TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC QUẢNG BÌNH KHOA NGOẠI NGỮ GIÁO TRÌNH (Lưu hành nội bộ) TIẾNG ANH CHUYÊN NGÀNH TÀI NGUYÊN VÀ MÔI TRƯỜNG (Dùng cho hệ đại học) Lecturer: Nguyen Thi Mai Hoa, Ph.D 2016 - 2017 INTRODUCTION Giáo trình Tiếng Anh chuyên ngành Tài nguyên Môi trường củng cố tiếp tục bồi dưỡng lực tiếng Anh cho sinh viên qua kĩ đọc, viết, luyện dịch cách sử dụng từ ngữ chun ngành Tài ngun Mơi trường trình độ chun sâu Ngồi ra, học phần cịn giúp sinh viên làm quen với dạng thi đọc hiểu, viết sử dụng ngôn ngữ, thời gian yêu cầu phần để từ có chiến lược làm thi hiệu Nội dung học tập trung giới thiệu khái niệm chung liên quan đến môi trường hệ sinh thái, cấu nhiệm vụ khoa Tài nguyên Môi trườngTài nguyên, Sự xói mịn đất, Đất canh tác, Hệ thống thơng tin địa lý, Các nguyên tắc quy hoạch sử dụng đất, Đánh giá ảnh hưởng môi trường Các học đưa kiểm tra giúp sinh viên thử sức rèn luyện kĩ đọc hiểu, viết sử dụng ngôn ngữ TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction Lesson Faculty of natural resources and environment Lesson Resources Lesson Environment and ecology 10 Lesson Energy and nutrients 15 Lesson Soil erosion 17 Lesson Resential land 22 Lesson Imbalances 26 Lesson Biomes and ecosystems 30 Lesson Problem in pollution control 33 Lesson 10 Geographical information system 38 Lesson 11 Environment impact assesment 41 Lesson 12 Pollution 46 LESSON FACULTY OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT I Reading The Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment was established in 2004 from the development of Faculty of Land Management From 2004, the Faculty trains the bachelor and vocation levels in two specialties: Land management and environmental science The faculty also trains a master degree in the specialty of land management from 2008 The missions of the Faculty are training, research and technology transfer in fields of resource and environment management for socio-economic development and environment protection in the Northern Mountainous Region of Vietnam Now, the faculty has some training and research activities in cooperation with universities of Sackatchewan (Canada), Khonkaen (Thailand), Seoul (Korea) There are two major training programs in the faculty Major in Land Management is to train bachelor degree of land management and major in Environmental Sciences is to train bachelor degree of environmental science with good quality of morality and qualifications for the northern mountainous and midland areas The number of faculties and Staff is 45 of which there are three (5) associate professors, 45 lecturers and senior lecturers holding Ph.D and MSc degrees The faculty consists of five academic Departments (Soil Sciences, Geodesy and Mapping, Land Information and Land Use Planning, Land Management, Environment Assessment and Management) with correspondent laboratories equipped with such specialized, modern machines and devices as soil analyses, theodolite, high speed computer and scanners II Vocabulary Academic(adj) [,ækə’demik] Affair(n) [ə’fekt] Assessment (n) [ə'sesmənt] Dean (n) [di:n] học thuật công việc đánh giá trưởng khoa Deputy (n) ['depjuti] phó Geodesy (n) [dʒi:'ɔdisi] Land (n) [lænd] trắc địa đất đai Mapping (n) ['mæpiη] Resource (n) [ri'sɔ:s ; ri'zɔ:s] đồ tài nguyên 10 Planning (n) ['plæniη] kế hoạch 11 Master of Science ['mɑ:stə] ['saiəns] 12 Soil (n) [sɔil] 13 senior lecturer ['si:niə] ['lekt∫ərə] thạc sỹ khoa học đất giảng viên máy kinh vĩ 14 the odolite 15 Major ['meidʒə] 16 Minor ['mainə] 17 Specialty ['spe∫əlti] ngành ngành chuyên sâu chuyên môn đất canh tác 18 Soil[sɔil] đất đai 19 Land [lænd] cấp 20 Qualification [,kwɔlifi'kei∫n] III Answer the following questions 1- When was Faculty of Natural Resource and Environment established? 2- What is the mission of the Faculty? 