment's party committees of the Vietnam People’s Army: making the effectiveness of the inspection and supervision work in air defense regiment's party committees is constantly upgraded, meeting the increasingly better positions, functions and duties of party committees and party organizations; building completely powerful party committees of the air defense regiments, complete all assigned tasks The subjects leading to enhance the effectiveness of the I&S work in the air defense regiment's party committees are: the regiment’s party committee, the standing party committee, the committee, the party organization at all levels belonging to the regiment’s party committee; The guiding and instructing subject is the inspection committee of the air defense regiment’s party committee Forces involved in enhancing the effectiveness of I&S work are: political commissar, deputy political commissar, the air defense division’s political office, political commissars and politicians; party members of the air defense regiment’s party committee, mass organizations, military councils, cadres and soldiers in air defense regiments 15 The contents of enhancing the effectiveness of I&S work at the air defense regiment's party committees of the Vietnam People’s Army Firstly, strengthening the leadership of the Party Committee, the Standing Committee of the Party Committee, the direction and guidance of the Inspection Committee of the Party Committee of the air defense divisions about the I&S work in the air defense regiment's party committees Secondly, strengthening the leadership of the regiment’s party committee, the committee, the party organization at all levels, the guidance of the Inspection Committee of the regiment’s party committee, the party Committee’s secretary, the Party cell's secretary about the I&S work Thirdly, improving the leadership and fighting ability of the Party Committee, the Committees and the party cells of the air defense regiment’s party committee about the I&S work Fourthly, improving the quality of the cadres and party members of the air defense regiment’s party committee Fifthly, identifying the right objects, well implementing the process of inspecting and supervising party members, party organizations in the air defense regiment’s party committees Sixthly, promoting the role and responsibility of mass organizations, military councils, officers and soldiers in air defense regiments participating in the inspection and supervision work The forms and measures of improving the effectiveness of inspection and supervision work at the air defense regiment’s party committees of the Vietnam People’s Army Firstly, conducting educational work, raising the officials and party members’ awareness level of the I&S work Secondly, conducting training in quality and capacity for the committees, inspectors, cadres and party members of air defense regiment’s party committees Thirdly, maintaining strict statutes and regulations on the I&S work, strictly abiding by the regimes and routines of inspection and supervision in the party committees of air defense regiments Fourthly, regularly consolidating the organization, improving the quality of the Inspection Committee of the regiment’s party committees and the quality of the inspectors as well Fifthly, regularly doing well the preliminary work, summarizing work of the inspection and supervision to draw experience, promote advantages, overcome shortcomings in the I&S work * Principal issues in enhancing the effectiveness of I&S work in the air defense regiment’s party committees in the Vietnam People’s Army Firstly, to improve the effectiveness of I&S work in the air defense regiment’s party committees it is necessary to thoroughly grasp and creatively apply the views of Marxism-Leninism and Ho Chi Minh's thought to the Party's I&S work Secondly, improving the effectiveness of the I&S work in regiment’s party committees must be under the leadership and close guidance of the 16 Party Committee, the Inspection Committee of the Party Committees of the air defense divisions belonging to the Air Force and Air Defense Service Thirdly, to improve the effectiveness of I&S work in the air defense regiment's party committees it is necessary to promote the role of exemplary pioneers of officials, party members, organizations and forces involved Fourthly, to improve the effectiveness of I&S work in regiment’s party committees it is necessary to perform well the principles, disciplines, and statues and methods inspection and supervision must be suitable with the actual situation of each party committee Summary of chapter Inspection and supervision is the contents of the Party's leadership function, an important stage in the Party's leadership process, an important part of the Party building work Over the past years, the Party committees and party organizations in the air defense regiment's party committees have regularly paid attention to leading and conducting I&S work, contributing to increasing the effectiveness of I&S operations, meeting the objectives and requirements of the I&S work that have been set However, due to many reasons, the effectiveness of the I&S work in some air defense regiment’s party committees is low, failing to meet the functional requirements and duties of the air defense regiment’s party committees and the requirements and duties of building the regiment’s party committees; the task of building an entirely strong air defense regiment Therefore, enhancing the effectiveness of I&S work at the air defense regiment's party committees is an objective requirement, and also an urgent issue at present Chapter CURRENT SITUATION AND SOME EXPERIENCE IN ENHANCING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE INSPECTION AND SUPERVISION WORK AT THE AIR DEFENSE REGIMENT’S PARTY COMMITTEES OF THE VIETNAM PEOPLE’S ARMY 3.1 Current situation of the effectiveness