Bài giảng tiếng anh chuyên ngành vật lý (dành cho hệ cđ vật lý)

TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC QUẢNG BÌNH KHOA NGOẠI NGỮ GIÁO TRÌNH Lưu hành nội bộ TIẾNG ANH CHUYÊN NGÀNH VẬT LÝ ENGLISH FOR PHYSICS Dành cho sinh viên hệ cao đẳng Vật lý Tác giả: Nguyễn Thọ Phước T

TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC QUẢNG BÌNH

KHOA NGOẠI NGỮ

GIÁO TRÌNH

(Lưu hành nội bộ) TIẾNG ANH CHUYÊN NGÀNH VẬT LÝ

ENGLISH FOR PHYSICS (Dành cho sinh viên hệ cao đẳng Vật lý) Tác giả: Nguyễn Thọ Phước Thảo

Năm 2015

MỤC LỤC

Lời nói đầu

Unit 1: Physics and scopes of physics……….3

Unit 2: Matter and measurement……….9

Unit 3: International systems of units……… 16

Unit 4: Elementary particles……….21

Unit 5: Motion, speed and velocity……… 25

Phụ lục (Appendix)……… 30 Tài liệu tham khảo

LỜI NÓI ĐẦU

Giáo trình Tiếng Anh chuyên ngành Vật lý nhằm cung cấp cho sinh viên vốn thuật ngữ, các kiến thức chuyên ngành đặc trưng trong lĩnh vực Vật lý, tăng cường các quy tắc ngữ pháp mang tính kế thừa trong lĩnh vực Vật lý Giáo trình gồm 5 bài giảng theo các chủ đề trong phạm vi chuyên môn nhằm cung cấp cho người học khảng 200 thuật ngữ chuyên ngành

và những cấu trúc tiếng Anh được sử dụng nhiều trong lĩnh vực Vật lý

Giáo trình giúp sinh viên được rèn luyện kỹ năng đọc hiểu các văn bản khoa học thuộc lĩnh vực Vật lý thông qua các dạng bài tập khác nhau theo mức độ từ dễ đến khó Đồng thời sinh viên được luyện kỹ năng viết, dịch, diễn đạt các câu, đoạn tiếng Anh chuyên ngành cơ bản để hiểu được nội dung của các tài liệu tiếng Anh Vật lý

Giáo trình Tiếng Anh chuyên ngành vật lý đảm bảo yêu cầu và mục tiêu đào tạo của sinh viên hệ cao đẳng chuyên ngành vật lý tại trường Đại học Quảng Bình

Unit 1 PHYSICS Physics and Scopes of Physics

Physics is the major science dealing with the fundamental constituents of the universe, the forces they exert on one another, and the results produced by these forces Sometimes in modern physics a more sophisticated approach is taken that incorporates elements of the three areas listed above; it relates to the laws of symmetry and conservation, such as those pertaining to energy, momentum, charge, and parity

Physics is closely related to the other natural sciences and, in a sense, encompasses them Chemistry, for example, deals with the interaction of atoms to form molecules; much of

22 modern geology is largely a study of the physics of the earth and is known as geophysics; and astronomy deals with the physics of the stars and outer space Even living systems are made up of fundamental particles and, as studied in biophysics and biochemistry, they follow the same types of laws as the simpler particles traditionally studied by a physicist

The emphasis on the interaction between particles in modern physics, known as the microscopic approach, must often be supplemented by a macroscopic approach that deals with larger elements or systems of particles This macroscopic approach is indispensable to the application of physics to much of modern technology Thermodynamics, for example, a branch of physics developed during the 19th century, deals with the elucidation and measurement of properties of a system as a whole and remains useful in other fields of physics; it also forms the basis of much of chemical and mechanical engineering Such properties as the temperature, pressure, and volume of a gas have no meaning for an individual atom or molecule; these thermodynamic concepts can only be applied directly to a very large system of such particles A bridge exists, however, between the microscopic and macroscopic approach; another branch of physics, known as statistical mechanics, indicates how pressure and temperature can be related to the motion of atoms and molecules on a statistical basis