3- How many type of training program in the Faculty? And what? 4- How many academic departments in the Faculty? And what? 5- How many major training in the faculty? And what? IV Translation - Translate the text into Vietnamese - Translate these sentences into English 1- Khoa Tài Nguyên môi tr-ờng thuộc tr-ờng Đại học Nông lâm Thái Nguyên 2- Nhiệm vụ Khoa Tài nguyên môi tr-ờng đạo tạo kỹ s- ngành quản lý đất đai khoa học môi tr-ờng 3- Khoa đà đạt đ-ợc nhiều thành tích đào tạo, nghiên cứu khoa học, chuyển giao khoa học kü tht cho c¸c tØnh trung du miỊn nói phÝa Bắc 4- Khoa có Bộ môn với khoảng gần 50 cán giảng dạy, 1000 sinh viên hệ quy 1000 sinh viên hệ vừa học vừa làm 5- Khoa có phòng thí nghiệm đầy đủ trang thiết bị phục vụ cho học tập nghiên cøu cđa sinh viªn V Summarize the text LESSON RESOURCES I Reading Types of resources: A resource is anything we got from the living or nonliving environment to meet our needs and wants We usually define resources in terms of humans, but resources are needed by all forms of life for their survival and good health Some resources, such as solar energy, fresh air, fresh surface water, fertile soil and wild edible plants, are directly available for use Most human resources, such as petroleum (oil), iron, groundwater (water occurring underground), and modern crops, aren't directly available, and their supplies are limited They become resources only with some effort and technological ingenuity Petroleum, for example, was a mysterious fluid we learned how to find it, extract it, and refine it into gasoline, heating oil, and other products at affordable prices On our short human time scale we classify resources as renewable, potentially renewable, and nonrenewable Non-renewable resources: nonrenewable, or exhaustible resources exist in fixed quantities in the earth's crust They include energy resources (coal, oil, natural gas, uranium, geothermal, energy), metallic mineral resources (iron, copper, aluminum), and nonmetallic mineral resources (salt, gypsum, clay, sand, phosphates, water and soil) We know how to find and extract more than 100 nonrenewable minerals from the earth's crust We convert these raw materials into many everyday items we use and then discard, reuse, or recycle them We never completely run out of any non-renewable mineral But a mineral becomes economically depleted when finding, extracting, transporting, and processing the remaining deposits cost more than the results are worth At that point we have five choices recycle or reuse existing supplies, wasteless, useless, find a substitute, or without and wait millions of years for more to be produced Some non - renewable material resources, such as copper and aluminum, can be recycled or reused to extend supplies Recycling involves collecting and reprocessing a resource into new products For example, aluminum cans can be collected, melted and made into new beverage cans or other aluminum products And glass bottles can be crushed and melted to make new bottles or other glass items Reuse involves using a resource or over and over in the same form Example, glass bottles can be collected, washed, and refilled many times Other non-renewable fuel resources - such as coal, oil, and natural gas can't be recycled or reused Once burned, the useful energy in their fossil fuels is gone, leaving behind only waste heat and polluting exhaust gases Most of the economic growth per person has been fueled by nonrenewable oil, which is expected to be economically depleted within 40 to 80 years Most published supply estimates for a given nonrenewable resource refer to reserves: known deposits from with a usable mineral can be extracted probably at current prices Reserves can be increased when new deposits are found or when price rise it profitable to extract identified deposits that were previously too expensive to exploit Renewable resources: Solar energy is called a renewable resource because on a human time scale it is essentially inexhaustible It is expected to last at least billion years while the sun completes its life cycle A potentially renewable resource can be renewed fairly rapidly through natural processes Examples of such resources include forest trees, grassland grasses, wild animals, fresh lake and stream water, groundwater, fresh air, and fertile soil One important potentially renewable resource for us and other species is biological diversity, or biodiversity It consists of all of Earth's living organisms, classified into groups of organisms called species; with resemble one another in appearance, behavior, and chemical and genetic makeup But potentially renewable resources can be depleted The highest rate at with a potentially renewable resource can be used without reducing it available supply is called its sustainable yield If this natural replacement rate is exceeded, the available supply begins to shrink - a process known as environmental degradation II Vocabulary asphalt (n) ['æsfælt] clay (n) [klei] convert (v) nhùa ®-êng sÐt [kən'və:t] biÕn ®ỉi crust (n) [krʌst] ®Êt decimate (v) ['desimeit] define (v) [di'fain] nghÜa deplete (v) [di'pli:t] ra, rót hÕt discard (v) vỏ trái tàn sát nhiều định tháo hết [di,sk:d] lo¹i bá diversity (n) [dai'və:siti] 10 edible (adj) ['edibl] 11 eliminate (v) [i'limineit] đa dạng ăn đ-ợc loại 12 exhaust (v) [ig'zɔ:st] kiƯt 13 extract (v) ['ekstrỉkt - iks'trỉkt] 14 fertile (adj) ['fə:tail] 15 fluid (n) hc chÊt lỏng) 16 groundwater (n) làm cạn rút phì nhiêu l-u (n-ớc chất n-ớc ngầm 17 gypsum (n) ['dipsm] thạch cao 18 ingenuity (n) [,indʒi'nju:iti] 19 limited (adj) ['limitid] khÐo léo có giới hạn 20 mysterious (adj) [mis'tiris] thần bí 21 perpetual (adj) [pə'pet∫uəl] vÜnh viÔn 22 phosphate (n) ['fɔsfeit] lân 23 potential (adj) tiềm [p'tenl] 24 raw (adj) [rɔ:] 25 recycle (v) [,ri:'saikl] 26 refine (v) [ri'fain] sống, thô tái sinh lọc 27 renew (v) [ri'nju:] 28 resemble (v) [ri'zembl] 29 reuse (v) [,ri:'ju:z] 30 saline (adj) ['seilain] 31 scale (n) [skeil] møc 32 scheme (n) [ski:m] theo hÖ thèng 33 substitute (n) ['sʌbstitju:t] thay thÕ, vËt thay thÕ 34 waterlog (v) ['wɔ:təlɔg] n-íc lµm míi lại giống với dùng lại có muối, mặn cân, xếp ng-ời làm cho ngập 35 wondrous (adj) ['wndrs] đáng ngạc nhiên III Answer the following question What is a resource? What kinds of resources are available for use? How are resources divided into? What are differences between renewable resources and nonrenewable resources? What are nonrenewable resources composed of? What can we with nonrenewable minerals extracted from the Earth's crust? What are nonrenewable fuel resources? Why can not they be recycled or reused? Why people regard solar energy as a renewable resource? What people think about solar energy? Give two examples of recycling in the text or you have known? 10 In your opinion can we change renewable resources into nonrenewable resources? If yes, what can we do? IV Translation - Translate the text into Vietnamese - Translate into Vietnamese Although non - renewable resources eventually return to the Earth after we have used them, they so in different forms and are dispersed and so it is often difficult to gather them to use again Mercury is an example of an uncommon metal that is used in industrial processes, and in agriculture to kill fungi After use, it enters the atmosphere and oceans Unfortunately it is now so widely scattered that there is no way getting it back Once used then nonrenewable resources frequently can not be used again When we run out of the easily available supplies there will be no more LESSON ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY WARM-UP 1) What you think the term environment refers to? 2) What environmental issues are you concerned about? 3) Have you ever heard of the word ecology? READING The term environment broadly indicates the surroundings of an individual organism or a community of organisms, ranging on up to the entire biosphere, the zone of Earth that is able to sustain life By surroundings is meant all the nonliving and living materials that play any role in an organism's existence, from soil and air to what the organism feeds on and the organisms that may feed on it Any other factors acting on the organism, such as heat and light and gravitation, make up its environment as well In the case of human beings, cultural factors may also be included in the term The environmental science of ecology is the study of the relationship of plants and animals to their physical and biological environment The physical environment includes light and heat or solar radiation, moisture, wind, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients in soil, water, and atmosphere The biological environment includes organisms of the same kind as well as other plants and 10 that are under the remit of unco-operative governmental agencies or of particularly powerful lobby groups (Therivel et al, 1992) An example of the last exemption is the case of Japan where a weaker form of EIA regulations is allowed for power stations than for other forms of development The powerful Ministry of International Trade and Industry argues that energy production is a matter of national importance and thus should not be held back (Therivel et al, 1992) At present, in the EU, EIA discretionary for many projects for similar reasons Hence, there is a demand that the range of projects subject to review be broadened Another limitation with EIA is the way that it deals with cumulative impacts It does not always give adequate consideration