Giáo trình tiếng anh chuyên ngành lâm nghiệp ( dành cho sinh viên đại học lâm nghiệp)

Like your food forest and structural forest, this assembly of trees and their organisms provides ……… and protection, and maintains air, water and soil in ……….. A little later in Pennsylv

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TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC QUẢNG BÌNH

KHOA NGOẠI NGỮ

GIÁO TRÌNH (Lưu hành nội bộ) TIẾNG ANH CHUYÊN NGÀNH (Dành cho sinh viên Đại học Lâm nghiệp)

Tác giả: Nguyễn Thị Hồng Thắm

Năm 2017

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LỜI NÓI ĐẦU

Tiếng Anh chuyên ngành Lâm nghiệp là giáo trình được biên soạn theo khung

chương trình giáo dục đại học ngành Lâm nghiệp Giáo trình được biên soạn theo hướng giới thiệu các từ vựng, thuật ngữ thường được sử dụng trong chuyên ngành Lâm nghiệp Ngoài ra, giáo trình còn giúp sinh viên củng cố, ôn tập một số điểm ngữ pháp cơ bản trong tiếng Anh Qua đó, sinh viên có cơ hội trau dồi vốn từ vựng, ngữ pháp và phát triển các kĩ năng nghe, nói, đọc, viết thông qua các bài tập vận dụng và thảo luận

Tiếng Anh chuyên ngành Lâm nghiệp được biên soạn, chọn lọc theo các chủ đề

trong ngành lâm nghiệp, giúp sinh viên làm quen với vốn từ vựng cơ bản trong chuyên ngành và luyện khả năng đọc hiểu và dịch văn bản chuyên ngành, tạo định hướng nghiên cứu tài liệu chuyên ngành bằng tiếng Anh trong tương lai

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Unit 1: THE ROLE OF TREES

For hundreds of years people have planted trees to serve the needs of future generations for timber and tree products In Europe and Asia forests were planted by rulers, church leaders and farmers – for the people By planting trees they particularly and symbolically showed faith and hope for the future

Trees are fundamental to life and the processes that maintain healthy soil, and clean air and water There is evidence which shows that in regions where the trees are cleared to less than 30% of their original surface area, other sustainable life processes begin to collapse Rivers silt

up, soils wash away, and air quality declines James Lovelock, a renowned ecologist, claimed these breakdowns in natural systems will in turn affect other word bio-areas continent or cyclones may occur more frequently It will be sad if these things happen before we change from consumers to producers

I/ Comprehension

1 What do people plant trees for?

2 What do European and Asian people want to show by planting trees?

3 What are fundamental roles of trees?

4 What will happen to the area when the trees are cut down?

II/ Grammar

ADJECTIVE + PREPOSITION

Exercise 1: Complete these sentences with the correct preposition

1 It‟ very nice you to let me use your car Thank you very much

2 Why are you always so impolite ………… your parents? Can‟t you be nice …… … them?

3 It wasn‟t very polite ………….….him to leave without saying thank you

4 I can‟t understand people who are cruel to ………… animals

5 Why do you always get so annoyed ……… little thing?

6 We enjoyed our vacation, but we were disappointed ………….… the hotel

7 I was surprised ………….… the way he behaved It was out of character

8 These days everybody is aware ……… the danger of smoking

9 Mr Davis spends a lot of time gardening His garden is very well-kept, and he‟s very proud …

…… … it

10 Bill has been doing the same job for too long He‟s bored …… ………it

Exercise 2: Fill in the gaps with words in the box

boundary ; slopes ; verges ; sanctuary ; shelter ; indigenous

pressures ; surrounding ; reptiles ; uncontaminated ; backbones

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1.……… forests involved over millions of years with all the ………… of natural selection operating, so that finally what we see is a highly refined complex which is beautifully honed to survive in the ………… environment

2 If the forest is large enough it will offer ………… to indigenous mammals, birds and ………

………

3 Forest may be established in the areas such as: creeks, gullies, farm ………… , ridges and places with ………… greater than 15, and roadside ………

4 Your garden is the natural forest that are the ………… and security for the whole landscape

5 Like your food forest and structural forest, this assembly of trees and their organisms provides

……… and protection, and maintains air, water and soil in ……… states

Exercise 3:

Expressing purposes: To-Infinitive

1 A tree uses sunlight The purpose in using it is to combine carbon dioxide with water to form carbohydrates

2 In countries with inadequate rainfall we irrigate the land Our object in doing this is to supply enough moisture for satisfactory plant growth

3 We should add fertilizers or manure to the soil Our aim in doing this is to encourage plant growth

4 Tile drains may be laid in or on the land The reason for this is to remove surplus water from the fields

5 We apply inorganic materials to the soil Our object in doing this is to increase the supply of one or more of the essential nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potash

Expressing conditions

1 Take one clause from each of the two columns below to make one sentence Make sure your sentences make sense:

If you don‟t understand the trees,

If a soil is badly drained,

Crops are often lost

If you don‟t take notes,

If agriculture fails,

You get better crops

Most trees die

People get sick

it can become waterlogged you will never be a good forester the world will starve

if the farmer does not look after them

if they don‟t get enough water

if they don‟t eat proper food you won‟t remember the lectures

if the soil is fertile

e There/be/no rice/my country

f we/not/test/new plant varieties

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Unit 2: THE DEVELOPMENT OF CONSERVATION

In very early pioneer days, trees were cut down with no thought of replacing them However, the significance of trees was indicated as early as the 1620s by the Plymouth Colony, when an ordinance was passed prohibiting the felling of timber on any colony land without official consent A little later in Pennsylvania, William Penn, the governor, ordered that, for every

5 acres of forest land cleared, 1 acre was to be left uncut

After the United States was established, laws with penalties were passed by several states

to prevent thoughtless waste of the forests In the early 1800s Congress authorized the president

to protect live oak and red cedar timber in the state of Florida and to use the Army and Navy for enforcement During this same period the first step in forestry was taken by the government by providing for the growing of live oaks in the southern states for ship timbers A federal act also provided for preservation of nearly 250.000 acres of forest land in Florida, Mississippi, and Louisiana According to another act passed in that decade, any person cutting down or destroying living red cedar, live oak, or other trees on federal land could be punished by the government These laws and regulations, through which the government tried to control the forest land, helped call attention to the importance of forests and led to the development of conservation at the state level

In January 1867, the first state committee on forest protection was appointed in Michigan, and Wisconsin followed in March of that year Two years later the State Board of Agriculture of Maine appointed a committee to develop a state policy for the preservation and production of trees Minnesota created a law in 1871 that granted bounties to encourage the planting of forest trees The first Arbor Day, a day in late April or early May observed by the planting of trees was celebrated the following year in Nebraska

The federal government adopted the Timber Culture Act in the early 1870s It provided that the government would donate 160 acres of land to any person who planted 40 acres of that trees with trees not more than 12 feet apart and kept the trees growing and healthy for one decade This act, however, was repealed after 10 years because of serious abuses; too many recipients of these grants were not honoring their commitments by failing to follow the rules and regulations pertaining to the grants

In many instances, while employing fire to prepare their land for cultivation, the settlers disregarded caution relating to neighboring land Gross carelessness often resulted in destruction

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2 Look at paragraph 3 again Find the synonym of the words:

1 The……….…of Eucalyptus on waste land is becoming popular

2 In Sweden, machines have been used to……….….trees

3 It is very important to……….….all the valuable wood species

4 Shifting cultivation causes a lot of forest……….…

5 Nowadays, most of people are aware the………of forests

6 Forests……… …….is a very important subject for us

7 Long, long ago, trees were………with no thought of replacing them

8 ……… consumption of Japan has been increasing since the Second World War

9 Everybody should respect the……….………

10 New forest laws have……… ……people from destroying forests

III/ Comprehension

A/ True or False?

1 Trees were cut with thought of replacing them in very early pioneer days

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9 In 1896 the state Board of Agriculture of Maine appointed a committee to develop a state policy for the preservation and production of trees

10 These early laws and regulations played an important role in the establishment of forestry in USA

B/ Answer the questions:

1 In very early pioneer days, why were trees cut with no thought of replacing them?

2 What was the content of the ordinance passed in 1620?

3 What did William Penn order?

4 In the early 1800s, what did the congress authorize the president to do?

5 When was the planting of trees started?

When was the timber culture Act adopted and what was its content?

