Bài giảng tiếng anh chuyên ngành vật lý (dành cho hệ cđ vật lý)

TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC QUẢNG BÌNH KHOA NGOẠI NGỮ GIÁO TRÌNH (Lưu hành nội bộ) TIẾNG ANH CHUYÊN NGÀNH VẬT LÝ ENGLISH FOR PHYSICS (Dành cho sinh viên hệ cao đẳng Vật lý) Tác giả: Nguyễn Thọ Phước Thảo Năm 2015 MỤC LỤC Lời nói đầu Unit 1: Physics and scopes of physics…………………………………….3 Unit 2: Matter and measurement………………………………………….9 Unit 3: International systems of units…………………………………… 16 Unit 4: Elementary particles……………………………………………….21 Unit 5: Motion, speed and velocity……………………………………… 25 Phụ lục (Appendix)……………………………………………………… 30 Tài liệu tham khảo LỜI NÓI ĐẦU Giáo trình Tiếng Anh chuyên ngành Vật lý nhằm cung cấp cho sinh viên vốn thuật ngữ, kiến thức chuyên ngành đặc trưng lĩnh vực Vật lý, tăng cường quy tắc ngữ pháp mang tính kế thừa lĩnh vực Vật lý Giáo trình gồm giảng theo chủ đề phạm vi chuyên môn nhằm cung cấp cho người học khảng 200 thuật ngữ chuyên ngành cấu trúc tiếng Anh sử dụng nhiều lĩnh vực Vật lý Giáo trình giúp sinh viên rèn luyện kỹ đọc hiểu văn khoa học thuộc lĩnh vực Vật lý thông qua dạng tập khác theo mức độ từ dễ đến khó Đồng thời sinh viên luyện kỹ viết, dịch, diễn đạt câu, đoạn tiếng Anh chuyên ngành để hiểu nội dung tài liệu tiếng Anh Vật lý Giáo trình Tiếng Anh chuyên ngành vật lý đảm bảo yêu cầu mục tiêu đào tạo sinh viên hệ cao đẳng chuyên ngành vật lý trường Đại học Quảng Bình Unit PHYSICS Physics and Scopes of Physics Physics is the major science dealing with the fundamental constituents of the universe, the forces they exert on one another, and the results produced by these forces Sometimes in modern physics a more sophisticated approach is taken that incorporates elements of the three areas listed above; it relates to the laws of symmetry and conservation, such as those pertaining to energy, momentum, charge, and parity Physics is closely related to the other natural sciences and, in a sense, encompasses them Chemistry, for example, deals with the interaction of atoms to form molecules; much of 22 modern geology is largely a study of the physics of the earth and is known as geophysics; and astronomy deals with the physics of the stars and outer space Even living systems are made up of fundamental particles and, as studied in biophysics and biochemistry, they follow the same types of laws as the simpler particles traditionally studied by a physicist The emphasis on the interaction between particles in modern physics, known as the microscopic approach, must often be supplemented by a macroscopic approach that deals with larger elements or systems of particles This macroscopic approach is indispensable to the application of physics to much of modern technology Thermodynamics, for example, a branch of physics developed during the 19th century, deals with the elucidation and measurement of properties of a system as a whole and remains useful in other fields of physics; it also forms the basis of much of chemical and mechanical engineering Such properties as the temperature, pressure, and volume of a gas have no meaning for an individual atom or molecule; these thermodynamic concepts can only be applied directly to a very large system of such particles A bridge exists, however, between the microscopic and macroscopic approach; another branch of physics, known as statistical mechanics, indicates how pressure and temperature can be related to the motion of atoms and molecules on a statistical basis Physics emerged as a separate science only in the early 19th century; until that time a physicist was often also a mathematician, philosopher, chemist, biologist, engineer, or even primarily a political leader or artist Today the field has grown to such an extent that with few exceptions modern physicists have to limit their attention to one or two branches of the science Once the fundamental aspects of a new field are discovered and understood, they become the domain of engineers and other applied scientists The 19th-century discoveries in electricity and magnetism, for example, are now the province of electrical and communication engineers; the properties of matter discovered at the beginning of the 20th century have been applied in electronics; and the discoveries of nuclear physics, most of them not yet 40 years