of the inspection and supervision work at the air defense regiment’s party committees of the Vietnam People’s Army 3.1.1 Advantages of the effectiveness of inspection and supervision work at the air defense regiment’s party committees of the Vietnam People's Army Firstly, the subjects and participating forces, the objects of the I&S work have relatively fully and properly aware of the I&S work and their roles and responsibilities in the I&S work Secondly, the regiment’s party committees, the inspection committee of the regiment’s party committees, the committees, the party organizations at all levels belonging to the party committees of the air defense regiments have implemented relatively well the program and plan in the process of inspection and supervision in the 17 regiment’s party committees Thirdly, the vast majority of party members and party organizations after being inspected and supervised had a change in awareness, determined to fix defects to progress and mature Fourthly, the leadership and fighting capacity of the party committees and party organizations in the air defense regiment's party committees have been increasingly raised, leading the units to complete the assigned tasks 3.1.2 Limitations and shortcomings of the effectiveness of inspection and supervision work at the air defense regiment’s party committees Firstly, a number of party committees, party organizations, officials, party members in the air defense regiment's party committees are not fully and deeply aware of the inspection and supervision work and the roles and responsibilities in conducting the work Secondly, the results of implementing the contents, forms, methods and processes of the I&S work of a number of party committees and party organizations in the defense regiment's party committees are limited Thirdly, the degree of change and progress of some party organizations and party members in the air defense regiment’s party committees after being inspected and supervised is still slow Fourthly, a number of party committees and party organizations in the air defense regiment's party committees have not yet achieved the standard of being strong and clean 3.2 Causes and some experience in improving the effectiveness of inspection and supervision work at the air defense regiment’s party committees of the Vietnam People's Army 3.2.1 Causes of advantages and limitations, shortcomings * Causes of advantages Firstly, the achievements in the renovation process and the results of the campaign to build and reorganize the Party have created a strong motivation and favourable conditions for the inspection and supervision work in the air defense regiment's party committees in the Vietnam People’s Army Secondly, the leadership of the Party Committee, the Standing Committee of the Party Committees of the Air Force and Air Defense Service, the Division’s Party Committees, the direction and guidance of the Inspection Committee of the Service’s Party Committees, and the Air Defense Division’s Party Committees Thirdly, the leadership of the regiment’s party committees, the committees, the party organizations at all levels, the guidance of the regiment’s party committees, the roles and responsibilities of the committee secretaries, the party organizations in the I&S work Fourthly, promoting the roles of cadres, party members, and the active participation of organizations and forces in the air defense regiment’s party committees * Causes of limitations and shortcomings 18 Firstly, the adverse impact of the market economy mechanism, the negatives and social evils Secondly, the leadership and direction of the division party committees, the guidance of the inspection committee of the division party committee at times was not timely, not close to the situation of the task of inspection and supervision in the party committees of the air defense regiments Thirdly, the leadership and combating strength of some committees and party organizations, the capacity of the Inspection Committee of the Party Committees in the air defense regiments are limited Fourthly, a part of cadres and party members have not really upheld political responsibility and compatibility in the process of conducting inspection and supervision 3.2.2 Some experience in enhancing the effectiveness of the inspection and supervision work at the party committees of the air defense regiments of the Vietnam People’s Army Firstly, thoroughly grasping and strictly abiding by the Party's resolutions, directives and regulations and the guidance of the committees and the upper inspection committees on the work of inspection and supervision Secondly, regularly consolidating the organization, improving the quality and capacity of the inspection and supervision work of the committees, party organizations belonging to the party committees of the air defense regiments Thirdly, promoting democracy, self-criticism and criticism of the party members in conducting the inspection and supervision work Fourthly, improving the leadership and fighting capacity of the Committees and Party organizations Fifthly, promoting the combined strength of organizations and forces in improving the effectiveness of the inspection and supervision work of the party committees, the Inspection Committees of the party committees of the air defense regiments of the Vietnam People’s Army Summary of chapter Over the past years, the effectiveness of the inspection and supervision work at the air defense regiment's party committees of the Vietnam People’s Army has been regularly confirmed, maintained and raised, contributing to building the strong and clean party organizations, and the entirely clear units, completing the all assigned tasks successfully However, besides the advantages of confirming the effectiveness, the inspection and supervision work at the party committees of the air defense regiments also revealed