IV/ Grammar

+ Some verbs in English must be followed by the - ing form:

For example: He admitted taking my book

+ Others are followed by the infinitive, “to”:

For example: He agreed to lend me his book

+ Verbs followed by a particles like „in‟, „from‟, etc are followed by the -ing form:

For example: He insisted on going to a film last night

Exercise : Make sentences from the following notes Think whether you should use the

infinitive or the – ing form after the verbs

10 It/no use/leave/your work/last minute

11 I/miss/watch/college football match/last week

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Unit 3: IDENTIFICATION OF TREES (I)

Trees are woody plants, but not all woody plants are trees A tree usually grows upright to at least 20 feet (15.5 metres) at maturity and has a single stem, often called bole or trunk The stem supports limbs and leaves, forming the top or crown Other woody plants are vines and shrubs Vines may have woody stems but do not have a distinct crown of upright branches Shrubs may have several woody stems growing from a clump, and they usually are smaller than trees

Trees generally develop a typical shape when they grow in an open area Trees that grow in crowded forests usually have trunks of greater clear length Essentially, we have no timberline resulting from high elevation in the East, but at timberline and at higher mountain elevations in the West many trees are knurled, twisted, and sometimes prostrate Such tortuous form is the result of many factors, including thin soils, limited growth periods, deep snows, and continuous exposure to strong winds However, under favorable conditions, most species develop characteristic shapes Several field trips with a good identification manual showing local species should enable an inexperienced person to become rather proficient in identifying trees

Identification features are also found in bud, flower, fruit, leaf, twig, and bark structure The precise botanical characteristics by which trees are classified (primarily flower parts) are too small or fleeting to be useful in field identification for those with little experience The gross features (shape, leaf, and bark structure, buds and twigs) are more useful for quick field identification

I/ Comprehension

A/ Multiple-choice

1 A tree usually grows………

2 A tree usually has………

3 Vines has got………

4 The branches of a vine are………

5 When growing in an open area, trees often have a…………

6 The tree that has to compete for light often has …………

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crown

7 The tree that grows on very adverse place generally has…………

B/ Answer the questions

1 All woody plants are trees or not?

2 At maturity, how high is a tree?

3 How many stem does a tree have?

4 What does the stem support?

5 Do vines have distinct crowns?

6 How do trees develop when they grow in an open area?

7 What kind of trunk does a tree often have when it has to compete for light?

8 Why are some trees knurled or twisted?

9 In what conditions do most species develop characteristic shape?

10 In order to have quick field identification what should be used?

characteristics

1 ……… is very important for the growth of trees

2 Trees……… is a subject that we are going to study next week

3 The……… of this tree is very thick

4 Many………affect the growth of a tree

5 After the flood, the……… of the river banks changed so much

6 This kind of Pine has got a lot of……….…

7 We used to play under the……….of this old, big tree

8 The……… of this bamboo is 10 metres long

9 Yesterday, a car run into that tree, but only the……….is damaged

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III/ Paragraph writing

Match the following clauses together, using and, but, when, after, so and because

a the next evening he needed them

b he arrived at the canteen

c they did not please Andrew very much

d Last night Andrew lend Robert his lecture

note

e Andrew needed his notes immediately

f He had waited for an hour

Robert could not attend Robert finally arrived

he went to the canteen to look for Robert

Robert has not returned them Robert was not there

he decided to wait

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Unit 4 : IDENTIFICATION OF TREES (II)

Trees and other plants often have several common names, which vary with locality or local use To make specific identities world-wide, botanists employ Latinized names, which remain constant since Latin is a language that no longer changes The scientific name consists of two parts: the genus (a collection closely related species) and the specific epithet or species (a collection of individuals so similar that they suggest common percentage and produce like offspring) The generic name always appears first and is capitalized, while the specific name follows and begins with

a lowercase letter Because general and regional guides to field identification of trees and government publication that describe local or native trees are readily available, only a few of the important commercially significant trees of the major forest regions will be studied in this chapter Most of these are valued for their wood products

