Tiếng anh chuyên ngành giáo dục chính trị (dành cho sinh viên đại học giáo dục chính trị)

TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC QUẢNG BÌNH KHOA NGOẠI NGỮ GIÁO TRÌNH (Lưu hành nội bộ) TIẾNG ANH CHUYÊN NGÀNH (Dành cho sinh viên Đại học Giáo dục trị) Tác giả: Nguyễn Thị Hồng Thắm Năm 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS Unit 1: AN INTRODUCTION INTO MARXISM - LENINISM Unit 2: THE GOAL OF MARXISM - LENINISM Unit 3: COMPONENTS OF MARXISM - LENINISM Unit 4: PHILOSOPHICAL THEORY 11 Unit 5: GOVERNMENT 13 Unit 6: LAW 15 LỜI NÓI ĐẦU Tiếng Anh chuyên ngành Giáo dục trị giáo trình biên soạn theo khung chương trình giáo dục đại học ngành Giáo dục trị Giáo trình biên soạn theo hướng giới thiệu từ vựng, thuật ngữ thường sử dụng chuyên ngành Giáo dục trị Ngoài ra, giáo trình giúp sinh viên củng cố, ôn tập số điểm ngữ pháp tiếng Anh Qua đó, sinh viên có hội trau dồi vốn từ vựng, ngữ pháp phát triển kĩ nghe, nói, đọc, viết thông qua tập vận dụng thảo luận Tiếng Anh chuyên ngành Giáo dục trị biên soạn, chọn lọc theo chủ đề ngành Giáo dục trị, giúp sinh viên làm quen với vốn từ vựng chuyên ngành luyện khả đọc hiểu dịch văn chuyên ngành, tạo định hướng nghiên cứu tài liệu chuyên ngành tiếng Anh tương lai Unit 1: AN INTRODUCTION INTO MARXISM - LENINISM Marxism–Leninism is a political ideology combining Marxism (the scientific socialist concepts theorised by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels) and Leninism (Vladimir Lenin's theoretical expansions of Marxism which include anti-imperialism, democratic centralism, and Vanguardist party-building principles) Marxism–Leninism was the official ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and of the Communist International (1919–1943), making it the guiding ideology of the world communist movement As such, it is the most prominent ideology associated with communism Marxism-Leninism is usually divided into three parts:(1) a philosophical theory that encompasses dialectical materialism and historical materialism, (2) Marxian economic theory, and (3) a sociopolitical theory known as scientific communism Values Marxism–Leninism is a far-left ideology based on principles of class conflict, egalitarianism, dialectical materialism, rationalism, and social progress It is anti-bourgeois, anti-conservative, anti-fascist, anti-imperialist, anti-reactionary, and is opposed to bourgeois democracy Additionally, Marxism–Leninism opposes certain aspects of other forms of Marxian socialism, including left communism and council communism, as well as certain aspects of non-Marxist socialist movements, such as anarchism and syndicalism A society organised through a vanguard party on Marxist–Leninist principles seeks to purge anything considered bourgeois, or idealist from it; in addition, it seeks to achieve universal atheism through the abolition of religious institutions and the deterioration of religion through the advancement of science Part A Reading comprehension: I Match the word in column A with its definition in column B: Column A Column B ideology A to rid of whatever is impure or undesirable expansion B to act against or provide resistance to democracy C the study of the nature and origin of ideas communism D the theory that physical matter is the only reality and that materialism everything,including thought, feeling, mind, and will, can be exp conflict lained in terms of matter and physical phenomena oppose E government by the people or their elected representatives organize F to come into collision or disagreement purge G to form as or into a whole consisting of interdependent or 10 religion coordinated parts, especially for united action H the act or process of expanding I a theoretical economic system characterized by the collective ownership of property andby the organization of labor for the common advantage of all members J a specific fundamental set of beliefs and practices generally agreed upon by a number of persons II Decide whether the following statements are True or False: Statements True Marxism–Leninism is a combined by Marxism and Leninism Leninism is theorised by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels Marxism–Leninism consists of four parts A sociopolitical theory is known as scientific communism Marxism–Leninism is only based on principles of class conflict and social progress Marxism–Leninism is anti-conservative and antiimperialist Marxism–Leninism supports certain aspects of other forms of Marxian socialism False Marxist–Leninist seeks to purge anything considered bourgeois, or idealist Part B Grammar: The present simple tense: Examples: Marxism–Leninism is a political ideology combining Marxism (the scientific socialist concepts theorised by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels) and Leninism (Vladimir Lenin's theoretical expansions of Marxism which include anti-imperialism, democratic centralism, and Vanguardist party-building principles) Marxism–Leninism is a far-left ideology based on principles of class conflict, egalitarianism, dialectical materialism, rationalism, and social progress Unit 2: THE GOAL OF MARXISM - LENINISM The goal of Marxism–Leninism is the development of a state into a socialist republic through the leadership of a revolutionary vanguard composed of "professional" revolutionaries, an organic part of the working class who come to socialist consciousness as a result of the dialectic of class struggle The socialist state, representing a "dictatorship of the proletariat" (as opposed to of the bourgeoisie) is primarily or exclusively governed by the party of the revolutionary vanguard through the process of democratic centralism, which Lenin described as "diversity in discussion, unity in action." Through this policy, the communist party (or equivalent) is the supreme political institution of the state and primary force of societal organization Marxism–Leninism sees the presence of competition between parties, as an