Giáo trình tiếng anh chuyên ngành lâm nghiệp ( dành cho sinh viên cao đẳng lâm nghiệp)

0 TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC QUẢNG BÌNH KHOA NGOẠI NGỮ GIÁO TRÌNH Lưu hành nội bộ TIẾNG ANH CHUYÊN NGÀNH Dành cho sinh viên cao đẳng Lâm nghiệp Tác giả: Nguyễn Thị Hồng Thắm Năm 2014... 2 LỜI

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TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC QUẢNG BÌNH

KHOA NGOẠI NGỮ

GIÁO TRÌNH (Lưu hành nội bộ) TIẾNG ANH CHUYÊN NGÀNH (Dành cho sinh viên cao đẳng Lâm nghiệp)

Tác giả: Nguyễn Thị Hồng Thắm

Năm 2014

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

Unit 1: FORESTRY……… Page 2-3 Unit 2: THE ROLE OF TREES Page 4 Unit 3: IDENTIFICATION OF TREES (I) Page 5-6 Unit 4: IDENTIFICATION OF TREES (II) Page 7-8 Unit 5: TREE SIZE AND TYPE CLASSIFICATION Page 9-11 Unit 6: FOREST TREE INSECTS AND HOW TO CONTROL THEM Page 12-15 REFERENCES Page 16

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LỜI NÓI ĐẦU

Tiếng Anh chuyên ngành Lâm nghiệp là giáo trình được biên soạn theo khung

chương trình giáo dục cao đẳng ngành Lâm nghiệp Giáo trình được biên soạn theo hướng giới thiệu các từ vựng, thuật ngữ thường được sử dụng trong chuyên ngành Lâm nghiệp Ngoài ra, giáo trình còn giúp sinh viên củng cố, ôn tập một số điểm ngữ pháp cơ bản trong tiếng Anh Qua đó, sinh viên có cơ hội trau dồi vốn từ vựng, ngữ pháp và phát triển các kĩ năng nghe, nói, đọc, viết thông qua các bài tập vận dụng và thảo luận

Tiếng Anh chuyên ngành Lâm nghiệp được biên soạn, chọn lọc theo các chủ đề

trong ngành lâm nghiệp, giúp sinh viên làm quen với vốn từ vựng cơ bản trong chuyên ngành và luyện khả năng đọc hiểu và dịch văn bản chuyên ngành, tạo định hướng nghiên cứu tài liệu chuyên ngành bằng tiếng Anh trong tương lai

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UNIT 1: FORESTRY

Principle of Forestry

Since the primary task of the forester is centered on producing trees, understanding trees and their growth is essential Although certain special terms may be used for convenience, the principles underlying the growth, development, and reproduction of trees

of the forest are the same as those for other crop species Thus, forestry must be based on a sound understanding of botanical principles One critical point to keep in mind is that trees are generally managed for wood production, i.e., stem tissue Compared with most horticultural and agronomic crops, forests represent long-lived, perennial plants

Morphology and anatomy

Although a forest may contain annual, biennial, and short-lived perennial plant species, trees are generally considered to be major vegetation: they are long-lived perennials that usually produce a single central stem and attain a height of 6m or more Rarely does a forest tree maturity in less than 15 to 20 years: some trees may grow continuously for centuries though generally very slowly after the five hundred years In considering the growth of trees, increases in both height and diameter, or girth, are important in determining the yield

of lumber or other products In terms of gross morphology, as a rule, tree growing in a typical forest environment are taller and have smaller root systems than those growing separately or under widely spaced, ornamental-settings The apical or top portion of the tree, the crown, is also smaller under crowded conditions Note that the word crown has a different meaning in forestry than in horticulture and agronomy In forestry, the crown in that portion of the tree which has branches Since shade decreases the ability of branches to survive, the trees in crowded forests tend to shed their lower branches and thus have less crown in proportion to clear stem

I Comprehension questions: Read the text carefully and answer the following questions:

1 What is the primary task of the forester centered?

2 What is forestry based on?

3 Why are trees considered to be the major vegetation?

4 What are important in determining the yield of lumber?

5 What is the crown in forestry?

II Vocabulary

1 Look at the first paragraph again What words have the same meaning as:

+ well-informed

+ main, most important

2 Look at paragraph 2 again What words have the same meaning as:

+ go on living

+ deciding

+ hundreds of years

+ part

+ all the time

+ seldom

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III GRAMMAR: INFINITIVE or V-ING

