Giáo trình tiếng anh chuyên ngành lâm nghiệp ( dành cho sinh viên đại học lâm nghiệp)

TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC QUẢNG BÌNH KHOA NGOẠI NGỮ GIÁO TRÌNH (Lưu hành nội bộ) TIẾNG ANH CHUYÊN NGÀNH (Dành cho sinh viên Đại học Lâm nghiệp) Tác giả: Nguyễn Thị Hồng Thắm Năm 2017 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION Unit 1: THE ROLE OF TREES Page 1-3 Unit 2: THE DEVELOPMENT OF CONSERVATION Page 4-6 Unit 3: IDENTIFICATION OF TREES (I) Page 7-9 Unit 4: IDENTIFICATION OF TREES (II) Page 10-12 Unit 5: TREE SIZE AND TYPE CLASSIFICATION Page 13-16 Further Reading: TREES AND FORESTS Page 17-20 Unit 6: FOREST AND FLOODING Page 21-24 Further Reading: WINDBREAKS Page 25-26 Unit 7: CREATING A NEW STAND Page 27-31 Unit 8: DIFFERENT TYPE OF CUTTING Page 32-36 Unit 9: FOREST MEASUREMENTS DEFINED Page 37-39 Unit 10: FOREST HARVESTING Page 40-42 Further Reading: TREES DISEASES Page 48-53 REFERENCES Page 58 LỜI NÓI ĐẦU Tiếng Anh chuyên ngành Lâm nghiệp giáo trình biên soạn theo khung chương trình giáo dục đại học ngành Lâm nghiệp Giáo trình biên soạn theo hướng giới thiệu từ vựng, thuật ngữ thường sử dụng chuyên ngành Lâm nghiệp Ngồi ra, giáo trình cịn giúp sinh viên củng cố, ôn tập số điểm ngữ pháp tiếng Anh Qua đó, sinh viên có hội trau dồi vốn từ vựng, ngữ pháp phát triển kĩ nghe, nói, đọc, viết thơng qua tập vận dụng thảo luận Tiếng Anh chuyên ngành Lâm nghiệp biên soạn, chọn lọc theo chủ đề ngành lâm nghiệp, giúp sinh viên làm quen với vốn từ vựng chuyên ngành luyện khả đọc hiểu dịch văn chuyên ngành, tạo định hướng nghiên cứu tài liệu chuyên ngành tiếng Anh tương lai Unit 1: THE ROLE OF TREES For hundreds of years people have planted trees to serve the needs of future generations for timber and tree products In Europe and Asia forests were planted by rulers, church leaders and farmers – for the people By planting trees they particularly and symbolically showed faith and hope for the future Trees are fundamental to life and the processes that maintain healthy soil, and clean air and water There is evidence which shows that in regions where the trees are cleared to less than 30% of their original surface area, other sustainable life processes begin to collapse Rivers silt up, soils wash away, and air quality declines James Lovelock, a renowned ecologist, claimed these breakdowns in natural systems will in turn affect other word bio-areas continent or cyclones may occur more frequently It will be sad if these things happen before we change from consumers to producers I/ Comprehension What people plant trees for? What European and Asian people want to show by planting trees? What are fundamental roles of trees? What will happen to the area when the trees are cut down? II/ Grammar ADJECTIVE + PREPOSITION Exercise 1: Complete these sentences with the correct preposition It‟ very nice you to let me use your car Thank you very much Why are you always so impolite ………… your parents? Can‟t you be nice …… … them? It wasn‟t very polite ………….….him to leave without saying thank you I can‟t understand people who are cruel to ………… animals Why you always get so annoyed …………… little thing? We enjoyed our vacation, but we were disappointed ………….… the hotel I was surprised ………….… the way he behaved It was out of character These days everybody is aware ……………… the danger of smoking Mr Davis spends a lot of time gardening His garden is very well-kept, and he‟s very proud … …… … it 10 Bill has been doing the same job for too long He‟s bored …… ………it Exercise 2: Fill in the gaps with words in the box boundary ; slopes ; verges ; sanctuary ; shelter ; indigenous pressures ; surrounding ; reptiles ; uncontaminated ; backbones 1.……… forests involved over millions of years with all the ………… of natural selection operating, so that finally what we see is a highly refined complex which is beautifully honed to survive in the ………… environment If the forest is large enough it will offer ………… to indigenous mammals, birds and ……… ……… Forest may be established in the areas such as: creeks, gullies, farm ………… , ridges and places with ………… greater than 15, and roadside ………………… Your garden is the natural forest that are the ………… and security for the whole landscape Like your food forest and structural forest, this assembly of trees and their organisms provides …………… and protection, and maintains air, water and soil in …………… states Exercise 3: Expressing purposes: To-Infinitive A tree uses sunlight The purpose in using it is to combine carbon dioxide with water to form carbohydrates In countries with inadequate rainfall we irrigate the land Our object in doing this is to supply enough moisture for satisfactory plant growth We should add fertilizers or manure to the soil Our aim in doing this is to encourage plant growth Tile drains may