old, have passed into the hands of nuclear engineers for applications to peaceful or military uses COMPREHENSION QUESTION Exercise 1: Answer the following questions by referring to the reading passage What does physics study in general? ………………………………………………………………………………………………… What is an approach in modern physics related to? ………………………………………………………………………………………………… Are there any relations between physics and other sciences? Give some illustrations ………………………………………………………………………………………………… What does statistical physics show? ………………………………………………………………………………………………… When was physics seen as a separate science? ………………………………………………………………………………………………… Exercise 2: Complete each of the following statements with words/ phrases from the reading passage Physics …………… the fundamental constituents of the universe … a more sophisticated approach …………… elements of the three areas It relates to the laws of …………… and conservation Physics is closely related to the other natural …………… Chemistry deals with the …………… of atoms to form molecules Even living systems are made up of …………… particles The emphasis on the interaction between particles in modern physics, known as the …………… approach This macroscopic approach is …………… to the application of physics these thermodynamic concepts can only be applied …………… to a very large system of such particles 10 A bridge exists, …………… ,between the microscopic and macroscopic approach PROBLEM SOLVING BASIC TERMS: Writing and saying numbers I Cardinal Numbers : one 16 : sixteen : two 17 : seventeen : three 18 : eighteen : four 19 : nineteen : five 20 : twenty : six 30 : thirty : seven 40 : forty : eight 50 : fifty : nine 60 : sixty 10 : ten 70 : seventy 11 : eleven 80 : eighty 12 : twelve 90 : ninety 13 : thirteen trăm : hundred 14 : fourteen ngàn : thousand 15 : fifteeen triệu : million * Từ 30 số người ta hình thành số đếm theo nguyên tắc sau: - Giữa số hàng chục số hàng đơn vị có gạch nối viết Ví dụ: (38) thirty-eight; (76) seventy-six - Sau hundred có and Ví dụ: (254) two hundred and fifty four; (401) four hundred and one - Các từ hundred, thousand, million số nhiều Ví dụ: (3,214) three thousand, two hundred and fourteen - A thường dùng với hundred, thousand million one Ví dụ: (105) a hundred and six - Không dùng mạo từ (article) dùng số đếm trước danh từ Ví dụ: The cars – Twenty cars II Ordinal Numbers first (thứ nhất), second (thứ hai), third (thứ ba) tương ứng với số đếm 1, 2, - Các số đếm tận TY đổi thành TIETH Ví dụ: twenty – twentieth - FIVE đổi thành FIFTH; TWEVE đổi thành TWELFTH - Từ 21 trở có số đơn vị thay đổi Ví dụ: forty-six – forty-sixth; eighty-one – eighty-first - Các số lại thêm TH vào số đếm Ví dụ: ten – tenth ; nine – ninth III Dozen, hundred, thousand, million Dozen (chục), hundred (trăm), thousand (ngàn), million (triệu) số nhiều dù trước có số đếm số nhiều Ví dụ: Fifty thousand people…, Several dozen flowers… - Khi Dozen, hundred, thousand, million số nhiều theo sau phải có OF danh từ Khi có nghĩa chục, trăm, ngàn, triệu Ví dụ: Hundreds of people; millions and millions of ants - Billion có nghĩa ―tỉ‖ (một ngàn triệu) tiếng Mỹ (American English) Trong tiếng Anh (British English) billion có nghĩa ―một triệu triệu‖ IV Từ loại số Số (numbers) giữ nhiều chức ngữ pháp câu: -Một số (number) bổ nghĩa cho danh từ tính từ (adjective) đứng trước danh từ bổ nghĩa The zoo contains five elephants and four tigers (Sở thú gồm có năm voi bốn hổ) I‘ve got five elder sisters (Tôi có năm người chị) -Một số (number) đại từ (pronoun) How many people were competing in the race? (Có người tranh tài đua?) About two hundred and fifty Five of them finished the race, though (Khoảng hai trăm năm chục người Dù vậy, năm người số học đến đích) -Một số (number) danh từ (noun) Seven is a lucky number (Bảy số may mắn) He‘s in his late fifties V Phân số (Fractions) Thông thường: -Tử số (numerator) viết số đếm; mẫu số (denominator) viết số thứ tự Ví dụ: 1/10 one-tenth ; 1/5 one-fifth -Nếu tử số số nhiều mẫu số phải có hình thức số nhiều Ví dụ: 5/8 five-eighths ; 2/7 two-sevenths -Trong trường hợp hỗn số ta thêm and trước viết phân số Ví dụ: 8/5 three and five-eighths Một số phân số đặc biệt 1/2 a half 1/4 a quarter, a fourth 3/4 three quarters Một số cách dùng đặc biệt This cake is only half as big as that one (Cái bánh lớn nửa kia) My