the limitations and shortcomings, making the effectiveness of the inspection and supervision work of the Party committees and party organizations at some levels are not high in comparison to the targets and requirements The causes of the limitations and shortcomings are both objective and subjective, but mainly belong to the responsibilities of the subjects and the participating forces Therefore, improving the effectiveness of the inspection and supervision work at the 19 party committees of the air defense regiments of the Vietnam People's Army is an urgent issue at present Chapter REQUIREMENTS AND MEASURES TO IMPROVE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE INSPECTION AND SUPERVISION WORK AT THE PARTY COMMITTEES OF THE AIR DEFENSE REGIMENTS OF THE VIETNAM PEOPLE’S ARMY CURRENTLY 4.1 The impact factors and requirements for improving the effectiveness of the inspection and supervision work at the party committees of the air defense regiments of the Vietnam People’s Army 4.1.1 Impact factors on improving in the effectiveness of the inspection and supervision work at the party committees of the air defense regiments of the Vietnam People’s Army Firstly, the rapid and complicated evolution of the situation in the world, the region, the sabotage conspiracy and the tactics of the hostile forces towards Vietnam’s revolutions Secondly, the development of military construction and combat missions Thirdly, the task of establishing and regulating the Party in the new period raises the requirement to improve the effectiveness of the inspection and supervision work in the air defense regiment's party committees at present Fourthly, the advantages and disadvantages in the inspection and supervision work in of the committees, the party organizations at all levels belonging to the party committees of the air defense regiments of the Vietnam People's Army currently 4.1.2 Requirements for improving the effectiveness of the inspection and supervision work at the party committees of the air defense regiments of the Vietnam People's Army Firstly, thoroughly grasp and strictly abide by resolutions, directives, regulations and regulations on the inspection and supervision work of the Party, and the superior committees to improve the effectiveness of the inspection and supervision work Secondly, to regularly strengthen the leadership of the Party Committee to improve the effectiveness of the inspection and supervision work in air defense regiment's party committees Thirdly, closely follow the political tasks of the unit and the Party building work to conduct and improve the effectiveness of the inspection and supervision work Fourthly, bring into play the roles and responsibilities of organizations and forces in improving the effectiveness of the inspection and supervision work in the air defense regiment‘s party committees 4.2 Major measures to improve the effectiveness of the inspection and supervision work at the party committees of the air defense regiments of the Vietnam People’s Army currently 4.2.1 Creating a strong change in awareness and responsibility of 20 organizations and forces in improving the effectiveness of the inspection and supervision work at the party committees of the air defense regiments of the People's Army of Vietnam today In order to raise the awareness and responsibility of organizations and forces in improving the effectiveness of the inspection and supervision work in the air defense regiment’s party committees, it is necessary to perform well the following contents Firstly, make organizations and forces aware of the positions, roles and basic issues of the inspection and supervision work of the Party in general, the inspection and supervision work at the party committees of the air defense regiments in particular Secondly, make organizations and forces aware of the actual status of the inspection and supervision work of, advantages and disadvantages at present Thirdly, make organizations and forces aware of their role in raising the effectiveness of the inspection and supervision work at the party committees of air defense regiments To achieve the above contents, the following forms and measures are required Firstly, conducting political and ideological education for cadres and party members who take part in the inspection and supervision work Secondly, basing on the activities of organizations, especially activities of party committees and party organizations Thirdly, basing on the practice of the inspection and supervision work, the Party discipline implementation of the committees Fourthly, organizing training courses on inspection and supervision work for committee members Fifthly, basing on the preliminary work and the review of the inspection and supervision work at the party committees of the air defense regiments 4.2.2 Completing the regulations on the inspection and supervision work, the working regulations of the Inspection Committee, well implementing the contents, forms and methods of the inspection and supervision work at the regiments’ party committees of the Vietnam People's Army In order to improve the effectiveness of the inspection and supervision work at the party committees of the air defense regiments, it is necessary to concentrate on well implementing the following internal policies, forms and measures Firstly, complete the regulations on the inspection and supervision work; the working regulations of the Inspection Committee at the party committees of the air defense regiments * Complete the regulations on the inspection and supervision work * Complete the working regulations of the Inspection Committee of the air defense regiments Secondly, well implement the contents, forms, and methods of inspection and supervision work at the party committees of the air defense regiments at present First, well perform the contents of the inspection and supervision