Some verbs in English must be followed by the –ing form:

He admitted taking my book

Others are followed by the infinitive, “to”:

He agreed to lend me his book

Verbs followed by a particles like “in”, “from”, ect., are followed by the – ing form:

He insisted on going to a film last night

Make sentences from the following notes Think whether you should use the infinitive or the

– ing form after the verbs

1 He/suggest/read/chapter 5/before/we/go/lecture

2 The rain/not stop/fall/until yesterday evening

3 He/wants/spend/more time/study

4 A good farmer/try/set/objectives

5 Peter/prevent/harvest/his crop/bad weather

6 I /enjoy/listen/music

7 He/not mind/work/weekends

8 He/forget/hand in/essay/last night

9 There/nothing/that shop/worth/buy

10 It/no use/leave/your work/last minute

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For hundreds of years people have planted trees to serve the needs of future generations for timber and tree products In Europe and Asia forests were planted by rulers, church leaders and farmers – for the people By planting trees they particularly and symbolically showed faith and hope for the future

Trees are fundamental to life and the processes that maintain healthy soil, and clean air and water There is evidence which shows that in regions where the trees are cleared to less than 30% of their original surface area, other sustainable life processes begin to collapse Rivers silt

up, soils wash away, and air quality declines James Lovelock, a renowned ecologist, claimed these breakdowns in natural systems will in turn affect other word bio-areas continent or cyclones may occur more frequently It will be sad if these things happen before we change from consumers to producers

I/ Comprehension

1 What do people plant trees for?

2 What do European and Asian people want to show by planting trees?

3 What are fundamental roles of trees?

4 What will happen to the area when the trees are cut down?

II/ Grammar

ADJECTIVE + PREPOSITION

Exercise 1: Complete these sentences with the correct preposition

1 It’ very nice you to let me use your car Thank you very much

2 Why are you always so impolite ………… your parents? Can’t you be nice …… … them?

3 It wasn’t very polite ………….….him to leave without saying thank you

4 I can’t understand people who are cruel to ………… animals

5 Why do you always get so annoyed ……… little thing?

6 We enjoyed our vacation, but we were disappointed ………….… the hotel

7 I was surprised ………….… the way he behaved It was out of character

8 These days everybody is aware ……… the danger of smoking

9 Mr Davis spends a lot of time gardening His garden is very well-kept, and he’s very proud

……… … it

10 Bill has been doing the same job for too long He’s bored …… …… it

Exercise 2: To infinitive to express purposes

1 A tree uses sunlight The purpose in using it is to combine carbon dioxide with water to form carbohydrates

2 In countries with inadequate rainfall we irrigate the land Our object in doing this is to supply enough moisture for satisfactory plant growth

3 We should add fertilizers or manure to the soil Our aim in doing this is to encourage plant growth

4 Tile drains may be laid in or on the land The reason for this is to remove surplus water from the fields

5 We apply inorganic materials to the soil Our object in doing this is to increase the supply of one or more of the essential nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potash

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Trees are woody plants, but not all woody plants are trees A tree usually grows upright to at least 20 feet (15.5 metres) at maturity and has a single stem, often called bole or trunk The stem supports limbs and leaves, forming the top or crown Other woody plants are vines and shrubs Vines may have woody stems but do not have a distinct crown of upright branches Shrubs may have several woody stems growing from a clump, and they usually are smaller than trees

Trees generally develop a typical shape when they grow in an open area Trees that grow in crowded forests usually have trunks of greater clear length Essentially, we have no timberline resulting from high elevation in the East, but at timberline and at higher mountain elevations in the West many trees are knurled, twisted, and sometimes prostrate Such tortuous form is the result of many factors, including thin soils, limited growth periods, deep snows, and continuous exposure to strong winds However, under favorable conditions, most species develop characteristic shapes Several field trips with a good identification manual showing local species should enable an inexperienced person to become rather proficient in identifying trees

Identification features are also found in bud, flower, fruit, leaf, twig, and bark structure The precise botanical characteristics by which trees are classified (primarily flower parts) are too small or fleeting to be useful in field identification for those with little experience The gross features (shape, leaf, and bark structure, buds and twigs) are more useful for quick field identification