to the cumulative impacts of more than one project Furthermore, it does not address the additive impacts of developments that not require EIA This includes most private sector activities except for the most major ones such as the development of a petro-chemical refinery The use of EIA at a more strategic level would allow for these impacts to be better addressed at an earlier stage in decision making and its consideration of a wider range of actions over a greater area (Therivel et al, 1992) Another limitation with project EIA is in assessing the impacts of ancillary developments Difficulties can arise in evaluating the environmental impacts which may result from the indirect and induced activities stemming from a major development For example, the Channel tunnel project will require major improvements to the UK rail system, development of major freight transhipment facilities etc These may be of sufficient scale to induce significant new development in their vicinity (Lee & Walsh, 1992) Finally, there are non-project actions which may have significant environmental consequences These may not be satisfactorily regulated through the approval of capital schemes (eg changes in farming and forest management practices which encourage increased use of fertilizers and pesticides, livestock intensification and removal of hedgerows) As well, this list can include plans or programmes aimed to promote or regulate multiple developments within A key short-coming is that a prescribed geographical area (eg with a development or land use plan) or to expand or modify activities within a 45 particular sector (for instance, through policies, plans or programmes relating to energy, transport, forestry or tourism facilities (Therivel et al, 1992 and Lee & Walsh, 1992) These sorts of issues may be more effectively handled at a policy, plan or programme level of assessment that can take a broader approach (Lee & Walsh, 1992) Concluding remarks on EIA The limitations on EIA detailed here raise serious questions about whether EIA is the best way to examine activities In most cases, it is the only manner through which a project is assessed However, given the number of exemptions from and limitations to the scope of EIA review, the public can not be assured that its environmental interests will be addressed A theme that is evident is the need to assess impacts and alternatives at an earlier stage in decision-making process Also, to broaden the reach of EIA to catch things that slip though its grasp This all begs the question of what the alternative is II Vocabulary Environment Impact Assessment [in,vairən'mentl] ['impỉkt] [ə'sesmənt] Đánh giá tác động mơi trường negative (adj) ['negətiv] instituted (v) ['institju:t ; 'institu:t] âm tính/ tiêu cực xây dựng lên scrutiny (n) ['skru:tini] persistent (adj) [pə'sistənt] kỹ lưỡng dai dẳng liên tục, bền transportation infrastructure projects dự án hạ tầng sở giao [,trỉnspɔ:'tei∫n] [,infrə'strʌkt∫ə] ['prədʒekt] thơng power generation ['pauə] [,dʒenə'rei∫n] transmission (n) [trænz'mi∫n] phát điện lan truyền mandatory (adj) ['mændətəri] 10 circumstances (n) ['sə:kəmstəns] bắt buộc hoàn cảnh 11 distortions (n) [dis'tɔ:∫n] 12 eliminating (v) [i'limineit] 13 cumulative (adj) ['kju:mjulətivli] 14 handled (adj) ['hændld] bóp méo, biến dạng loại trừ tích tụ cầm nắm 15 legislation (n) [,ledʒis'lei∫n] pháp chế 16 consequences (n) ['kɔnsikwəns] 17 short-coming [∫ɔ:t] ['kʌmiη] hậu xảy 46 18 afforestation (n) [ə,fɔris'tei∫n] 19 windfarms trồng rừng 20 remit (v) [ri'mit] vấn đề, giảm , yếu 21 lobby (n) ['lɔbi] 22 discretionary (adj) [dis'kre∫ənəri] 23 refinery (v) [ri'fainəri] 24 ancillary (adj) [æn'siləri] hành lang sử dụng, thi hành cần lọc phụ thuộc 25 stemming (n) ['stemiη] 26 freight (v) [freit] 27 vicinity (n) [vi'sinəti] 28 intensification (n) [in,tensifi'kei∫n] nhồi nhét vận chuyển hàng hóa vung phụ cận thâm canh 29 hedgerow (n) ['hedʒrou] hàng rào III Answer the following question What is EIA? What happen if project does not have EIA? What are main functions of EIA? What kind of activities can be applied EIA? When and where was firstly applied EIA? What countries after the US were applied EIA? How EIA was applied in EC? What activities are involved in the EIA process? What is problem with EIA when limitations range from scope of project? 10 In the beginning, is legislation required for the project? 11 What can be eliminated from the project assessment stage? 