STRUCTURE AND HABITS SPIDERS.

/^^ i^t^ A-X' i! /•'^ AA1 I' fyxmll Wimvmxi^ pi BOUGHT WITH THE INCOM FROM THE SAGE ENDOWMENT THE GIFT OP Menrg W Sage 1S91 Cornell University Library QL 451.E53 1890 Structure and habits of spiders / 1924 024 781 613 ^ B The tlie Cornell University Library original of tliis bool< is in Cornell University Library There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924024781613 : THE STRUCTURE AND HABITS SPIDERS J H EMERTON ILLUSTRATED BOSTON B WHIDDEN, PUBLISHER 1890 N^ //CORNEILN UNIVERS'TY USRARVy COPYRIGHT, iJl S E CARSINO 1878 Elecirotyped By C J Peters Bost07i &» Son^ T~f^ Structure 114 the summer under plants, hide away there live through weather, ready to and Habits of stones, among the in webs, the and on leaves, fallen and and wettest coldest move on Spiders first warm day During a thaw they often come out on the snow in great numbers Several house spiders have probably been imported, like rats, and are foimd world ; while other most common all over the species never spread beyond the countries where they are most abundant BOOKS ABOUT SPIDERS — Thordl's "Genera of European Acta Societatis Scientiarum Upsalensis," 1S69, and Thorell's " SynonjTnes of £un>pean Spideis,'" contain a complete history of the classification of the spiders of Xorthem Europe, with references to all 4e descriptions of genera and species, and remarks on 4e use of names and groups by diflterent authors The great resemblance between the European and XorthAmerican spider faun» make these the most useful books for American students- Simon's - Arachnides de Ci-ASSiFic,\TiON Si»ders,'' in - R^a France." a work not yet completed, describes all the spiders in France, and refers to descriptions of the other European species It cont^ns tables by which the ^nus and species to xrhich any spider belongs can be found by the use of a few prtHninent characters ' Anatomy Sidiold's " Anatomy of the Invertebrata — contains a good general accoimt Bertkau describes, in -*Traschel's Archivfur Naturgeschichte," Ae mandibles in iSra the respiratory^jrgans in 1S72, and the sexual- organs in i $75 OefBnger desoibes the spinning-gfauids in " Arvhiv fiir Microscopisdie Anatomic," i86a Embryology — OaparMe, Utrecht, 1862, and Bat Uani, in -.\nnales des Sciences Katurefles," 1872, defrom s^mentation to scribe the growdi of die ^g Books about ii6 hatching H Ladwig, in Spielers ''Zeiischtjh for Wissenstiiaft- liche Zoologie," 1876, gives an accoimt oi die segpieatsr tioB in eggs of Philodromns Habits Walckenaer's " Hisfoire — teres" goes over the whole NatmeUe des Ap- sabjecf BlackwaD, in Zoology" 1834, describes the webmaking of Epeiia, and the fljing habits o£ sfrideis Blackwall also writes on habits in "The Spiders of Great Briton and Ireland," pnblished by the Ray Society, 1864, and in varioos papers in "Transactions ot the linnsan Society," 1833 to 1841 Meuge's Lebensweise der Arachniden in "Schriften der Natnrforchenden Gesellschaft in Danzig" 1843, goes over the whole subject, and is particolarlj useful on the sexnal habits The same author continues the subject in " Preussische Spinnen," published by the same sodety, beginning in 1866, and not yet finished The habits of the water-^ider are described by Mr Bell in "Jtmmal of the Ijnnsan Society," 1857 The tiap-door spiders and their habits are described by J T Moggridge in " Harvesting Ants and Trap-door Spiders," published by L Reeve & Co., London, 1873, and Supplement 1874 Prot B G Wilder has published several papers on the habits of American spiders, the