Prior to studying individual tree species, it is necessary to know that trees are divided into two main groups These are the conifers (gymnosperms) or softwood trees and the broadleaf (angiosperms) or hardwood trees Conifers have mostly needle-like or scale-like leaves and bear their seeds in cones or cone-like structures The conifers or evergreens do not shed all their leaves annually, with the exception of larch and bald cypress Deciduous trees, those that shed all their leaves in the fall, generally are broad- leaved hardwoods

The term hardwood and softwood can be misleading because the wood of some hardwood trees is softer than that of some softwood trees For example, the wood of yellow poplar and basswood is much softer than that of the longleaf pine

We will first study the conifers, which are very widely distributed in the various regions and are very significant in the production of lumber and paper

I/ Vocabulary

Find word or combination of words that means:

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II/ Comprehension

A/ Find an appropriate word to fill the blank

1 He is a very famous……… (paragraph 1)

2 These trees do not………….leaves in the autumn (paragraph 2)

3 In old time, people used to………to construct bridges (paragraph 4)

4 ……….….is often used to produce paper (paragraph 4)

5 It is difficult to store the………… of this tree, because their germination capacity is decreased by the time (paragraph 2)

6 To conserve valuable……… ….resources is a task of great importance (paragraph 1)

7 This kind of trees are often………on high mountains (paragraph 4)

8 Names of trees………with different regions (paragraph 1)

9 The generic name always………first (paragraph 1)

10 ……… ….do not shed all their leaves annually (paragraph 2)

B/ Choose A, B, C or D

1 Trees and plants have…………

A very few names B many names

2 The scientific name of a tree has………

3 The specific name stands…………

4 ……….is written or printed in capital letters

A the generic name B the specific name

5 Trees are classified into………

6 Conifers are often………

A hardwood trees B softwood trees

7 Most of softwood trees do not change their leaves………

8 The wood of……… hardwood trees is hard

C/ Questions

1 How many names do trees and other plants have?

2 Why do they have many names?

3 Why do botanists have to use Latin to name trees?

4 How many parts does the scientific name consist of? What are they?

5 How are trees classified?

If you want to identify an………, use your natural senses Feel the

and so are the lavenders, eucalypts and citrus Taste……… and spit it out, and

acidic taste, so do the sorrels (Notes: it is very hard to poison yourself by

Look at the plant……… - all the thyme family have small hairy leaves; other……… can be similarly recognised by sight Now you can probable see that this plant is like……… you know Think about it and then check its growing place

Examine ………- soil, aspect, slope- and the plant‟s habit- tree,

groundcover, shelter food, and so on

design

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Unit 5 :

TREE SIZE AND TYPE CLASSIFICATION

Tree age and size can be described in a general and approximate way by use of such words as seedling, sapling, pole-size, mature, and veteran A stand of trees can be even-aged or all-aged

A forest made up principally of one species is a pure stand, while one composed

of several species is a mixed stand Trees are also classified by the positions of their crowns relative to the general level of the forest canopy, the covering created by the crowns interweaving each other

Dominant: A tree having a well-developed crown that extends above the general

level of the other crowns and is exposed to full light from above and partial light from the sides

Co-dominant: A tree with smaller crown than the dominants that helps form the

general level of the canopy and receives full light from above but limited amount from the sides

Intermediate: A small-crowned tree crowded into the general level of the forest

canopy, receiving some light from above and virtually none from the sides

Suppressed: A tree with poorly developed crown, beneath the level of the

canopy (overtopped), receiving very little light from above or the sides

Foresters refer to a measure of the number and size of trees in a given area as stand density It indicates whether the forest is under stocked, medium stocked, or well stocked For example, if the canopy of a tract of timber is closed over as much as 40 to