be laid in or on the land The reason for this is to remove surplus water from the fields We apply inorganic materials to the soil Our object in doing this is to increase the supply of one or more of the essential nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potash Expressing conditions Take one clause from each of the two columns below to make one sentence Make sure your sentences make sense: If you don‟t understand the trees, If a soil is badly drained, Crops are often lost If you don‟t take notes, If agriculture fails, You get better crops Most trees die People get sick it can become waterlogged you will never be a good forester the world will starve if the farmer does not look after them if they don‟t get enough water if they don‟t eat proper food you won‟t remember the lectures if the soil is fertile Now say what you think would be the result if the circumstances below actually happened Complete the sentences, giving your opinion: Example: My car/not/start If my car didn’t start …………………… a drought/hit/my country b My land/flood c Lose/my note d My country‟s population/double e There/be/no rice/my country f we/not/test/new plant varieties Unit 2: THE DEVELOPMENT OF CONSERVATION In very early pioneer days, trees were cut down with no thought of replacing them However, the significance of trees was indicated as early as the 1620s by the Plymouth Colony, when an ordinance was passed prohibiting the felling of timber on any colony land without official consent A little later in Pennsylvania, William Penn, the governor, ordered that, for every acres of forest land cleared, acre was to be left uncut After the United States was established, laws with penalties were passed by several states to prevent thoughtless waste of the forests In the early 1800s Congress authorized the president to protect live oak and red cedar timber in the state of Florida and to use the Army and Navy for enforcement During this same period the first step in forestry was taken by the government by providing for the growing of live oaks in the southern states for ship timbers A federal act also provided for preservation of nearly 250.000 acres of forest land in Florida, Mississippi, and Louisiana According to another act passed in that decade, any person cutting down or destroying living red cedar, live oak, or other trees on federal land could be punished by the government These laws and regulations, through which the government tried to control the forest land, helped call attention to the importance of forests and led to the development of conservation at the state level In January 1867, the first state committee on forest protection was appointed in Michigan, and Wisconsin followed in March of that year Two years later the State Board of Agriculture of Maine appointed a committee to develop a state policy for the preservation and production of trees Minnesota created a law in 1871 that granted bounties to encourage the planting of forest trees The first Arbor Day, a day in late April or early May observed by the planting of trees was celebrated the following year in Nebraska The federal government adopted the Timber Culture Act in the early 1870s It provided that the government would donate 160 acres of land to any person who planted 40 acres of that trees with trees not more than 12 feet apart and kept the trees growing and healthy for one decade This act, however, was repealed after 10 years because of serious abuses; too many recipients of these grants were not honoring their commitments by failing to follow the rules and regulations pertaining to the grants In many instances, while employing fire to prepare their land for cultivation, the settlers disregarded caution relating to neighboring land Gross carelessness often resulted in destruction of property well I/ Vocabulary Look at paragraph again Which word has the same meaning as: A harvested C importance B without thinking of D banning Look at paragraph again Find the synonym of the words: A agreement C give hope and courage B conservation Look at paragraph again Which word has the same meaning as: A 10 years B parliament II/ Put the appropriate word in the blank protection growing timber laws destruction conserve cut significance fell prevented The…………………….…of Eucalyptus on waste land is becoming popular In Sweden, machines have been used to……………….….trees It is very important to……………….….all the valuable wood species Shifting cultivation causes a lot of forest……………….… Nowadays, most of people are aware the…………………of forests Forests…………… …….is a very important subject for us Long, long ago, trees were………………………with no thought of replacing them ………………… consumption of Japan has been increasing since the Second World War Everybody should respect the……………….