12 What is a key short coming related to the matter of the types of projects subject to EIA? 13 What is exemption in the case of Japan’s EIA? 14 What is limitation with EIA when it deals with cumulative impacts? 15 How is limitation with project EIA related assessing the impacts of ancillary developments? 16 Do non-project actions have significant environmental consequences in EIA? How? 17 What are other key short-comings in EIA? 47 18 What serious questions raise about EIA? IV Translate the text into Vietnamese V Summarize the text 48 LESSON 12 POLLUTION I Reading What is pollution? Any addition to air, water, soil or food that threatens the health, survival capability, or activities of humans or other living organisms is called pollution Most pollutants are solid, liquid, or gaseous by products or wastes produced when a resource is extracted, processed, made into products, or used Pollution can also take the form of unwanted energy emissions such as excessive heat, noise, or radiation A major problem is that people differ on whether something is a pollutant and on acceptable levels of pollution, especially if they have to choose between pollution control and their jobs Sources: Pollutants can enter the environment naturally (for example), from volcanic eruptions) or through human activities (for example, from burning coal) Most natural pollution is dispersed over a large area and diluted or broken down to harmless levels by natural processes By contrast, most serious pollution from human activities occurs in or near urban and industrial areas, where pollutants are concentrated in small volumes of air, water, and soil Industrialized agriculture is also a major source of pollution Some pollutants contaminate the areas where they are produced Other are carried by wind or flowing water to other areas Pollution does not respeet state or natural boundaries Some pollutants come from single, identifiable sources, such as the smokestack of a power plan, the drainpipe of a meat - packing plant, the chimney of a house, or the exhaust pipe of an automobile These are called point sources Other pollutants enter the air, water, or soil from dispersed and often hard to identify non- point sources Examples are the runoff of fertilizers and pesticides (from farmlands and suburban lawns and gardens) into streams and lakes, and pesticides sprayed into the air or blown by the wind into the atmosphere It is much easier and cheaper to identify and control pollution from point sources than from widely dispersed non - point sources Effects: Unwanted effects of pollutants are (1) disruption of life - support systems for us and other species; (2) damage to wildlife; (3) damage 49 to human health; (4) damage to property; and (5) nuisance effects such as noise and unpleasant smells, tastes and sights Three factors determine how severe the effects of pollutants will be One is its chemical nature - how active and harmful it is to living organisms Another is its concentration - the amount per volume unit of air, water, soil, or body weight One way to lower concentration of a pollutant is to dilute it in a large volume of air or water Until we started overwhelming the air and waterways with pollutants, dilution was the solution Now it is only a partial solution A third factor is a pollutant's persistence - how long it stays in the air, water, soil, or body Degradable, or non - persistent, pollutants are broken down completely or reduced to acceptable levels by natural physical, chemical, and biological processes Those broken down by living organisms (usually by specialized bacteria) are called biodegradable pollutants Human in a river, for example, is biodegraded fairly quickly by bacteria if it is not added faster than it can be broken down Unfortunately, many of the substances we introduce into the environment take decades or longer to degrade Examples of these slowly degradable or persistent pollutants include the insecticide DDT; most plastics, aluminum cans, and chlorofluorocarbons (CFC4) - these later used as coolants in refrigerators and air conditioners, as spray propellants (in some countries), and as foaming agents for making some plastics Non-degradable pollutants cannot be broken down by natural processes Examples include the toxic elements lead and mercury The best ways to deal with non-degradable pollutants are to not release them into the environment, to recycle them, or to remove, them