Physics emerged as a separate science only in the early 19th century; until that time a physicist was often also a mathematician, philosopher, chemist, biologist, engineer, or even primarily a political leader or artist Today the field has grown to such an extent that with few exceptions modern physicists have to limit their attention to one or two branches of the science Once the fundamental aspects of a new field are discovered and understood, they become the domain of engineers and other applied scientists The 19th-century discoveries in electricity and magnetism, for example, are now the province of electrical and communication engineers; the properties of matter discovered at the beginning of the 20th century have been applied in electronics; and the discoveries of nuclear physics, most of them not yet 40 years old, have passed into the hands of nuclear engineers for applications to peaceful or military uses

COMPREHENSION QUESTION

Exercise 1: Answer the following questions by referring to the reading passage

1 What does physics study in general?

1 Physics ……… the fundamental constituents of the universe

2 … a more sophisticated approach ……… elements of the three areas

3 It relates to the laws of ……… and conservation

4 Physics is closely related to the other natural ………

5 Chemistry deals with the ……… of atoms to form molecules

6 Even living systems are made up of ……… particles

7 The emphasis on the interaction between particles in modern physics, known as the

……… approach

8 This macroscopic approach is ……… to the application of physics

9 these thermodynamic concepts can only be applied ……… to a very large

system of such particles

10 A bridge exists, ……… ,between the microscopic and macroscopic approach

PROBLEM SOLVING

BASIC TERMS: Writing and saying numbers

I Cardinal Numbers

* Từ 30 số căn bản này người ta hình thành các số đếm theo nguyên tắc sau:

- Giữa số hàng chục và số hàng đơn vị có gạch nối khi viết

Ví dụ: (38) thirty-eight; (76) seventy-six

- Sau hundred có and

Ví dụ: (254) two hundred and fifty four; (401) four hundred and one

- Các từ hundred, thousand, million không có số nhiều

Ví dụ: (3,214) three thousand, two hundred and fourteen

- A thường dùng với hundred, thousand và million hơn là one

Ví dụ: (105) a hundred and six

- Không dùng mạo từ (article) khi đã dùng số đếm trước một danh từ

Ví dụ: The cars – Twenty cars

II Ordinal Numbers

first (thứ nhất), second (thứ hai), third (thứ ba) tương ứng với các số đếm 1, 2, 3

- Các số đếm tận cùng bằng TY đổi thành TIETH

Ví dụ: twenty – twentieth

- FIVE đổi thành FIFTH; TWEVE đổi thành TWELFTH

- Từ 21 trở đi chỉ có số đơn vị thay đổi

Ví dụ: forty-six – forty-sixth; eighty-one – eighty-first

- Các số còn lại thêm TH vào số đếm

Ví dụ: ten – tenth ; nine – ninth

III Dozen, hundred, thousand, million

Dozen (chục),

hundred (trăm),

thousand (ngàn),

million (triệu)

không có số nhiều dù trước đó có số đếm ở số nhiều

Ví dụ: Fifty thousand people…, Several dozen flowers…

- Khi Dozen, hundred, thousand, million ở số nhiều theo sau phải có OF và một danh

từ Khi ấy nó có nghĩa là hằng chục, hằng trăm, hằng ngàn, hằng triệu

Ví dụ: Hundreds of people; millions and millions of ants

- Billion có nghĩa là ―tỉ‖ (một ngàn triệu) trong tiếng Mỹ (American English) Trong tiếng Anh (British English) billion có nghĩa là ―một triệu triệu‖

IV Từ loại của số

Số (numbers) giữ nhiều chức năng ngữ pháp trong câu:

-Một số (number) có thể bổ nghĩa cho danh từ như một tính từ (adjective) và đứng trước danh từ nó bổ nghĩa

The zoo contains five elephants and four tigers

(Sở thú gồm có năm con voi và bốn con hổ)

I‘ve got five elder sisters

(Tôi có năm người chị)

-Một số (number) có thể là một đại từ (pronoun)

How many people were competing in the race?

(Có bao nhiêu người tranh tài trong cuộc đua?)