……… 10 New forest laws have…………… ……people from destroying forests III/ Comprehension A/ True or False? Trees were cut with thought of replacing them in very early pioneer days The importance of trees was known in the 17th century Before USA was founded laws with penalties were passed by several states to prevent thoughtless waste of the forests In the early 10th century, live oak and red cedar timber in the state of Florida were protected Red cedars were grown by the government in southern states for ship timbers in the early 19th century In some states of America, about 250.000 acres of forest land were preserved by a federal act Any persons cutting down one acre of living red cedar, live oak or other trees on federal land could be punished by the government In the early 19th century police were used to enforce forest laws and regulations In 1896 the state Board of Agriculture of Maine appointed a committee to develop a state policy for the preservation and production of trees 10 These early laws and regulations played an important role in the establishment of forestry in USA B/ Answer the questions: In very early pioneer days, why were trees cut with no thought of replacing them? What was the content of the ordinance passed in 1620? What did William Penn order? In the early 1800s, what did the congress authorize the president to do? When was the planting of trees started? When was the timber culture Act adopted and what was its content? IV/ Grammar + Some verbs in English must be followed by the - ing form: Forexample: He admitted taking my book + Others are followed by the infinitive, “to”: Forexample: He agreed to lend me his book + Verbs followed by a particles like „in‟, „from‟, etc are followed by the -ing form: Forexample: He insisted on going to a film last night Exercise : Make sentences from the following notes Think whether you should use the infinitive or the – ing form after the verbs He/suggest/read/chapter 5/before/we/go/lecture The rain/not stop/fall/until yesterday evening He/wants/spend/more time/study A good farmer/try/set/objectives Peter/prevent/harvest/his crop/bad weather I enjoy/listen/music He/not mind/work/weekends He/forget/hand in/essay/ last night There/nothing/that shop/worth/buy 10 It/no use/leave/your work/last minute 11 I/miss/watch/college football match/last week Unit 3: IDENTIFICATION OF TREES (I) Trees are woody plants, but not all woody plants are trees A tree usually grows upright to at least 20 feet (15.5 metres) at maturity and has a single stem, often called bole or trunk The stem supports limbs and leaves, forming the top or crown Other woody plants are vines and shrubs Vines may have woody stems but not have a distinct crown of upright branches Shrubs may have several woody stems growing from a clump, and they usually are smaller than trees Trees generally develop a typical shape when they grow in an open area Trees that grow in crowded forests usually have trunks of greater clear length Essentially, we have no timberline resulting from high elevation in the East, but at timberline and at higher mountain elevations in the West many trees are knurled, twisted, and sometimes prostrate Such tortuous form is the result of many factors, including thin soils, limited growth periods, deep snows, and continuous exposure to strong winds However, under favorable conditions, most species develop characteristic shapes Several field trips with a good identification manual showing local species should enable an inexperienced person to become rather proficient in identifying trees Identification features are also found in bud, flower, fruit, leaf, twig, and bark structure The precise botanical characteristics by which trees are classified (primarily flower parts) are too small or fleeting to be useful in field identification for those with little experience The gross features (shape, leaf, and bark structure, buds and twigs) are more useful for quick field identification I/ Comprehension A/ Multiple-choice A tree usually grows…………… A vertically B horizontally C downward A tree usually has…………… A two stems B one stem C some stems Vines has got……………… A great crown B small crown C complex crown D indefinite crown The branches of a vine are…………… A big B long and thin C not upright D hard When growing in an open area, trees often have a………… A nice form B popular form C great form The tree that has to compete for light often has ………… D dense form B some disadvantages D four advantages Clear-cutting often leads to……… A soil erosion C ecological imbalance B air pollution D establishment of new desirable species Seed-tree cutting does not touch………… A matured trees C parents-trees B shrubs D vines Within a mature stand, shelter cutting is done……… A once C four times B twice or three times D many times Shelter wood cutting is done to……………… A