from contaminated air, water or soil (an expensive process) We can know little about the possible harmful effects of 80% of the 70,000 synthetic chemicals now in commercial use Our knowledge about the effects of the 20% of these chemicals is limited, mostly because it is quite difficult, time consuming, and expensive to get this knowledge II Vocabulary atmosphere (n) ['ætməsfiə] bacteria (n) [bæk'tiəriə] 50 KhÝ qun, kh«ng khÝ vi khn boundary (n) ['baundəri] coal (n) [koul] ranh giới than đá concentrale (v) ['kɔnsntreit] chó ý contaminate (v) [kən'tỉmineit] lµm bÈn degrade (v) [di'greid] suy tho¸i differ (v) ['difə] khác enter (v) ['ent] vào 10 erupt (v) [i'rpt] phun 11 exhaust (v) [ig'z:st] làm cạn kiệt 12 fertilizer (n) ['fə:tilaizə] 13 identify (v) [ai'dentifai] ph©n bãn nhËn 14 industrialize (v) [in'dʌstriəlaiz] hãa 15 insecticide (n) [in'sektisaid] sâu 16 lead (n) [led] chì công nghiệp thuốc trừ 17 major (adj) ['meidʒə] chÝnh, chñ yÕu 18 mercury (n) ['m:kjuri] thủy ngân 19 organism (n) [':gnizm] Cơ thể sống 20 overwhelm (n) [,ouvə'welm] trµn ngËp 21 pesticide (n) ['pestisaid] thuèc trõ s©u 22 radiation (n) [,reidi'ei∫n] 23 respect (v) [ri'spekt] 24 sewage (n) ['su:idʒ] 25 spray (v) [sprei] bøc xạ tôn trọng n-ớc cống phun xịt 26 substance (n) ['sʌbstəns] chÊt 27 volcanic (n) [vɔl'kỉnik] nói lưa III Answer the following question What is pollution? What are forms of pollutants? When are wastes produced? How can pollutants go into the environment? Where does the most serious pollution from human activities happen? How pollutants pollute the environment? 51 What are point sources and non - point sources? What are factors determining how severe the effects of a pollutant will be? What does those in "Those broken down by living organisms " refer to? How long the substances degrade? 10 What does these in "those latter used as coolants in refrigerators " refer to? IV Translation - Translate into Vietnamese There are many different sources of pollution, and they vary from place to place and through the time Some are point sources - specific places such as factories and mines which release contaminated water Much pollution come from diffuse or non - point sources, of which agriculture is the most widespread Agriculture causes water pollution in a variety of ways, including the leaching of nitrate (from fertilizers), eutrophication and the accumulation of pesticides and other contaminants Most water pollution problem arises from the continuous or intermittent contaminants into streams, lake, rivers, and groundwater From time to time there are major pollution incidents in particular places, which create problems because they are usually unexpected but can spread pollution across wide areas FURTHER READING BIODIVERSITY I Reading Evolution and meaning Biodiversity is a neologism and portmanteau word, from biology and diversity The Science Division of The Nature Conservancy used the term "natural diversity" in a 1975 study, "The Preservation of Natural Diversity." The term biological diversity was used even before that by conservation scientists like Robert E Jenkins and Thomas Lovejoy The word biodiversity itself may have been coined by W.G Rosen in 1985 while planning the National Forum on Biological Diversity organized by the National Research Council (NRC) which was to be held in 1986, and first appeared in a publication in 1988 when entomologist E O Wilson used it as the title of the 52 proceedings of that forum The word biodiversity was deemed more effective in terms of communication than biological diversity Since 1986 the terms and the concept have achieved widespread use among biologists, environmentalists, political leaders, and concerned citizens worldwide It is generally used to equate to a concern for the natural environment and nature conservation This use has coincided with the expansion of concern over extinction observed in the last decades of the 20th century The term "natural heritage" pre-dates "biodiversity", though it is a less scientific term and more easily comprehended in some ways by the wider audience interested in conservation "Natural Heritage" was used when Jimmy Carter set up the Georgia Heritage Trust while he was governor of Georgia; Carter's trust dealt with both natural and cultural heritage It would appear that Carter picked the term up from Lyndon Johnson, who used it in a 1966 Message to Congress "Natural Heritage" was picked up by the Science