I/ Comprehension

A/ Multiple-choice

1 A tree usually grows………

A vertically B horizontally C downward

2 A tree usually has………

A two stems B one stem C some stems

3 Vines has got………

A great crown B small crown C complex crown D indefinite crown

4 The branches of a vine are………

A big B long and thin C not upright D hard

5 When growing in an open area, trees often have a…………

A nice form B popular form C great form D dense form

6 The tree that has to compete for light often has …………

A a long stem B many branches C thick bank D a beautiful crown

7 The tree that grows on very adverse place generally has…………

A a long stem B a usual shape C an unusual shape D a dense brown

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B/ Answer the questions

1 All woody plants are trees or not?

2 At maturity, how high is a tree?

3 How many stem does a tree have?

4 What does the stem support?

5 Do vines have distinct crowns?

6 How do trees develop when they grow in an open area?

7 What kind of trunk does a tree often have when it has to compete for light?

8 Why are some trees knurled or twisted?

9 In what conditions do most species develop characteristic shape?

10 In order to have quick field identification what should be used?

II/ Vocabulary

Put the appropriate word into the blank:

stem

crown

shape

branches

light

knurled factors identification bark

characteristics

1 ……… is very important for the growth of trees

2 Trees……… is a subject that we are going to study next week

3 The……… of this tree is very thick

4 Many………affect the growth of a tree

5 After the flood, the……… of the river banks changed so much

6 This kind of Pine has got a lot of……….…

7 We used to play under the……….of this old, big tree

8 The……… of this bamboo is 10 metres long

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Trees and other plants often have several common names, which vary with locality or local use To make specific identities world-wide, botanists employ Latinized names, which remain constant since Latin is a language that no longer changes The scientific name consists of two parts: the genus (a collection closely related species) and the specific epithet or species (a collection of individuals so similar that they suggest common percentage and produce like offspring) The generic name always appears first and is capitalized, while the specific name follows and begins with

a lowercase letter Because general and regional guides to field identification of trees and government publication that describe local or native trees are readily available, only a few of the important commercially significant trees of the major forest regions will be studied in this chapter Most of these are valued for their wood products

Prior to studying individual tree species, it is necessary to know that trees are divided into two main groups These are the conifers (gymnosperms) or softwood trees and the broadleaf (angiosperms) or hardwood trees Conifers have mostly needle-like or scale-like leaves and bear their seeds in cones or cone-like structures The conifers or evergreens do not shed all their leaves annually, with the exception of larch and bald cypress Deciduous trees, those that shed all their leaves in the fall, generally are broad- leaved hardwoods

The term hardwood and softwood can be misleading because the wood of some hardwood trees is softer than that of some softwood trees For example, the wood of yellow poplar and basswood is much softer than that of the longleaf pine

We will first study the conifers, which are very widely distributed in the various regions and are very significant in the production of lumber and paper

I/ Vocabulary

Find word or combination of words that means:

1 some (paragraph 1) 6 types (paragraph 2)

2 definite (paragraph ) 7 accurate (paragraph 1)

3 the same (paragraph 1) 8 sawn wood (paragraph 4)

4 before (paragraph 2) 9 easily to be seen, bought (paragraph 1)

5 classified (paragraph 2) 10 different (paragraph 4)

II/ Comprehension

A/ Find an appropriate word to fill the blank

1 He is a very famous……… (paragraph 1)

2 These trees do not………….leaves in the autumn (paragraph 2)

3 In old time, people used to………to construct bridges (paragraph 4)

4 ……….….is often used to produce paper (paragraph 4)

5 It is difficult to store the………… of this tree, because their germination capacity is decreased by the time (paragraph 2)

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6 To conserve valuable………… ….resources is a task of great importance (paragraph 1)

7 This kind of trees are often………on high mountains (paragraph 4)

8 Names of trees………with different regions (paragraph 1)

9 The generic name always………first (paragraph 1)

10 ……… ….do not shed all their leaves annually (paragraph 2)

B/ Choose A, B, C or D

1 Trees and plants have…………

A very few names B many names C two names D one name

2 The scientific name of a tree has………

A only one part B two parts C four parts D many parts

3 The specific name stands…………

A first B in the middle C last D anywhere

4 ……….is written or printed in capital letters

A the generic name B the specific name

5 Trees are classified into………

A three types B four types C two types D several types

6 Conifers are often………

A hardwood trees B softwood trees

7 Most of softwood trees do not change their leaves………

A in autumn B in spring C in summer D in winter

8 The wood of……… hardwood trees is hard

A all B most of C some D many

C/ Questions

1 How many names do trees and other plants have?

2 Why do they have many names?

3 Why do botanists have to use Latin to name trees?

4 How many parts does the scientific name consist of? What are they?

5 How are trees classified?