ineffective measure of genuine democracy and rather asserts that, in a socialist society, pluralism only measures division and dysfunction within society The ultimate goal of Marxism–Leninism is the development of socialism into the full realization of communism, a classless social system with common ownership of the means of production and with full social equality of all members of society To achieve this goal, the communist party mainly focuses on the intensive development in industry, science and technology, which lays the basis for continual growth of the productive forces and there in increases the flow of material wealth All land and natural resources are publicly owned and managed through the Marxist–Leninist state, with varying forms of public ownership of social institutions In recent decades, Marxist–Leninist states have incorporated market methods of exchange and expanded the role played by the non-state sector in developing the national economy, such as China and Vietnam Part A Reading comprehension: I Match the word in column A with its definition in column B: Column A Column B goal A a great quantity or store of money, valuable possessions, property, socialist orother riches revolutionary B an advocate or supporter of socialism struggle C to form into a legal corporation vanguard D the act or process of dividing division E the result or achievement toward which effort is directed; aim; end ownership F to contend with an adversary or opposing force wealth G.of, relating to, or affecting a population or a community as a whole public H radically new or innovative 10 incorporate I the foremost division or the front part of an army J legal right of possession II Answer the following questions: What is the goal of Marxism–Leninism? By which party is the socialist state primarily or exclusively governed? What does Marxism–Leninism see? What is the ultimate goal of Marxism–Leninism? What does the communist party mainly focus on? What have Marxist–Leninist states done in recent decades? Part B Grammar: Passive voice in the present simple tense: Examples: The socialist state, representing a "dictatorship of the proletariat" (as opposed to of the bourgeoisie) is primarily or exclusively governed by the party of the revolutionary vanguard through the process of democratic centralism, which Lenin described as "diversity in discussion, unity in action." All land and natural resources are publicly owned and managed through the Marxist–Leninist state, with varying forms of public ownership of social institutions Unit 3: COMPONENTS OF MARXISM - LENINISM Social Marxism–Leninism supports universal social welfare Improvements in public health and education, provision of child care, provision of state-directed social services, and provision of social benefits are deemed by Marxist–Leninists to help to raise labour productivity and advance a society in development towards a communist society Economic The economy of a Marxist–Leninist state is a socialist economy, based on workers' ownership and control of the means of production (i.e., factories, farms, etc.) The state, being the dictatorship of the proletariat, serves as a safeguard for the ownership and as the coordinator of production through a universal economic plan For the purpose of reducing waste and increasing efficiency, scientific planning replaces market mechanisms and price mechanisms as the guiding principle of the economy The Marxist–Leninist state's huge purchasing power replaces the role of market forces, with macroeconomic equilibrium not being achieved through market forces but by economic planning based on scientific assessment In the socialist economy, the value of a good or service is based on its use value, rather than its cost of production or its exchange value The profit motive as a driving force for production is replaced by social obligation to fulfill the economic plan Wages are set and differentiated according to skill and intensity of work While socially utilised means of production are under public control, personal belongings or property of a personal nature that doesn't involve mass production of goods remains relatively unaffected by the state Political system Marxism–Leninism supports the creation of a single-party state led by a Marxist– Leninist communist party as a means to develop socialism and then communism The political structure of the Marxist–Leninist state involves the rule of a communist vanguard party over a revolutionary socialist state that represents the will and rule of the proletariat Through the policy of democratic centralism, the communist party is the supreme political institution of the Marxist–Leninist state International relations Marxism–Leninism aims to create an international communist society It opposes colonialism and imperialism and advocates decolonisation and anti-colonial forces It supports anti-fascist international alliances and has advocated the creation of "popular fronts" between communist and non-communist anti-fascists against strong fascist movements Theological The Marxism-Leninist worldview promotes atheism as a fundamental tenet Marxist–Leninist atheism has its roots in the philosophy of Ludwig Feuerbach, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Marx, and Lenin Materialism, the philosophical standpoint that the universe exists independently of human consciousness consisting of only atoms and physical forces, is central to the worldview of Marxism– Leninism in the form of dialectical materialism Part A Reading comprehension I Match the word in column A with its definition in column B: Column A Column B welfare A.something by which a person is bound or obliged to certain things,a provision nd which arises out of a sense of duty or results from custom, law, etc advance B that which a person owns; the possession or possessions of a particular safeguard universal profit owner C advantage; benefit; gain D.the good fortune, health, happiness, prosperity, etc., of