work * Perform well the contents of the inspection work 21 * Implement well the contents of the supervision work Second, well implement the forms and methods of the inspection and supervision work at the air defense regiment's party committees 4.2.3 Enhancing the inspection and supervision capacity of the Party committees and party organizations at all levels in the air defense regiments of the Vietnam People's Army In order to improve the capacity of the inspection and supervision work of the party committees and party organizations at all levels at the air defense regiments’ party committees, it is necessary to perform well the following contents: Firstly, fostering and improving the basic knowledge of the inspection and supervision work for the members, officers and party members of the air defense regiments’ party committees Fostering the basic views of Marxism - Leninism, Ho Chi Minh ideology, and the views of the Communist Party of Vietnam on the inspection and supervision work Fostering the regulations and guidance of the Central Executive Committee, the Politburo, the Secretariat, the Central Organizing Committee, and the Central Inspection Commission on the inspection and supervision work Fostering the contents of the statutes and regulations of the Party Committee of the Air Force and Air Defense Service, the Divisions’ Party Committees, the guidance of the Political Department of the Service, the Inspection Committee of the Air Force and Air Defense Service Fostering and guiding the records, documents, forms and procedures of the inspection and supervision work Secondly, imparting experience in the inspection and supervision work, especially experience in inspecting and supervising party organizations and party members when there are signs of violations, serious cases of discipline violation In order to carry out the contents of fostering and improving the inspection and supervision competence of the regiments’ party committees, the committees, and the party organizations at all levels in the party committees of the air defense regiments, it is necessary to carry out the following forms and measures First, basing on the studying sessions, thoroughly grasping the resolutions of the National Party Congress and the resolutions of the Central Executive Committee of the courses Second, basing on the training courses on inspection and supervision work conducted by the Air Force and Air Defense Service Third, basing on the forms of leadership activities, studying, self-criticism and criticism and thematic activities of the committees and party organizations Fourth, basing on the annual political study program for cadres, officers, professional military personnel, non-commissioned officers and soldiers of the General Department of Politics Fifth, basing on the practice of conducting inspection and supervision work in the air defense regiment's party committees Sixth, basing on self-studying 22 and self-researching of the committee members and party members 4.2.4 Building and bringing into play the role of the inspection committee and inspection staff in enhancing the effectiveness of the inspection and supervision works at the Party Committees of the air defense regiments of the Vietnam People's Army Building and bringing into play the role of the inspection committee of the regiment party committees The Party Committees of the air defense regiments must strictly abide by the provisions of the Party Regulations, the Central Executive Committee and the Central Military Commission on the structure and organization of the inspection committee at the grassroots party committees The Air Defense Regiment Party Committees need to regularly take care of the leadership and direction of the Inspection Committee to formulate the programs and plans of the inspection and supervision work, strictly abide by the order and the statutes of the inspection and supervision of the Regiment Party Committees Building and bringing into play the role of inspection staff The Regiment Party Committees, the commanders, the political agencies, the Inspection Committee, the committees and the Party organizations at all levels need to pay special attention to building the inspection staff, ensuring that this team has the good quality, capacity, working method and working style to well fulfil the inspection and supervision work assigned by the Committees and party organizations 4.2.5 Promoting the combined strength in improving the effectiveness of the inspection and supervision work at the regiment party committees of the Vietnam People’s Army This is a very important solution, showing the viewpoint of using and promoting the combined strength in the construction and operation of the Party in general, in the inspection and supervision work at the air defense regiment's party committees in particular * For the Party Committees, the Inspection Committees of the Air ForceAir Defense Service * For the functional agencies of the air defense divisions * For the functional agencies of the air defense regiments * For the officials and party members in air defense regiments * For the mass organizations and military councils in air defense regiments * For the committees, local governments in the place where the officials and party members station and reside Summary of chapter The inspection and supervision work at the party committees of the air defense regiments of the Vietnam People’s Army is currently under the influence of many factors which are both objective and subjective, both favourable and difficult The development of the situation of revolutionary 23 missions, the military building and combating missions and the training missions, and the ready-to-combat missions of the air defense regiments of the Vietnam People's Army is setting a requirement to improve the effectiveness of the inspection and supervision work at the