soft wood stands C even-aged stands B hard wood stands D all-aged stands Selective cutting is employed with………… A shrubs B mature individuals or small groups from an even aged stand C vines D mature trees in an uneven-aged stands Selective cutting is done…………… A four times a year C annually or periodically B once a month D twice a year 10 Coppice cutting results in…………… A the establishment of a new stand by planting seedlings B survival of immature trees C reproduction through sprouts from the stumps D survival of some high-quality trees 11 Improvement cutting involves………… of cutting A two types B four types C many types D some types 12 Thinning is carried out in…………… A four forms B three forms C two forms D five forms B/ Comprehension questions: What are the cutting forms regarded as? What may be achieved if proper cutting methodology is employed? What is the rotation period of tree growth? What are the advantages of clear-cutting? What is the purpose of seed tree cutting? What should be done to seed trees? What is the aim of shelter wood cutting? What is the purpose of selective cutting? When is selective cutting done to groups of trees? What must be done? 10 What is the objective of coppice-cutting? 37 11 How long are the standard trees preserved? 12 Why is cleaning operation necessary for the development of seedlings and saplings? 13 What is stand improvement? 14 What is liberation cutting? 15 What is pruning? 16 What is salvage cutting? 17 What is thinning? 18 What is the result of the completion of thinning? 38 Unit 9: FOREST MEASUREMENTS DEFINED Forest measurement or mensuration is concerned with making evaluations and estimates that are required in the management of forest land and in connection with all the products and services derived from such land Forest measurements are mathematical in nature, being concerned with numerical values obtained from use of instruments or by estimation Forest measurement has to with the ages, diameters, heights, volumes, rates of growth and land areas of standing timber It has to with the volumes and growth of logs, pulpwood, fuel wood, chips and single species, such as posts, poles, pilling, mine props and railroad crossties The most recent aspect is the measurement for possible use of all the plant material on the site (biomass) It also encompasses surveying or measurement of land on which forests grow Forest mensuration as a science perceives the forest as a dynamic community that can lose by damage, is reduced by harvest, and gains by growth Thus it is an element in maximizing multiple use of forest land Measurement plays a significant role in the management of a forested area, with the intent to achieve such objectives as the production of more wood, forage, game animals, water or recreational benefits Periodic inventories of forested land are required for determining amounts and quality of wood available for yearly use, for tax records, and for justifying management expenditures The saw-timber, pulp, and plywood industries have become more adapt at using various qualities for different products, hence log weighing has become a common practice In brief, measurement is a strategic part of forest management and consists of the following specific works: Measurement of tree diameter Measurement of tree height Measurement of tree age growth rate Measurement of timber stand volume I/ Vocabulary A/ Find out the word that means: exact (paragraph 3) assessment (paragraph 1) spending (paragraph 3) the link between (paragraph 1) rise (paragraph 2) take a general view of (paragraph 2) find the size, extent, volume of something… (paragraph show that somebody or something is right (paragraph 3) 39 the width of the stem of a tree (paragraph 2) B/ Find the word from the text to fill in the blank: It is not an easy work to give out accurate……………….… of timber stand volume (paragraph 1) He can play four musical…………… (paragraph 1) Before the start of the project, there should be a careful field………… … (paragraph ) The project…………….4 steps (paragraph 3) They are being given instructions on how to use……………….to measure tree diameters (paragraph ) His speech has…………….…clearly his work (paragraph ) To reduce the cost of the product, management must be considered……… … (paragraph ) The problem of forest protection should be put in………… ……with other problems (paragraph 1) Eucalyptus has a very high…………….