a person, group, or organization; well-being obligation E to help or encourage to exist or flourish; further property F to move or bring forward promote G the source or origin of a thing 10 root H.something that serves as a protection or defense or that ensure safety I of, relating to, or characteristic of all or the whole J.the providing or supplying of something, especially of food or other necessities II Choose the best answer: Marxism–Leninism consists of ……………components? A B C ……………… are deemed by Marxist–Leninists A Improvements in public health and education, B Provision of child care and state-directed social services C Provision of social benefits D D All are correct The economy of a Marxist–Leninist state is based on …………… A workers' ownership B authority's ownership C control of the means of production D A & C are correct The state serves as a …………… for the ownership and as the coordinator of production through a universal economic plan A boss B safeguard C father D servant For the purpose of reducing waste and increasing efficiency, ………….planning replaces market mechanisms and price mechanisms A science B scientist C scientific D scientifically The Marxist–Leninist state's huge purchasing power replaces the role of …………… A market forces B workforce C value D price In the socialist economy, the value of a good or service is based on its …………, rather than its cost of production or its exchange value A material cost B use value C value use D cost material Wages are set and differentiated according to ……… and intensity of work A job title B working place C skill D strength Marxism–Leninism supports the creation of a ………… state led by a Marxist– Leninist communist party as a means to develop socialism and then communism A single-party B double-party C multiparty D no party 10 Marxism–Leninism ……….… colonialism and imperialism and …………… anti fascist international alliances A supports, opposes B objects to, supports C supports, follows D follows, supports II Grammar: To-infinitive: Examples: Provision of social benefits are deemed by Marxist–Leninists to help to raise labour productivity and advance a society in development towards a communist society Marxism–Leninism aims to create an international communist society 10 Unit 4: PHILOSOPHICAL THEORY Dialectical materialism consists of an ontology that defines matter, the principles and categories of reality, and the three laws of dialectic; an epistemology that deals with the relation of mind and being; and the dialectic method, which treats laws and categories of the dialectic as normative rules of thought Historical materialism is claimed to be the application of dialectical materialism to history As a philosophy of history it assumes history to be law-governed, distinguishes the determining factors (base) from the determined factors (superstructure) in social life, and describes the five stages of history and the laws of transition between them Marxian economic theory deals mostly with the nature of capitalism and its inevitable selfdestruction Part A Reading comprehension: I Match the word in column A with its definition in column B: Column A Column B ontology A.an economic system in which investment in and ownership of the reality means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made epistemology andmaintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations, especi normative ally ascontrasted to cooperatively or state-owned means of wealth assume distinguish B.the branch of metaphysics that studies the nature of existence or being as such determine describe C movement, passage, or change from one position, state, stage, transition subject, concept, etc., to another; change 10 capitalism D a branch of philosophy that investigates the origin, nature, methods, and limits of human knowledge E to recognize as distinct or different F to take for granted or without proof G to tell or depict in written or spoken words H the state or quality of being real c I.eflecting the assumption of such a norm or favoring its establishment 11 J.to settle or decide (a dispute, question, etc.) by an authoritative or conclusive decision II Answer the following questions: What does an ontology define? How many laws are there in dialectic? What does the dialectic method treat? What is historical materialism claimed to be? What does Marxian economic theory deal with? Part B Grammar: Relative clauses: Examples: Dialectical materialism consists of an ontology that defines matter, the principles and categories of reality, and the three laws of dialectic; an epistemology that deals with the relation of mind and being; and the dialectic method, which treats laws and categories of the dialectic as normative rules of thought 12 Unit 5: GOVERNMENT A government is the system by which a state or community is controlled In the Commonwealth of Nations, the word government is also used more narrowly to refer to the collective group of people that exercises executive authority in a state This usage is analogous to what is called an "administration" in American English Furthermore, especially in American English, the concepts of the state and the government may be used synonymously to refer to the person or group of people exercising authority over a politically organized territory Finally, government is also sometimes used in English as a synonym for governance In the case of its broad associative definition, government normally consists of legislators, administrators, and arbitrators Government is the means by which state policy is enforced, as well as the mechanism for determining the policy of the state A form of government, or form of state governance, refers to the set of political systems and institutions that make up the organization of a specific government Government of any kind currently affects every human activity in many important ways For this reason, political scientists generally argue that