house is three-quarters the height of the tree (Nhà cao 3/4 cây) The glass is a third full of water (Cái ly đầy 1/3 nước) I couldn‘t finish the race I ran only two-thirds of the distance (Tôi chạy đến đua Tôi chạy 2/3 đoạn đường) Phần trăm 1% one percent 50% fifty percent 67.3% sixty-seven point three percent VI Cách đọc vài loại số Số không (0) có cách đọc sau: Đọc zero /‘ziərou/ toán học, nhiệt độ Đọc nought /nò:t/ toán học Anh Đọc O /ò/ số dài Số điện thoại đọc số Ví dụ: 954-730-8299 nine five four, seven three O, eight two double nine Số năm đọc từ hai số 1825 eighteen twenty-five; 1975 nineteen seventy-five 2001 two thousand and one; 1700 seventeen hundred Unit MATTER AND MEASUREMENT Matter, in science, is the general term applied to anything that has the property of occupying space and the attributes of gravity and inertia In classical physics, matter and energy were considered two separate concepts that lay at the root of all physical phenomena Modern physicists, however, have shown that it is possible to transform matter into energy and energy into matter and have thus broken down the classical distinction between the two concepts When dealing with a large number of phenomena, however, such as motion, the behavior of liquids and gases, and heat, scientists find it simpler and more convenient to continue treating matter and energy as separate entities Certain elementary particles of matter combine to form atoms; in turn, atoms combine to form molecules The properties of individual molecules and their distribution and arrangement give to matter in all its forms various qualities such as mass, hardness, viscosity, fluidity, color, taste, electrical resistivity, and heat conductivity, among others In philosophy, matter has been generally regarded as the raw material of the physical world, although certain philosophers of the school of idealism, such as the Irish philosopher George Berkeley, denied that matter exists independent of the mind Matter exists in three states: solid, liquid and gas A solid, for example a stone, has a definite shape and a definite volume; a liquid, for example oil, has definite volume but no definite shape; a gas, for example hydrogen (H), has neither definite shape nor volume Water can exist in all three states; below 0oC as a solid (ice); between 0oC and 100oC as a liquid (water); and above 100oC as a gas (vapor) All matter consists of elements such as zinc (Zn) or oxygen (O), or of compounds such as nitric acid (HNO3) or sulphur dioxide (SO2) When we measure quantities of matter, we may use the fundamental units of time (e.g the second), mass (e.g the kilogram) and length (e.g the meter) Or we may use the units such as area (e.g m2) or volume (e.g cm3) or density (e.g g/cm3) These are known as derived units The area of a rectangle is found by multiplying the length by the width The volume of a cylinder is equal to ð x radius2 x height (V = ðr2h) The density of a substance is equal to the mass divided by the volume (d= m/v) We use the terms specific density or relative density to indicate density relative to the density of water The table of densities below shows that mercury (Hg) has a density of 13.6g/cm3 This means that a cubic centimeter of mercury has 13.6 times the mass of a cubic centimeter of water A is a block a/………………………………………………………………………………… b/…………………………………………………………………………………… c/…………………………………………………………………………………… 20 Unit ELEMENTARY PARTICLES READING PASSAGE Elementary Particles In physics, particles that cannot be broken down into any other particles are called elementary particles The term elementary particles also is used more loosely to include some subatomic particles that are composed of other particles Particles that cannot be broken further are sometimes called fundamental particles to avoid confusion These fundamental particles provide the basic units that make up all matter and energy in the universe Scientists and philosophers have sought to identify and study elementary particles since ancient times Aristotle and other ancient Greek philosophers believed that all things were composed of four elementary materials: fire, water, air, and earth People in other ancient cultures developed similar notions of basic substances As early scientists began collecting and analyzing information