70 percent, it is medium- stocked

I/ Vocabulary

1 Look at paragraph 1 again Which words have the same meaning as:

2 Look at paragraph 2 again Which words correspond to the definitions?

A unique

B a forest of different species

C mixing with each other

3 Look at paragraph 3, 4 and 5 Can you find the synonym of the following words?

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4 Find out an appropriate word in the text to fill the blank:

a How many…………does your nursery produce per year? (paragraph 1 )

b I think these pines are……….enough to be cut (paragraph 1)

c This stand is……….…….because it is made up principally one species (paragraph 2)

d This………of pine grows very fast (paragraph 2)

e He has been a………… ….for twenty years (paragraph 7)

f The roots of this tree have……….over a lot of land (paragraph 3)

g Dominant trees receive full…… …….from the sun (paragraph 3)

h Biomass production is affected by stand……… (paragraph 7)

i The economic………of Japan is admirable (paragraph 7)

j A given area of trees, which is consisted of species is called a…… ……… (paragraph 7)

II/ Comprehension: True or false?

a A pure stand is made up of different species

b Trees can not be classified by the positions of their crowns

c In a forest, each crown of each tree stays away from each other

d A dominant tree receives some light from the sides

e A co-dominant tree gets no sunlight from the sides

f A suppressed tree receives no light at all

g An intermediate tree does not have any light from the sides

h Stand density is the number and sizes of trees in a given area

i Basing on the crowns of trees that are relative to the general level of the forest canopy, trees can be classified into four types

j If the canopy of a tract of timber is closed as much as 55%, it is medium-stocked

III/ Grammar

The form of Definition

Definitions often take one of the following forms:

1 [ A] is / are, may be defined as [ B ] which [ C ]

E.g A soil profile [ A ] is defined as a succession of soil horizons [ B ] which extends from the surface of the soil to the parent rock

2 [ B ] which [ C ] is / are called, is / are known as [ A ]

E.g A succession of soil horizons [ B ] which extends from the surface of the soil to the parent rock [ C ] is called a soil profile

Transforms light energy

chemical energy

Extends from the surface

of the soil to the parent rock

Can live in the presence

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Definition of Terms: Combine the items in Column A with the ones in column B to

make the correct definition of each term You will need to add some necessary words (articles, pronouns and adjectives, forms of the verb “be”) where appropriate

Collection of trees which are more or less uniform (i.e more or less the same) in species, age distribution etc

Rather like a stand but more extensive- group of similar stands defined by the species composition

Physical factors which affect the productivity of the trees, concerning the thing like the soil, the slope and exposure (wind, rain)

Height of tree and diameter

Measured at one point three five metres from the surface

of the soil

Measurements used for the diameter of trees (dbh: diameter at breast height)

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Further Reading: TREES AND FORESTS

A mature forest cannot be precisely measured nor cost However, it is clear that forests have special functions In addition to providing habitats for animals and contributing to environmental stability, forests influence wind patterns, rainfall and nutrients turnover

The Function Of A Forest

The waru

The trees are the fixed elements of a forest and the associates of trees- fungi,

bacteria, squirrels, possums, insects, birds, and other animals- can be seen as the mobile elements The whole- the tree and its associates- can be imagined as a guild or waru (the Australian Aboriginal word waru expresses the sense of all organisms belonging

together and working co-operatively.) the tree provides habitat for the animals (shelter, food, nesting materials); in return animals carry out the tree‟s needs for pollination, seed dispersal, pruning, cultivation and fertilising

In permaculture, you are aiming to create landscapes and ecosystems that function with the wonder, diversity and efficiency of a waru

Trees and wind

Trees are “pruned” or deformed by prevailing winds and from this you can predict local wind direction and intensity, and assess the need for windbreaks

Heavy trees with large canopies, such as oak trees, rely mainly on their weight

to withstand severe winds Trees with lighter canopies insert roots deeply into the ground to anchor themselves It is important to use anchoring trees in cyclone areas

Wind carries a “load” It carries ice particles, sand, dust, bacteria, viruses and seed Trees with small fine leaves can “trap” the load and deposit the nutrients for their own growth Because fine-leaved trees are often found on the edges of forests, you will sometimes find that the edge facing the prevailing wind has richer soils than the edge

on the leeward side

Typically, in a forest about 60% of the windstream is deflected up and over the trees The remaining 40% that enters the “edge” or forest closure is absorbed and warms the forest with its energy Within 100m the wind dies At this point in the forest the air is clean, warm, still and slightly humid This is a perfect growing place