…….of growth (paragraph 2) 10 According to his proposal, the social…………… ….of the problem should be solved first (paragraph 2) II/ Comprehension A/ Multiple-choice Forest measurements involves………………of measurements A two types C four types B three types D five types Forest measurements have to with…………… A two objects C four objects B three objects D six objects Forest is a………………community A stable C complex and changeable B simple D tree Measurements are……….the management of a forested area A useless C determined by B very important to D free from Periodic inventories of forested land are very necessary for determining……… A four problems C three problems B five problems D two problems Tree diameters are measured by one of the…….dendrometers 40 A two C three B four D five Age and diameter growth rate of standing timber are estimated by…………… A tree caliper D optical devices B Biltmore stick E trigonometry C increment borer It is………………to give out an accurate forest measurement A easy C rather difficult B very difficult D terribly difficult B/ Comprehension questions What is forest measurement concerned with? What are forest measurements like? What does forest measurement have to with? What is the latest aspect of forest measurements? What does forest mensuration perceive the forests as? Why is the forest a dynamic community? What are the objectives of new forest management? Why log weighting has become a common practice? How is biomass production measured? 10 By what devices are tree diameters measured? 11 By what ways are tree heights measured? 12 How is the age of a felled tree determined? 13 How are age, diameter and growth rate of standing timber found? 41 Unit 10: FOREST HARVESTING A correctly managed forest has its crop harvested when it is economically and biologically ripe, through a series of planned operations Logging is the term commonly employed in referring to the harvesting of timber This activity may include felling, limbing, bucking and transportation to saw mills or other processing plants When a timber harvest is going to take place, a logging plan usually is prepared These plants may include a description of the location of the place to be logged, design of a road system for removal, and methods of harvesting considered best economically and ecologically The logging plan is also involved with factors that include soil conditions, slopes, overall wildlife requirements and visual effects Buffer strips in which no cutting is to take place often are left along streams and generally along roads These provide escape cover, den trees and food for wildlife Undisturbed strip along flooding streams prevent siltation by serving as silt screens or filters or supply shade that keeps the water cool for fish Buffer strips also maintain visual quality along streams and highways The logging plan should identify the intended market, the approximate number of hours required for felling, bucking, loading and transportation and the personnel assignment for various jobs involved The plan is also concerned with the requirement needed maintenance of the equipment, what alternate plan to use of the equipment fails and a very important factor, the safety precautions to be taken for the people on the job The logging plan should also describe the follow-up work (contract agreements) needed on the harvest site to reduce erosion after harvesting; the logging foreman should have a thorough understanding of the costs of these operations His responsibility includes supervision and direction of all phases of work so that it will move smoothly and the costs be minimized Co-ordination of these numerous and varied operations requires specialized skill Nowadays different methods of felling of trees are being employed They are: manual felling of trees mechanical felling of trees The chance of each method is dependent on specific conditions of the harvesting sites The felling is followed by the following works such as: skidding from stump to landing loading and transportation of logs measuring the raw product Last but not least, living conditions for loggers must be considered carefully 42 I/ Vocabulary A/ Find out the word that means: matured and ready to be harvested (paragraph 1) an angle less than 900 to the earth‟s surface (paragraph 3) processes (paragraph ) profound (paragraph 4) targeted (paragraph 4) by hands (paragraph 5) by machines (paragraph 5) the concentration camp of logs (paragraph ) useless (paragraph ) 10 things needed for a purpose (paragraph ) B/ Find out an appropriate word to fill the blank: It is reported that Mrs Andersen has been………………… to work as prime minister (paragraph 4) Look! That orange is……………… (paragraph 1) ………… ……….aids should be used in teaching (paragraph 3) In factory……………….of machines is carried out once a month The deforestation has caused……………….in the down streams indirectly Thanks to the assistance of FAO, modern…………… ….for training and research have been purchased (paragraph 4) In harvesting of tree crops, much attention must be paid to……… … Harvesting of tree crops consists of different…………… ….of work Trees can be felled manually or……………… 10 The distance between the harvesting site to the logs ………….