about the world, they showed that these materials were not fundamental but were made of other substances In the 1800s British physicist John Dalton was so sure he had identified the most basic objects that he called them atoms (Greek for ―indivisible‖) By the early 1900s scientists were able to break apart these atoms into particles that they called the electron and the nucleus Electrons surround the dense nucleus of an atom In the 1930s, researchers showed that the nucleus consists of smaller particles, called the proton and the neutron Today, scientists have evidence that the proton and neutron are themselves made up of even smaller particles, called quarks Scientists now believe that quarks and three other types of particles—leptons, forcecarrying bosons, and the Higgs boson-are truly fundamental and cannot be split into anything smaller In the 1960s American physicists Steven Weinberg and Sheldon Glashow and Pakistani physicist Abdus Salam developed a mathematical description of the nature and behavior of elementary particles Their theory, known as the standard model of particle physics, has greatly advanced understanding of the fundamental particles and forces in the universe Yet some questions about particles remain unanswered by the standard model, and physicists continue to work toward a theory that would explain even more about particles COMPREHENSION QUESTION Exercise 1: Answer the following questions by referring to the reading passage What are elementary particles? ………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… Have elementary particles been studied recently? How long? ………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… 21 What did Greek philosophers believe? ………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… What was noticeable in 1800s? ………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… Do scientists now fully understand particles? What will they have to do? ………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… Exercise 2: Complete each of the following statements with words/ phrases from the reading passage Elementary particles are particles that cannot be …………… down into any other particles The term elementary particles also is used more …………… to include some subatomic particles Particles that cannot be broken further are sometimes called fundamental particles to …………… confusion These fundamental particles provide the basic units that make up all matter and energy in the …………… Scientists and philosophers have sought to …………… and study elementary particles since ancient times People in other ancient cultures developed similar …………… of basic substances In the 1800s British physicist John Dalton was so …………… he had identified the most basic objects Electrons …………… the dense nucleus of an atom Quarks and three other types of particles-leptons, force-carrying bosons, and the Higgs boson-are …………… fundamental 10.…………… some questions about particles remain unanswered by the standard model Exercise 3: Decide whether each of the following statements is true (T), false (F) or with no information to clarify (N) …………… Elementary particles are the smallest ones …………… Elementary and fundamental particles are the same …………… All matter and energy are made up basing on fundamental particles …………… Elementary particles have been studied for a very long time 22 …………… According to Aristotle and other Greek philosophers, every thing consisted of fire, water, air, and earth …………… People in other ancient cultures had different opinions about fundamental particles …………… Early scientists showed that the materials were not fundamental after they had collected and analyzed information about the world …………… In Greek, ‗atom‘ means ‗visible‘ …………… Quarks may soon be broken down into smaller particles 10 …………… The ‗standard model‘ theory contributed greatly to the understanding of the universe PROBLEM SOLVING Describing shapes of objects Complete the table with suitable words Noun Adjectives Cuboid Conical Sphere Cylinder Hemi-spherical Pyramid Triangle Rectangular square 23 Now describe the following objects (Ask questions for this) Complete the following descriptions which are useful for describing the shapes of objects a/ This is a ……………….…….…… line b/ This plate is ………………… …… c/ this rod is …………….