Division of The Nature Conservancy when, under Jenkins, it launched in 1974 the network of State Natural Heritage Programs When this network was extended outside the USA, the term "Conservation Data Center" was suggested by Guillermo Mann and came to be preferred Definitions The most straightforward definition is "variation of life at all levels of biological organization" A second definition holds that biodiversity is a measure of the relative diversity among organisms present in different ecosystems "Diversity" in this definition includes diversity within a species and among species, and comparative diversity among ecosystems A third definition that is often used by ecologists is the "totality of genes, species, and ecosystems of a region" An advantage of this definition is that it seems to describe most circumstances and present a unified view of the traditional three levels at which biodiversity has been identified: - Genetic diversity - diversity of genes within a species There is a genetic variability among the populations and the individuals of the same species - Species diversity - diversity among species in an ecosystem "Biodiversity hotspots" are excellent examples of species diversity 53 - Ecosystem diversity - diversity at a higher level of organization, the ecosystem Diversity of habitat in a given unit area To with the variety of ecosystems on Earth The 1992 United Nations Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro defined "biodiversity" as "the variability among living organisms from all sources, including, 'inter alia', terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems, and the ecological complexes of which they are part: this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems" This is, in fact, the closest thing to a single legally accepted definition of biodiversity, since it is the definition adopted by the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity If the gene is the fundamental unit of natural selection, according to E O Wilson, the real biodiversity is genetic diversity For geneticists, biodiversity is the diversity of genes and organisms They study processes such as mutations, gene exchanges, and genome dynamics that occur at the DNA level and generate evolution For ecologists, biodiversity is also the diversity of durable interactions among species It not only applies to species, but also to their immediate environment (biotope) and their larger ecoregion In each ecosystem, living organisms are part of a whole, interacting with not only other organisms, but also with the air, water, and soil that surround them Measurement Biodiversity is a broad concept, so a variety of objective measures have been created in order to empirically measure biodiversity Each measure of biodiversity relates to a particular use of the data For practical conservationists, this measure should quantify a value that is broadly shared among locally affected people For others, a more economically defensible definition should allow the ensuring of continued possibilities for both adaptation and future use by people, assuring environmental sustainability As a consequence, biologists argue that this measure is likely to be associated with the variety of genes Since it cannot always be said which genes are more likely to prove beneficial, the best choice for conservation is to assure the persistence of as many genes as possible For ecologists, this latter 54 approach is sometimes considered too restrictive, as it prohibits ecological succession Distribution Biodiversity is not distributed evenly on Earth It is consistently richer in the tropics and in other localized regions such as the California Floristic Province As one approaches polar regions one generally finds fewer species Flora and fauna diversity depends on climate, altitude, soils and the presence of other species In the year 2006 large numbers of the Earth's species were formally classified as rare or endangered or threatened species; moreover, many scientists have estimated that there are millions more species actually endangered which have not yet been formally recognized About 40 percent of the 40,177 species assessed using the IUCN Red List criteria, are now listed as threatened species with extinction - a total of 16,119 species A biodiversity hotspot is a region with a high level of endemic species These biodiversity hotspots were first identified by Dr Norman Myers