… site is 6km long II/ Comprehension A/ Multiple-choice Logging may include………… A two B three C four D many The logging plan is prepared………… A at the same time with harvesting operations B after the harvesting C before the harvesting D a month before the harvesting The logging plan is concerned with……….problems 43 A six B four C many D seven Because of……… reasons, forest areas along the streams and roads are left uncut A two B three C four D many On the other hand, logging plan should keep close touch with……….problems A seven B many C ten D six Coordination of the different phrases of harvesting work is……… A important B easy C difficult D time-consuming The…… must be sure of the costs of these operations (harvesting) A loggers B foreman C foresters D drivers A tree can be felled by……… ways A two B three C four D five The felling is followed by…………… A planting seedlings C four works B three more works D two works 10 To harvest a mature forest, there should be…………… A only one plan C five plans B ten plans D more than one plan B/ Reading comprehension When is a forest harvested? What is the term “logging”? How many works does “logging” include? What does a logging plan comprise of? What factors is the logging plan involved in? Where are buffer strips situated? Why are buffer strips left uncut? What should a logging plan identify? What should a foreman have? 10 What are his responsibilities and skills? 11 How can a tree be felled? 12 Why must the living conditions for loggers be considered carefully? 44 FURTHER READING: TREE DISEASES A READING & COMPREHENSION I Reading text Trees, like people, are vulnerable to many diseases Like people, trees are attacked in various places by different kinds of diseases Forest pathology is the study of diseases of trees Some foes work on the main body trunk, some on the roots, and some on the leaves Vigorous trees are attacked less by diseases The older, weak trees or young seedlings that are struggling to become established trees are the most susceptible If a forest is managed correctly, seldom will disease be serious enough to require overt control Well-managed forests are healthy and comparatively devoid of disease Tree diseases are of two main types: nonparasitic and parasitic, often called environmental and organic The nonparasitic diseases are caused by drought, sunscald, winter injury as from heavy ice storm and snow, improper nutrition of the trees, air pollution by smoke and gases, flooding, and soil pollution The salt laid on the highways during winter months pollutes the nearby soil and in some instances kills trees Ocean spray, which feels so good on one‟s face, is a prime cause of disease in the coastal area This sea spray can be blown inland by hurricanes and result in tree damage far from the coast The parasitic diseases are caused by organisms that live within various parts of nutrients from it while contributing nothing to the well-being of the tree There are five groups of such organisms: viruses, bacteria, nematodes, mistletoes, and fungi Viruses cause minor gall, a condition known as witches-broom, and the serious phloem necrosis in elms and locusts A number of bacteria that are involved in many serious diseases of agricultural plants are of little importance in forest trees Nematodes, a group of parasitic worms, can be a problem for tree seedlings Mistletoes, parasitic seed-bearing plants, are widespread and cause serious damage, the dwarf mistletoes of the West in particular The most important cause of tree disease are the parasitic fungi Saprophytic fungi decay dead tree and are important in the recycling of nutrients within the forest ecosystem The parasitic fungi attack living trees and are serious problems in all forest regions Considerably more timber is lost annually to fungal disease than is lost to fire The life cycle of a typical fungus consists of two basic stages, the vegetative and the reproductive The vegetative stage begins with the germination of a spore, the fugal equivalent of a seed Out of the spore grown a microscopically fine hollow filament called a hypha, which penetrates into wood or foliage and grows very rapidly, 45 branching and rebranching to produce a gossamer, interwoven network known as a mycelium These mycelia dissolve the tree‟s cell walls and convert them and the contents of the cell into food The second stage is the reproductive stage in which hyphae grow to the surface and produce fruiting bodies, which split and release spores to be carried away by the wind The form, texture, colour, and location of these fruiting bodies are how most fungi are recognized Familiar examples are mushrooms and conks For convenience the fungal diseases can be sorted into three large groups: the foliage diseases, the stem diseases, and the rotting diseases