…….at one end d/ This rod is …………….… at one end e/ This line is …………… …….…….… f/This line is …………………….……… g/ This line is …………………….…….… h/ This line is …………………….…….… i/ This line is ……………… …….……… 24 Unit 5: MOTION Motion, speed, and velocity Besides the blowing dust and the heavenly bodies, little else moves on the Martian landscape This lack of movement might seem to be strangest of all, for we humans are used to motion Almost from birth, infants follow motion with their eyes, and from then on we are continually aware of things moving about, starting, stopping, turning, bouncing On earth we see liquids flowing, people moving, and the wind stirring the leaves of trees Although we can not see them, we know that the very atoms and molecules of matter are continuously in motion Even mosses and lichens that spend their lives fastened to rocks depend on the movements of gases and liquids to bring them the chemicals essential to life and to carry others away We take part in motion in our daily lives We describe and compare this motion in terms of speed, acceleration, and direction The following will discuss the first two matters If we just say something moves, someone else will not really know ―what‘s happening‖ It is one thing to recognize motion but another to describe it To describe motion accurately, we use rates A rate tells how fast something happens, or how much something changes in a certain amount of time An example of rate is a distance divided by a time Suppose a girl runs a course that is miles long She might sprint at the beginning but tire and slow down along the way, or even stop to tighten a shoelace, so she won‘t travel at the same rate for the entire miles But if she finishes in, say, 30 minutes, then miles/30 minutes = 0.10 miles/minute is the average rate of travel during that time, or her average speed (average speed = total distance covered/time used) The average speed tells little of what happened during her run, however If we are curious about her speed at one certain time or at a point along the way, we want to know her instantaneous speed, that is, how fast she was moving at one instant (instantaneous speed = the rate at which something is traveling at a specific time) If you say, ‗At twelve noon my car was moving at 35 mph‘, then you have specified an instantaneous speed If you ease a car away from its parking place and steady speed, and the road is straight and smooth, the ride is very comfortable As a passenger, you could read a book or pour a cup of tea and drink it; if you were in a van or large motor home, you could even play a game of darts But it is not easy to keep a car‘s speed steady Even when the road is straight and without any bumps or dips, traffic and the inevitable stop signs and traffic signals make us change speeds A book you are holding leans forwards if the car slows down and then backward if it speeds up If there is a cup of tea aboard, it sloshes about Any deviations from a constant speed affect our bodies, too; we shift backward or forward in our car seats, so we feel these changes in speed If the speed changes slowly, we hardly notice it, but any quick change in speed is obvious It is how fast speed changes that matters to us, and that‘s another rate – the rate of change of speed We call this rate acceleration (acceleration – along a straight line = change in speed/time required for that change) Just as for speed, this is the average acceleration over a period of time The instantaneous acceleration tells how fast the speed is changing at any point in time The word acceleration often brings to the mind an increase in speed But acceleration is a change in speed over time, so when anything slows 25 down it is also accelerating To distinguish slowing down from speeding up, we can use the word deceleration This means deceleration refers to the negative value of acceleration (Adapted from Physics, an Introduction by Jay Bolemon, 1989) READING COMPREHENSION Exercise 1: Answer the following questions by referring to the reading passage Define speed, average speed and instantaneous speed in your own words ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… State the instantaneous speed of a car ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… Define acceleration, average acceleration and instantaneous acceleration in your own words ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… Can human beings sense any changes in speed? ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… What are the measurements of speed and acceleration? ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… Exercise 2: Decide whether each of the following statements is ‘true’ ‘false’ or ‘don’t know’ Refer to the reading passage for comprehension Write (T); (F) or (N) ………… Anything on earth is in motion ………… Infants are only aware of motion visually ………… Any motion can be detected with human senses ………… Mosses and lichens‘ lives depend on the chemicals from gases and liquids in the environment ………… We can describe the motion of two objects in terms of either speed, acceleration or direction ………… To describe speed at a certain time, we resort to the term instantaneous speed 26 ………… To keep a car at steady speed is an easy job ………… Any object has its own acceleration ………… How fast speed changes deserves our consideration 10 ………… Deceleration is opposite to acceleration in any aspects Exercise 3: Choose the correct answer On the Martian landscape, there are a many objects moving b only dust and heavenly bodies moving c a few matters in motion We started to learn of motion when a we are at birth b we were very small c we started to learn physics To describe motion, we use a more than one rate at the same time b a rate c at least three rates When a girl is running, she is supposed to have a one type of speed b more than one types of speed at the same time c average speed and instantaneous speed only When in a moving car, a you can feel any change happening b your body is not affected at all c you can notice the quick change only PROBLEMS SOLVING Describing movements and actions Task one: Look at the diagram and the description: The block rests on a slope A string is attached to one end of the block and passes over a pulley at the top of the slope A weight W is suspended from the end of the string 27 Label the diagram A Write out the description, filling in the missing words: a The block……………………the string b The string……………………the pulley c The string…………………….the weight B You can develop the above sentences into a short descriptive paragraph Fill in the blank with suitable words, you‘ll have the paragraph: When the block…………down the slope, it……………the string and…………… the weight At the same time, the pulley…………… in a clockwise direction 28 Task two: Describe the following actions 29 APPENDIX SCOPE OF FIELDS IN PHYSICS Acoustics: The science of the production, transmission, and effects of sound Âm học Atomic Physics: A branch of physics concerned with the structures of the atom, the characteristics of the electrons and other elementary particles of which the atom is composed, the arrangement of the atom‘s energy states, and the processes involved in the radiation of light and x-rays Vật lý nguyên tử Fluid Mechanics: The science concerned with fluids, either at rest or in motion, and dealing with pressures, velocities, and accelerations in the fluid, including fluid deformation and compression or expansion Cơ học chất lỏng Mechanics: The branch of physics which seeks to formulate general rules for predicting the behavior of a physical system under the influence of any type of interaction with its environment Cơ học Nuclear Physics: The study of the characteristics, behavior, and internal structure of the atomic nucleus Vật lý hạt nhân Optics: The study of phenomena associated with the generation, transmission, and detection of electromagnetic radiation in the spectral range extending from the long-wave edge of the x-ray region to the short-wave edge of the radio region, and the science of light Quang học Particle physics: The branch of physics concerned with understanding the properties, behavior, and structure of elementary particles, especially through study of collisions or decays involving energies of hundreds of MeV or more Vật lý hạt Physics: The science concerned with those aspects of nature which can be understood in terms of elementary principles and laws Vật lý (lý thuyết) Plasma Physics: The study of highly ionized gases Vật lý Plasma Quantum Mechanics: The modern theory of matter, of electromagnetic radiation, and of the interaction