About two hundred and fifty Five of them finished the race, though

(Khoảng hai trăm năm chục người Dù vậy, năm người trong số học về đến đích) -Một số (number) cũng có thể là một danh từ (noun)

Seven is a lucky number (Bảy là con số may mắn)

He‘s in his late fifties

V Phân số (Fractions)

-Trong trường hợp là hỗn số ta thêm and trước khi viết phân số

Ví dụ: 3 8/5 three and five-eighths

This cake is only half as big as that one

(Cái bánh này chỉ lớn bằng nửa cái kia)

My house is three-quarters the height of the tree

(Nhà tôi chỉ cao bằng 3/4 cái cây)

The glass is a third full of water

(Cái ly đầy 1/3 nước)

I couldn‘t finish the race I ran only two-thirds of the distance

(Tôi không thể chạy đến cùng cuộc đua Tôi chỉ chạy nổi 2/3 đoạn đường)

3 Phần trăm

1% one percent

50% fifty percent

67.3% sixty-seven point three percent

VI Cách đọc một vài loại số

Số không (0) có các cách đọc sau:

Đọc là zero /‘ziərou/ trong toán học, trong nhiệt độ

Đọc là nought /nò:t/ trong toán học tại Anh

Đọc là O /ò/ trong những số dài

Số điện thoại được đọc từng số một

Ví dụ: 954-730-8299 nine five four, seven three O, eight two double nine

Số năm được đọc từ hai số

1825 eighteen twenty-five; 1975 nineteen seventy-five

2001 two thousand and one; 1700 seventeen hundred

Unit 2

MATTER AND MEASUREMENT

Matter, in science, is the general term applied to anything that has the property of occupying space and the attributes of gravity and inertia In classical physics, matter and energy were considered two separate concepts that lay at the root of all physical phenomena Modern physicists, however, have shown that it is possible to transform matter into energy and energy into matter and have thus broken down the classical distinction between the two concepts When dealing with a large number of phenomena, however, such as motion, the behavior of liquids and gases, and heat, scientists find it simpler and more convenient to continue treating matter and energy as separate entities

Certain elementary particles of matter combine to form atoms; in turn, atoms combine

to form molecules The properties of individual molecules and their distribution and arrangement give to matter in all its forms various qualities such as mass, hardness, viscosity, fluidity, color, taste, electrical resistivity, and heat conductivity, among others In philosophy, matter has been generally regarded as the raw material of the physical world, although certain philosophers of the school of idealism, such as the Irish philosopher George Berkeley, denied that matter exists independent of the mind

Matter exists in three states: solid, liquid and gas A solid, for example a stone, has a definite shape and a definite volume; a liquid, for example oil, has definite volume but no definite shape; a gas, for example hydrogen (H), has neither definite shape nor volume Water can exist in all three states; below 0oC as a solid (ice); between 0oC and 100oC as a liquid (water); and above 100oC as a gas (vapor) All matter consists of elements such as zinc (Zn) or oxygen (O), or of compounds such as nitric acid (HNO3) or sulphur dioxide (SO2)

When we measure quantities of matter, we may use the fundamental units of time (e.g the second), mass (e.g the kilogram) and length (e.g the meter) Or we may use the units such as area (e.g m2) or volume (e.g cm3) or density (e.g g/cm3) These are known as derived units The area of a rectangle is found by multiplying the length by the width The volume of a cylinder is equal to ð x radius2 x height (V = ðr2h) The density of a substance is equal to the mass divided by the volume (d= m/v) We use the terms specific density or relative density to indicate density relative to the density of water The table of densities below shows that mercury (Hg) has a density of 13.6g/cm3 This means that a cubic centimeter of mercury has 13.6 times the mass of a cubic centimeter of water

Substance Density (g/cm 3 )

Gold Mercury Aluminum Water Ice Hydrogen*

Air*

19.3 13.6 2.7 1.0 0.92 0.00009 0.0013

* at standard temperature and pressure

COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS

Exercise 1: Answer the following questions by referring to the reading passage

1 How is matter generally defined?

1 Matter is a general term applied to anything that has the ……… of occupying space

2 Matter and energy were considered two separate ………

3 Modern ………have shown that it is possible to transform matter into energy

4 Scientists find it simpler and more ……… to continue treating matter and energy as separate entities

5 Certain ……… particles of matter combine to form atoms

6 The properties of ……… molecules and their distribution and arrangement give to matter various qualities

7 In philosophy, matter has been ……… regarded as the raw material of the physical world

8 The Irish philosopher George Berkeley………that matter exists independent of the mind

9 We use the terms specific density or relative density to ……… density relative to the density of water

10 This ……… that a cubic centimeter of mercury has 13.6 times the mass of a cubic centimeter of water

o Subtraction = phép trừ

Phương trình = Equation

Bất phương trình = Inequality

Định lý = Theorem

Luỹ thưà = Power

Căn thức, căn số = Root

Thưà số = Factor

Hệ số = Coefficient

Nghịch đảo = Reciprocal

- Căn thức:

Căn bậc hai cuả 9: Square root of 9

Căn bậc ba cuả 9: Cube root of 9

- Luỹ thừa:

Ba bình phương: Three squared

Ba lập phương: Three cubed

* Nếu số mũ lớn hơn 2 thì đọc như thế này:

Hai luỹ thừa ba: two to the power of three hoặc là two cubed

Hai luỹ thừa sáu: two to the power of six

I Write the following numbers in words:

II Write the following mathematical statements in formulae:

x equals one over two hundred and thirty-three _

a over b equals y to the power of five

b squared equals five over six

a plus or minus b

three times five makes fifteen

x to the power of seven

y to the power of minus a

a plus b, in brackets, all squared

two times square root of three

cube root (of) x

n-th root (of) x

the square root of four hundred and fifty divided by three plus seven _

six point five times ten to the minus three _

1 Addition (phép cộng)

Bài toán cộng [ 8 + 4 = 12] - trong tiếng Anh có nhiều cách nói:

• Eight and four is twelve

• Eight and four's twelve

• Eight and four are twelve

• Eight and four makes twelve

• Eight plus four equals twelve (Ngôn ngữ toán học)

2 Subtraction (phép trừ)

Bài toán trừ [30 - 7 = 23] - trong tiếng Anh có hai cách nói:

• Seven from thirty is twenty-three

• Thirty minus seven equals twenty-three (ngôn ngữ toán học)

3 Multiplication (phép nhân)

Bài toán nhân [5 x 6 = 30] - trong tiếng Anh có ba cách nói:

• Five sixes are thirty

• Five times six is/equals thirty

• Five multiplied by six equals thirty (Ngôn ngữ toán học)

Bài toán nhân [5 x 6 = 30] - trong tiếng Anh có ba cách nói:

• Five sixes are thirty

• Five times six is/equals thirty

• Five multiplied by six equals thirty (Ngôn ngữ toán học)

Bài toán chia [20 ÷ 4 = 5] - trong tiếng Anh có hai cách nói:

• Four into twenty goes five (times)

• Twenty divided by four is/equals five (Ngôn ngữ toán học)

Nếu như kết quả của bài toán là số thập phân như trong phép tính: [360 ÷ 50 = 7,2] thì các bạn sẽ nói:

Three hundred and sixty divided by fifty equals seven point two

Unit 3

INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS

International System of Units

International system of unit is the name adopted by the Eleventh General Conference

on Weights and Measures, held in Paris in 1960, for a universal, unified, self-consistent system of measurement units based on the MKS (meter-kilogram-second) system The international system is commonly referred to throughout the world as SI, after the initials of Systome International The Metric Conversion Act of 1975 commits the United States to the increasing use of, and voluntary conversion to, the metric system of measurement, further defining metric system as the International System of Units as interpreted or modified for the United States by the secretary of commerce

At the 1960 conference, standards were defined for six base units and for two supplementary units; a seventh base unit, the mole, was added in 1971 The names of these units are exactly the same in all languages

In the metric system, the main unit of distance is the meter Other units of distance are always obtained by multiplying the meter by 10 or a multiply of 10 Thanks to our system of writing numbers, this means that conversion of one unit to another within the metric system can be carried out by shifts of a decimal point

There are several standard units of length in use today such as meter, inch, foot, mile and centimeter The meter was originally defined in terms of the distance from the North Pole

to the equator; this distance is closed to 10,000 kilometers or 107 meters The standard meter

of the world is the distance between two scratches on a platinum- alloy bar which is kept at the International Bureau of Weight and Measures in France However, there is a unit of ength

in Nature which is much more accurate than the distance between two scratches on a piece of metal This is wavelength of light from any sharp spectral line The standard meter in France has been calibrated in terms of the number of wavelengths of light of a certain spectral line

COMPREHENSION QUESTION

Exercise 1: Answer the following questions by referring to the reading passage

1 What was the aim of the 11th General Conference on Weight and Measurement, held in Paris in 1960?