Although widespread and of great importance in horticulture, foliage diseases are problems in forest trees only in that they can reduce the rate of growth of the infected trees Stem diseases can in turn be broken into three groups, the cankers, the rusts, and the wilts Among these are the epidemic diseases, which can result in rapid and widespread loss of forest trees The chestnut blight is an example of a stem canker diseases The American chestnut once was one of the most important and useful eastern trees Very widespread, it often accounted for as much as one half of the trees in many forest stands The fungus was introduced into New York probably prior to 1900 on imported Chinese chestnuts, and the native species had no resistance The windblown spores from an infected tree could travel great distances to enter tiny cracks or breaks in the bark of other chestnuts The stem is killed by girdling as the cambium is destroyed By 1950 a living noninfected chestnut tree was a rarity Today the American chestnut is no longer a viable species The potential threat of similar epidemics of exotic disease to other native species is source of anxiety for many foresters The Dutch elm disease is an example of the wilt disease This fungus, probably native to the Orient, was introduced into this country from Europe around 1930 The disease is spread by the elm bark beetle, which upon emerging from an effected tree is covered with spores When the insect burrows under the bark of an uninfected tree, it is effectively inoculated The fungus grows rapidly within the vascular tissue of the elm, and death is caused by physical blocking of the movement of moisture and nutrients to the foliage and perhaps by the production of a poison that kills living cells The spread of this disease has been rapid Many feel that the future of elms, particularly in the northern sates, is in jeopardy There are a number of serious ruts of fruit trees White pine blister rust and the fusiform rusts of the southern pines are the most important These rusts have an unusual and complex life cycle involving the infection of two widely different species of plants known as alternate hosts and the production of more than one type of spore The fungus moves from one host, species A, to a second host, species B, and then back to species A again 46 White pine blister rust, another disease introduced from Europe, is and extremely destructive disease of eastern and western white pines and of sugar pine of California and Oregan Simply put, the disease is spread by the movement of spores from infected currant or gooseberry bushes to the needles of the pines The fungus moves from the needles into the phloem and cambium of limbs and stem The name is from the orangeyellow spore- filled blisters formed on the bark Whenever infection reaches the main stem the tree is doomed, for destruction of phloem continues until the stem, no matter how large, is girdled Infection can be severe and often entire stands are killed The southern fusiform rust, which infects a number of the southern pines, has as its alternate host any of the numerous red oak species of the region While not as destructive as the white pine blister rust, this disease is of increasing concern to forest managers It is most virulent on loblolly pine, which is being intensively managed with costly site preparation and fertilization The rotting fungi, while they rarely cause death directly, are responsible for rendering great volumes of wood worthless There are two major types, the rootdecaying fungi and the heart-rotting fungi The Fomes root rots typify the first category Though they attack a variety of species, they are most troublesome in eastern white pine and in plantations of the southern pines Working in the roots and butt of the tree, they weaken the tree, making it susceptible to windthrow, and reduce its growth The heart-rotting fungi destroy the nonliving heart wood of the tree and, aside from leaving it mechanically weaker, not otherwise influence its health and vigor The rotten wood of course valueless Spores of the heart-rotting must enter through breaks in the bark Once they have germinated, the disease develops very slowly, and rot is rarely a problem in young stands In the oldgrowth conifer forests of the West, a 50 to 60 percent loss of volume to rot is not common II Comprehension questions 1.What are trees vulnerable to? What does “ Forest pathology “ study? What parts of a tree can be attacked by different diseases? Which trees are the most susceptible to diseases? What are the two main types of tree diseases? What are the non-parasitic diseases caused by? By how many agent are the parasitic diseases caused by? How organisms destroy the trees? How are the organisms classified? 10 What does each type of organisms damage? 