between matter and radiation; it differs from classical physics, which it generalizes and supersedes, mainly in the realm of atomic and subatomic phenomena Cơ lượng tử Relativity: The study of physics theory which recognizes the universal character of the propagation speed of light and the consequent dependence of space, time, and other mechanical measurements on the motion of the observer performing the measurements, the two main divisions are special theory and general theory Tương đối Solid-state Physics: The branch of physics centering on the physical properties of solid materials, it is usually concerned with the properties of crystalline material only, but it is sometimes extended to include the properties of glasses or polymers Vật lý chất rắn Spectroscopy: The branch of physics concerned with the production measurement, and interpretation of electromagnetic spectra arising from either emission ro absorption of radiant energy by various substances Statistical Mechanics: That branch of physics which endeavors to explain and predict the macroscopic properties and behavior of a system on the basis of the known characteristics and interactions of the microscopic constituents of the system, usually when the number of such constituents is very large Cơ học thống kê 30 Thermodynamics: The branch of physics which seeks to derive, from a few basis postulates, relations between properties of substances, especially those which are affected by changes in temperature, and a description of the conversion of energy from one form to another Nhiệt động lực học Type of radioactivity Type Symbol Particles emitted Change in Change in atomic atomic mass number, ΔZ number, ΔA Alpha α Helium nucleus -2 -4 Beta negatron β- Negative electron and +1 -1 antineutrino Beta positron β+ Positive electron and Neutrino Electron capture EC Neutrino -1 Isomeric IT Gamma rays or conversion 0 Transition electrons or both (and positive-negative electron pair) Proton ρ Proton -1 -1 Spontaneous SF Heavy fragments and Various Various Various Various Various Various Fission Neutrons Isomeric ISF spontaneous Heavy fragments and fission Neutrons Beta-delayed (EC+β+)- spontaneous SF Positive electron, neutrino, heavy fragments, 31 fission and neutrons β-SF Negative electron, Various Various +1 -1 +1 -2 (-3) -2 -1 -3 -2 -3 -3 -4 -1 -4 -1 -5 antineutrino, heavy fragments, and neutrons β-n Beta-delayed Neutron Negative electron, and antineutrino, neutron Beta-delayed two- β -2n(3n) neutron (three- Negative electron, antineutrino, and two neutron) (three) neutrons +p Beta- β or delayed (β +EC)ρ and proton Proton Beta-delayed two- Positive electron, neutrino, β+2p Proton Positive electron, neutrino, and two protons Beta-delayed triton Beta-delayed 13H B β+α alpha Negative electron, antineutrino and triton Positive electron, neutrino and alpha β-α Negative electron, antineutrino, and alpha Beta-delayed β-α,n Negative 32 alpha-neutron electron, antineutrino, alpha, and neutron Double beta decay β-β- Two negative electrons and +2 -2 0 two antineutrinos β+ β+ Two positive electrons and two neutrinos Double electron EC EC Two neutrinos -2 Two-proton 2ρ Two protons -2 Neutron N Neutron -1 Two-neutron 2n Two neutrons -2 14 -6 -14 O nucleus -8 -20 -10 -24 Capture C nucleus 14 C Heavy clusters 20 O 24 10 NE 20 24 10 NE nucleus 33 TÀI LIỆU THAM KHẢO + Sách: James Cumming, (2009) English for Science and Technology Longman Press John Pak, (2007) Let‘s chat EFL Press Richard R.Day & Junko Yamanaka, (1999) Impact Issues Longman Press Truong Ngoc Diep (2005) English Course for the Construction Trade Hoa Binh Corporation + Websites: http://www.hoalac.com.vn/tudien/ http://www.ebook.edu.vn/ 34 ... trình Tiếng Anh chuyên ngành Vật lý nhằm cung cấp cho sinh viên vốn thuật ngữ, kiến thức chuyên ngành đặc trưng lĩnh vực Vật lý, tăng cường quy tắc ngữ pháp mang tính kế thừa lĩnh vực Vật lý Giáo... nội dung tài liệu tiếng Anh Vật lý Giáo trình Tiếng Anh chuyên ngành vật lý đảm bảo yêu cầu mục tiêu đào tạo sinh viên hệ cao đẳng chuyên ngành vật lý trường Đại học Quảng Bình Unit PHYSICS Physics... lĩnh vực Vật lý thông qua dạng tập khác theo mức độ từ dễ đến khó Đồng thời sinh viên luyện kỹ viết, dịch, diễn đạt câu, đoạn tiếng Anh chuyên ngành để hiểu nội dung tài liệu tiếng Anh Vật lý Giáo