Trees and temperature

Forests can be seen as nature‟s air conditioners because they clean the air and modify extremes of humidity and temperature

Trees absorb the sun‟s light energy and turn it into chemical energy

If leaves are dark green or reddish in colour, as often found in the tropics, more light as absorbed and local temperatures are reduced

Trees transpire water into the atmosphere as humidity (one medium-sized elm will transpire 7000 litres of water on a clear day.) this evaporation is accompanied by cooling so that by day it is cooler in and near a forest than it is in unvegetated areas At night, in humid conditions, water condenses on the leaves and warms the surrounding air

In very dry areas, the evapotranspiration from trees will humidify air which is uncomfortably dry; in very damp areas, water captured by trees dehumidifies the air by absorbing water

Trees and precipitation

Where the air stream is very humid (i.e coasts and islands), air flows rapidly and condenses on leaf surfaces In these conditions dense rainforests will grow and the condensation from leaf surface can be 80-86% of the total precipitation

Trees pump moisture into the air as they transpire- up to 75% of precipitation is returned to the atmosphere in this way The Tasmanian Blue Gum, Eucalyptus globulus, which averages about 60 trees to a hectare in a natural mixed forest, pumps

4000 litres/ day This is a huge return of moisture to the airstreams

The environmental effects of forest removal are dramatic, both in the local area and further field It has been calculated that as much as 60% of inland water comes from forest transpiration Hence, forest removal in one area may relate directly to drought in another area

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Forests protect the soil from erosion In one heavy deluge up to 80 tones/ hectare of soil can be lost from bare earth In addition, the topsoil and subsoil start to dry out if water runs across the surface and off the land into waterways Dams and rivers silt up and eventually flood, carrying the valuable topsoil downstream

When it rains………

When it rains over a forest the impact of each rain drop on the soil is reduced and the rain is spread as a film of water, bound by surface tension, over all the leaves of the trees It is caught in stems and bark, in webs, flowers and insect nests The amount caught is influenced by the crown thickness and density For 100% of rain falling, 10- 15% is caught by the tree canopy, branches and trunks of deciduous trees; more is caught in evergreen trees This is called interception

The rest of the rain- the throughfall- drifts through the canopy as mist and droplets It contains organic salts, dust, plant exudates, insect droppings and sheddings

It is nutrient-rich and is directed towards the outer plant canopy (also known as the drip line) and the underlying feeding roots

Before the water reaches the roots however, the organic humus layer of the soil acts like a great water blotter and soaks up 1cm of rain for every 3cm of depth This moisture is held for later use, when the soil begins to dry out again

In the underlying 40-60cm of soil, the throughfall is filtered into water and air channels, nests and burrows, and is absorbed by soil fungi and bacteria, and of course, the tree roots This water is first bound by particles of clay and humus and then the excess percolates slowly through the soil At any time some of this water is valuable to soil organisms and plant roots

Once all this has been accomplished, water starts to flow very slowly to rivers and the sea And when it does, it is clean

I/ Vocabulary

1 In paragraph 3, line 1, the word “that” refers to:

2 In paragraph 6, line 2 , the word “their” refers to:

3 In paragraph 7, line 3, the word “its” refers to:

4 In paragraph 8, line 2, the word “it” refers to:

5 In paragraph 9, line 4, the word “its” refers to:

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6 In paragraph 11, line 1, the word “it” refers to:

7 In paragraph 14, line 1, the word “which” refers to:

8 In paragraph 16, line 1, the word “they” refers to:

9 In paragraph 23, line 2, the word “it” refers to:

II/ Comprehension:

1 Can a mature forest be precisely measured or cost?

2 What is the definition of the term “waru”?

3 How can you predict local wind direction and intensity?

4 How can trees withstand severe wind?

5 Are fine-leaved trees benefit? Where can we find them in a forest?

6 What is the perfect growing place?

7 What tree species usually grow on the edge of a forest?

8 Why can forests be seen as nature‟s air conditioners?

9 When does air flow rapidly and condense on leaf surface?

10 Can trees pump moisture into the air? When?

11 How can trees help the soil?

12 Which acts like a great water blotter?

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Unit 6 : FOREST AND FLOODING