party committees of the air defense regiments, In order to improve the effectiveness of the inspection and supervision work at the party committees of the air defense regiments, it is necessary to implement the solutions synchronously Each solution has a different position and role, but they have a close relationship with each other and support each other, which is a condition to improve the effectiveness of the inspection and supervision work at the party committees of the air defense regiments Therefore, when applying the solutions, they must be done synchronously and in a combining manner, it is advisable not overlook or ignore any solution CONCLUSION Starting from the position, the role and the importance of the inspection and supervision work to the leadership and the Party building work, over the past years a lot of foreign and domestic research works on the inspection and supervision work have been published Therefore, although there is a certain interference of basic theoretical issues about the inspection and supervision work, so far no work has been studied systematically, in depth on the effectiveness of enhancing the effectiveness of the inspection and supervision work at the party committees of the air defense regiments of the Vietnam People's Army from a scientific perspective of building the Party and the Government Hence, the thesis topic "Enhancing the effectiveness of the inspection and supervision work at the party committees of the air defense regiments of the Vietnam People's Army currently" is an independent research project, not overlapping with other published works The inspection and supervision work is of the Party's leadership function, an important part in building and reorganizing the Party However, in reality, the inspection and supervision work at all levels in the Party in general, in party committees of the air defense regiments in particular also revealed many limitations, inadequacies, and many theoretical and practical issues on the inspection and supervision work have not been clarified; The awareness and responsibility of the officials and party members on the inspection and supervision work are not really sufficient and profound, making the effectiveness of the inspection and supervision work incommensurate with the position and role in leadership operations and Party building work Therefore, improving the effectiveness of the inspection and supervision work at the party committees of the air defense regiments in particular is an objective and regular requirement Over the past years, the inspection and supervision work at the party committees of the air defense regiments of the Vietnam People’s 24 Army has gained many achievements and advantages, confirming the effectiveness of the inspection and supervision work, contributing to building the strong and clean party committees of the air defense regiments, and the entirely strong air defense regiments However, besides the advantages and the effectiveness of the inspection and supervision work at the party committees of the air defense regiments, the inspection and supervision work still has a lot of limitations and shortcomings Therefore, improving the effectiveness of the inspection and supervision work in air defense regiments of the Vietnam People's Army is an urgent issue at present Improving the effectiveness of the inspection and supervision work at the party committees of the air defense regiments of the Vietnam People’s Army is now under the impact of many factors which are both objective and subjective, both advantageous and disadvantageous Therefore, in order to improve the effectiveness of the inspection and supervision work in air defense regiments, it is necessary to thoroughly grasp and implement well the requirements to improve the effectiveness of the inspection and supervision work at the party committees of the air defense regiments, simultaneously apply combined solutions Each solution has a different position and role, but they a close relationship with each other and supports each other, which is a condition to improve the effectiveness of the inspection and supervision work at the party committees of the air defense regiments Therefore, when they are applied, they must be carried out synchronously, and at the same time, they have to be applied creatively in accordance with the actual conditions of each party committee of the air defense regiments to bring practical effects Improving the effectiveness of the inspection and supervision work at the party committees of the air defense regiments is now a very urgent issue but also very difficult and complicated Practical situation of the world, the region and the country continue to have mobilizations and developments; Requests for revolutionary tasks, the task of building and regulating the Party, the tasks of construction and combat of the army, the Air Force and Air Defence Service, the air defense regiments are increasingly raising many issues Theories and practices of the inspection and supervision work should continue to be studied and solved Therefore, the issues of effectiveness of the inspection and supervision work at the party committees of the air defense regiments should be further studied in depth, with larger works in the coming time./  ... Committees of the air defense divisions, the direction of the Inspection Committee (IC) of the Service’s Party Committee, the Inspection Committee of the air defense Division''s Party Committee,... committees The Party Committees of the air defense regiments of the Vietnam People’s Army is the grassroots party committee, establishing the foundation of the Party and the Military Party Committee,... defense regiments’ party committees of the Vietnam People''s Army, is the sum of the activities of the regiment’s party committees, the inspection committees, the committees, the party organizations