government should not be studied by itself; but should be studied along with anthropology, economics, environmentalism, history, philosophy, science, and sociology Part A Reading comprehension: I Match the word in column A with its definition in column B Column A Column B state A.a person or body of persons in whom authority is vested, as a authority governmental agency analogous administration territory associative B.the science that deals with the origins, physical and culturaldevelop ment, biological characteristics, and social customs and beliefs of humankind arbitrator C.the critical study of the basic principles and concepts of a particula argue rbranch of knowledge, especially with a view to improving orreconsti anthropology tuting them 10 philosophy D.a politically unified people occupying a definite territory; nation E having analogy; corresponding in some particular F.the management of any office, business, or organization; direction 13 G any tract of land; region or district H tending to associate or unite I to present reasons for or against a thing J.a person chosen to decide a dispute or settle differences, especially one formally empowered to examine the facts and decide the issue II Decide whether the following statements are True or False Statements True False A government is the system by which local area is controlled In the Commonwealth of Nations, government refers to the collective group of people that exercises executive authority in a state Government is the synonym of governance Government normally consists of legislators and arbitrators Government is the means by which state policy is enforced, as well as the mechanism for determining the policy of the state A form of government refers to the set of political systems and institutions that make up the organization of a specific government Government of any kind currently does not affect every human activity Government should be studied by itself Part B Grammar: Relative pronoun with preposition: A government is the system by which a state or community is controlled Government is the means by which state policy is enforced, as well as the mechanism for determining the policy of the state 14 Unit 6: LAW Law is a system of rules that are enforced through social institutions to govern behavior Laws can be made by legislatures through legislation (resulting in statutes), the executive through decrees and regulations, or judges through binding precedent (normally in common law jurisdictions) Private individuals can create legally binding contracts, including (in some jurisdictions) arbitration agreements that may elect to accept alternative arbitration to the normal court process The formation of laws themselves may be influenced by a constitution (written or unwritten) and the rights encoded therein The law shapes politics, economics, history and society in various ways and serves as a mediator of relations between people The adjudication of the law is generally divided into two main areas referred to as (i) Criminal law and (ii) Civil law Criminal law deals with conduct that is considered harmful to social order and in which the guilty party may be imprisoned or fined Civil law (not to be confused with civil law jurisdictions above) deals with the resolution of lawsuits (disputes) between individuals or organizations Law provides a rich source of scholarly inquiry into legal history, philosophy, economic analysis and sociology Law also raises important and complex issues concerning equality, fairness, and justice Part A Reading comprehension: I Match the word in column A with its definition in column B Column A Column B rule A an agreement between two or more parties for the doing or not enforce doing of something specified legislation B to confine in or as if in a prison regulation C to choose or select by vote, as for an office contract D to put or keep in force; compel obedience to elect E the quality of being just; righteousness, equitableness, or mediator moral rightness imprison F the act of making or enacting laws resolution G a law, rule, or other order prescribed by authority, especially 15 10 justice to regulate conduct H a person who mediates, especially between parties at variance I a principle or regulation governing conduct, action, procedure, arrangement, etc J a formal expression of opinion or intention made, usually after voting,by a formal organization, a legislature, a club, or other group II Answer the following questions: What is Law? What can private individuals do? What may the formation of laws be influenced by? What does the law shape? How many areas is the adjudication of the divided? What does Law provide? What does Law raise? Part B Grammar: Phrases indicate purposes: Examples: Law is a system of rules that are enforced through social institutions to govern behavior Private individuals can create legally binding contracts, including (in some jurisdictions) arbitration agreements that may elect to accept alternative arbitration to the normal court process 16 REFERENCES Phùng Thị Loan (2014), Tài liệu giảng Pháp luật học, Trường đại học Quảng Bình Nguyễn Thị Anh Khuyên (2013), Bài giảng Nguyên lý 1, Trường đại học Quảng Bình Nguyễn Thị Như Nguyệt (2013), Tài liệu giảng Chính trị học, Trường đại học Quảng Bình http://www.marxism.org.uk/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism-Leninism 17 ... Unit 6: LAW 15 LỜI NÓI ĐẦU Tiếng Anh chuyên ngành Giáo dục trị giáo trình biên soạn theo khung chương trình giáo dục đại học ngành Giáo dục trị Giáo trình biên soạn theo hướng giới... thảo luận Tiếng Anh chuyên ngành Giáo dục trị biên soạn, chọn lọc theo chủ đề ngành Giáo dục trị, giúp sinh viên làm quen với vốn từ vựng chuyên ngành luyện khả đọc hiểu dịch văn chuyên ngành, tạo... thiệu từ vựng, thuật ngữ thường sử dụng chuyên ngành Giáo dục trị Ngoài ra, giáo trình giúp sinh viên củng cố, ôn tập số điểm ngữ pháp tiếng Anh Qua đó, sinh viên có hội trau dồi vốn từ vựng, ngữ