Under normal conditions, streams establish channels sufficient to carry the water discharged into them However, prolonged torrential rains and rapidly melting snow can fill streams beyond their capacity The resulting overflow causes damage to property and in some instance loss of human life Flood damage usually is correlated with population density along main rivers Rapid rise of water in headwater streams (tributaries) results in flooding of the main rivers, the destruction of bridges, buildings, and roads, and the deposition of debris on land and in buildings

During our country‟s development, large areas of forest were cleared from the water-sheds of rivers such as the Ohio, Mississippi, Missouri, and Columbia river basins, to make way of farming, industry, and urban areas, thus making them more prone to flooding than before, and local and downstream flood control much more difficult It became necessary to build levees, usually walls of dirt or of sandbag construction, to prevent excess water from spilling ever the banks Good forest management regulates runoff, which moderates extremes in stream flow in headwater regions and, in turn, helps prevent downstream floods

In this chapter, the science called ecology was defined and various aspects of ecology were touched upon, such as the ecology of forest wildlife, the impacts of human activity upon the environment, possible interaction between climate and the forests supply and forests, and so on

Rainfall removes dust from the atmosphere, provides the water necessary for tree growth, replenishes the underground water table, dissolves nutrient materials in the soil, sometimes creates erosion, fills the river headwater streams, and may result in disastrous floods Lack of rainfall, wind and barren soil caused the famous Dust Bowl

Forests are affected by climate and in turn produce some effects upon climate Air and ground temperatures within forests differ somewhat from those outside Forests affect the speed of air movement Shelterbelts protect agricultural fields from winds and snowdrifts, while windbreaks protect farmsteads by changing wind direction and reducing wind speed Ground litter retards flow of rainwater and also serves as a thermal insulator, reducing the rapidity of changes in forest temperature Excessive conversion of forest land into agricultural fields has contributed to soil erosion, silted streams, and contributed to the need for levees

I/ Vocabulary

A/ Find out the word in the text which means

1 set up (paragraph 1)

2 enough (paragraph 1)

9 fills up again (paragraph 4)

10 too much/ too great (paragraph 5)

B/ Put the right word in the blank (use the words in the text)

1 One million dollars is………to plant one thousand hectares of forest (paragraph 1)

2 The……….… of this water pump is 500 cubic meters of water per an hour (paragraph 1)

3 People living in the down region of Mekong river are often threatened with……

6 The presence of forest……… the flow of streams (paragraph 2)

7 Rainfalls……… the underground water table (paragraph 4)

8 Excessive……….… of forest land into agricultural fields is happening in most of developing countries (paragraph 5)

9 People in the poor countries are killing themselves by……… their forests (paragraph 5)

10 The population……… of America is 365 persons on a square kilometer (paragraph 1)

II/ Comprehension

A/ Fill in the blank with one word from the text

1 Streams…….establish channels sufficient to carry the water discharged into them

2 Flood damage is usually correlated with the……

A forests along the main rivers

B shelter belts along the main rivers

C population density along the main rivers

D construction along the main rivers

3 ………results in flooding of the main rivers

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A Storms

B Forest destruction

C Population density in headwater streams area

D Quick increase water in headwater streams

4 Levees can be built with………

5 Proper rain fall has got………

6 Over-raining causes only……

7 Air and ground temperatures within forests are………

A the same as somewhat from those outside

B different from somewhat from those outside

C higher than somewhat from those outside

D lower than somewhat from those outside

8 Shelter belts fights against………

B/ Answer the questions

1 In what condition do streams establish sufficient to carry the water discharged into them?

2 In what condition do rivers and streams cause flood?

3 What can a flood damage?

4 What are the relationships between floods and forest destruction?

5 Can you illustrate the above mentioned relationship?

6 To lessen the impact of flood, what must be done?

7 What are the advantages of proper rain fall?

8 What are the disadvantages of over raining?

9 What can forest do to the climate and vice versa?

10 What are the functions of shelter belts and windbreaks?

III/ Grammar: Active or Passive Voice

Change the following sentences into passive or active voice

a During our country‟s development, people cleared large areas of forests from the water-shed of rivers

b Rainfall removes dust from the atmosphere