11 Which fungi are the most important cause of tree diseases? 12 What parasitic fungi attack? 13 What are the two basis stages in the life cycle of typical fungus? 14 What are the characteristics of each stage? 15 What are the large groups of the fungal diseases? 47 16 What are the groups of stem diseases? 17 What is the life cycle of the rusts like? 18 How these rusts regenerate and develop? 19 Which fungi make great volumes of wood worthless? 20 What are the two types of rooting fungi? 21 What root-decaying fungi attack and cause? 22 What heart- rotting fungi destroy? 23 How spores of the heart-rotting fungi enter the heart wood? III Vocabulary Find out the word that means a the science that studies forest tree diseases b can be attacked c strong d easily affected by …… e enters f without g taking place h single cell by which a fungus reproduces itself i all j main Find out an appropriate word to fill the blank a These houses are …… ……… to storm b Next term, we will study forest ……………… …… c The …………… … diseases are caused by organisms d ………………… often destruct seedlings e ………………… fungi help the recycling of nutrients within the forest ecosystem f The vegetative stage of the life cycle of a typical fungus starts with the ………… ……of a spore g The rotting fungi ………… …… great volumes of wood worthless h The pain in his leg has been ……………………… i Due to over forest exploitation for export, several valuable tree species are in danger of ………………… j His speech ……………………… the thinking of the young generation 48 B EXERCISE I Checking your understanding As a matter of fact, there are ……… …… tree diseases A four B some C a lot of D six ………… can be attacked by different kinds of diseases A Only the trunk B Only the leaves C Only the roots D All the parts of a tree Trees diseases fall in ………… …… classes A three B two C four D five Organisms that cause the parasitic diseases are of ……… …… Types A four B two C three D five The life of a fungus undergoes ………………… periods A four B two C three D five ………… rendered great volumes of wood worthless A The foliage fungi B The stem fungi C The rotting fungi D None are correct Rooting fungi can be sorted in ………………….…… A three major groups B two major groups C four major groups D five major groups Heart-rotting fungi usually attack ……………… … A young stands B primitive forests C old stands D pine stands The most important cause of tree diseases are: A fungi & viruses B bacteria & nematodes C mistletoes D All of these are correct Reading text Read the text carefully and answer the following questions: For hundreds of years people have planted trees to serve the needs of future generations for timber and tree products In Europe and Asia forests were planted by rulers, church leaders and farmers – for the people By planting trees they particularly and symbolically showed faith and hope for the future Trees are fundamental to life and the processes that maintain healthy soil, and clean air and water There is evidence which shows that in regions where the trees are cleared to less than 30% of their original surface area, other sustainable life processes begin to collapse Rivers silt up, soils wash away, and air quality declines James Lovelock, a renowned ecologist, claimed these breakdowns in natural systems will in 49 turn affect other word bio-areas continent or cyclones may occur more frequently It will be sad if these things happen before we change from consumers to producers What people plant trees for? What European and Asian people want to show by planting trees? What are fundamental roles of trees? What will happen to the area when the trees are cut down? 50 REFERENCES Lê Thị Thanh Chi 2004 A course of English for students of agricultural extension and rural development Võ Thị Kỳ 2001 English in agriculture for students of animal husbandry Nguyễn Văn Tú.1992 English for forestry students NXB Đại Học Quốc Gia Hà Nội, Hà Nội Stephen Denny, Lewis Kerr, Martin Phillips, Clarence Shettlesworth 1985 Science and technology: Agriculture Longman, Hongkong Rosemary Morrow 1993 Earth user‟s Guide to Permaculture Kangaroo Press, Australia C St J Yates 1990 English for academic purposes series: Agriculture Oxford, England 51 ... Tiếng Anh chuyên ngành Lâm nghiệp giáo trình biên soạn theo khung chương trình giáo dục đại học ngành Lâm nghiệp Giáo trình biên soạn theo hướng giới thiệu từ vựng, thuật ngữ thường sử dụng chuyên. .. thảo luận Tiếng Anh chuyên ngành Lâm nghiệp biên soạn, chọn lọc theo chủ đề ngành lâm nghiệp, giúp sinh viên làm quen với vốn từ vựng chuyên ngành luyện khả đọc hiểu dịch văn chuyên ngành, tạo... từ vựng, thuật ngữ thường sử dụng chuyên ngành Lâm nghiệp Ngoài ra, giáo trình cịn giúp sinh viên củng cố, ơn tập số điểm ngữ pháp tiếng Anh Qua đó, sinh viên có hội trau dồi vốn từ vựng, ngữ pháp