most useful of which are the following on NephOa plumipes from South Carolina, "Proceedings of the Boston Socie^ of Natural " Researches in : History," 1865: Practical Use of Spider's Silk in "The Galaxy," July, 1869 : Habits of Epeira riparia Moulting of Nephila plumipes and Nests of Epeira, Nephila, and Hyptiotes, in " Proceedings of American Association for Advancement of Science," 1873: the Trian^e Spider "Popular Science Monthly," 1875 in INDEX Abdorau, O^MilatioD, 94 rs, 16 Oab s^adcfs, 99, Aduh duoactefs of ^ados, S7, A^Jeoa, web of, Daivin on %iQg ^idas, S3 Dicryna i^nuuDg of, 73; Rgabr A^aksadUe, aS Age of sfHilns, xis, vdksor,74 Aiissstcs, ax Dismbuoon of ^ikdtt^ Air-4ube£» xa Anyp)K3i3^ flying Ai^^ope, DoIcsgJklD, of» 84 wdb of, 67 Aigyioiies, ^ ARidBi,9S ' Attus, Oflidhun, 7a, Oixkid 7a vd^ 35 XX3 espenmenis on poisoQ of S|»dMS,34 Dolj»3Aedefs nescfitfyoong, 33 Dorsal groo>^ 17 &fms of, 83 Dragsadtee, 36 Benlaai, esqaniEBats on potson of E^s, Living, 98; spid«s,34' £mbxjo age of ^adas, ira; erpmaaents on pusou, ^; on blcnrin^ out of thv&ads So; oo fhpxog £^ieind«,3i spiders,^ Eyes x? Foet,x4 Bbtckrirall, BUx»d spidets, xi> Bkwii^ of thrcM^ So growth of, 105 spidas, 103 Ejp^rnom, 9a, Ei^ooe, b^ds of male, SS ^ Flpag of spikes, Food of trsp-door ^idos, BxeaduBg-oss^ans^ 16, sa sex Gnmtli of spidus, 36 Ca£fonua tR^M^oor ^Mda* Care of yoia^, 104 Cave ^^ders, 1x3 4$ HalMcais of spideis, XX3 HateJuz^, 107 Heads of iirale spideis, SS Omi^itiwSie, 7a Hean n GbssaAcatnn of spidas, xx, 93, Homing ca^cuied insects, 6ow 0»ES»X4 Hofcs,44-^ Oobwvts, House ^tdos, 54- 1x4 Inxesdne, ax Ooktus of spiders, xy, 19 CoMxakMntof ^idevs, |o^ Joni^i^ ^«das, Lajing eggs, 9S ^ 117 Index ii8 Sexes di spidezs, 86 T i p yphia cofnmTrni Lycosa, ^jvs% of, 81 Lycosids, Sfaoocbig of tlueads, 75 =3 Six-eyed spiders, 25 of, 58 Shaking web Mandiyes, wfaexi frighteaed, 70^ Spioes, 14 27 S|xiiuezcC5, 39, XI 33 ilaxillae, 15 Moj^ri^e, on poisrai of ^ndess, 36; on tzsp-door spders, 46 Monhrng, no Mouth, 19 SpfDnmg' tubes, 40 Spots OD top di abdomen, 17 Scoiuacb, 2z ^^Tw' h If t^-s^fw t*^*TV J 19 Tame ^Mdeis, 37 Myg2fidse,23 NephDa, web o^ 66 Nervocs system, 22, Ness, 52 Noise by a ^Md^, i& Theridiop, webof^ Theridadg, 6a 30 (Esoi^agiis, 19 Thomisids, 29 Tborax, 12, Fa^it, 14 Thread, 38, 42 Palpal orgaos, 89 Trarfteg, 17, Faiaatic spider, 38 Trap-door nests, 44 Triai^e ^»der, 73 Parasitfts of spiders, 104 Rukos, habit o^ wben fir^iteaed, 6x Tabes, Fnsoa of Regular web of Dictyna, R^iazr of webs, 67 jx Wilder, on moiilmi^ of ^lideis, iic; Triai^e ^ader, Reproduction, 94 Reprodnctive of^ns, 2a Roond S., ; nse c^ spader's Winter bafaits of seders, 113 Yocmg ^lideis, 27 Saunders, S 73 silk, 70 widis, 61 Rntmtag 52 Tyin^ up insects, 43 Use of spider's web, -r, Water spider, 53 spiders, 34 PoisGfO-glands, 23 on digging cf door ^udexs, 50 EUcrc'yptd cy C trap- spaders, 107; escape &iBi co- coon, 103 ZiDa, PeUrs &' wd>o^ £5 SffMt Bcsicn, Man, ... give a plain account of the best known habits of spiders, and as of their anatomy and classification as understand these habits and flying habits Menge ; ridge and the ; Wilder is necessary to portion... th the back and to the bottom, muscles,/ ; attached to a tough diaphragm spreading across 2b The Strzicture and Habits of Spiders and Habits of Tlie Structure Spiders 21 the thorax, and fastened... Tite Structure ami Habits of Fig I Spiders i: The 14 Strticture other six or seven and Habits of The Spiders legs are seven-jointed; and on the terminal joint are three claws Fig 2, A, B, C, and