in two articles in the scientific journal The Environmentalist Dense human habitation tends to occur near hotspots Most hotspots are located in the tropics and most of them are forests Brazil's Atlantic Forest is considered a hotspot of biodiversity and contains roughly 20,000 plant species, 1350 vertebrates, and millions of insects, about half of which occur nowhere else in the world The island of Madagascar including the unique Madagascar dry deciduous forests and lowland rainforests possess a very high ratio of species endemism and biodiversity, since the island separated from mainland Africa 65 million years ago, most of the species and ecosystems have evolved independently producing unique species different from those in other parts of Africa Many regions of high biodiversity (as well as high endemism) arise from very specialized habitats which require unusual adaptation mechanisms For example the peat bogs of Northern Europe and the alvar regions such as the Stora Alvaret on Oland, Sweden host a large diversity of plants and animals, many of which are not found elsewhere Benefits There are a multitude of anthropocentric benefits of biodiversity in the areas of agriculture, science and medicine, industrial materials, ecological 55 services, in leisure, and in cultural, aesthetic and intellectual value Biodiversity is also central to an ecocentric philosophy It is important for contemporary audiences to understand the reasons for believing in conservation of biodiversity One way to identify the reasons why we believe in it is to look at what we get from biological diversity and the things that we lose as a result of species extinction, which has taken place over the last 600 years Mass extinction is the direct result of human activity and not of natural phenomena which is the perception of many modern day thinkers There are many benefits that are obtained from natural ecosystem processes Some ecosystem services that benefit society are air quality, climate (both global CO2 sequestration and regional and local), water purification, disease control, biological pest control, pollination and prevention of erosion Along with those come non- material benefits that are obtained from ecosystems which are spiritual and aesthetic values, knowledge systems and the value of education that we obtain today However, the public remains unaware of the crisis in sustaining biodiversity Biodiversity takes a look into the importance to life and provides modern audiences with a clear understanding of the current threat to life on Earth II Vocabulary Evolution (n) [,i:və'lu:∫n] neologism (n) [ni:'ɔlədʒizm] Sự tiến hóa Sự sáng chế neologism and portmanteau word từ sáng tạo từ ghép [ni:'ɔlədʒizm] [pɔ:t'mæntou] entomologist (n) [,entə'mɔlədʒist] Preservation (n) [,prevə'vei∫n] Nhà trùng học Sự trì, bảo tồn Biodiversity (n) [,baioui'kɔlədʒist] coincide (v) [,kouin'said] Đa dạng sinh học Đồng thời communication (n) [kə,mju:ni'kei∫n] extinction (n) [iks'tiηk∫n] 10 heritage (n) ['heritidʒ] 11 Straightforward (adj) [,streit'fɔ:wəd] Thông tin liên lạc Sự tuyệt chủng Kế thừa Thăng thắn 12 Genetic diversity [dʒi'netik] [dai'və:siti] Đa dạng di truyền 13 Species diversity ['spi:∫i:z] [dai'və:siti] 14 Ecosystem diversity [,eikou'sistəm] Đa dạng loài Đa dạng hệ sinh thái 56 [dai'və:siti] 15 'inter alia [,intər 'eiliə] Không kể khác 16 terrestrial (adj) [tə'restriəl] Trên mặt đất, cạn 17 aquatic ecosystems [ə'kwætik] [,eikou'sistəm] 18 fundamental (adj) [,fʌndə'mentl] 19 genome (n) ['dʒi:noum] 20 durable (adj) ['djuərəbl] Hệ sinh thái nước Cơ Kiểu gen Lâu bền 21 empirically (adv) [em'pirikəl] 22 persistence (n) [pə'sistəns] 23 prohibits (v) [prə'hibit] 24 succession (n) [sək'se∫n] Dựa vào kinh nghiệm Bền, kiên trì, dai dẳng Cấm Sự nối tiếp 25 endangered/ threatened species Lồi có nguy tuyệt chủng [in'deindʒə(r)] ['θretn] ['spi:∫i:z] 26 hotspots (n) Điểm tập trung 27 habitation (n) [,hæbi'tei∫n] Nơi cư trú 28 deciduous (adj) [di'sidjuəs] 29 rainforests (n) ['rein'fɔrist] Rụng (cây rụng hàng năm) Rừng mưa 30 endemism (adj) 31 multitude (n) ['mʌltitju:d] đặc hữu, địa phương đám đơng 32 anthropocentric (n) 33 phenomena (n) [fə'nɔminə] Lấy lồi người làm trung tâm Hiện tượng 34 sequestration (n) [,si:kwes'trei∫n] Sự cô lập, ẩn 35 purification (n) [,pjuərifi'kei∫n] Làm 36 pollination (n) [,pɔlə'nei∫n] 37 prevention (n) [pri'ven∫n] Thụ phấn Sự ngăn cản 38 spiritual (n) ['spirit∫uəl] Linh hồn, tâm hồn, linh thiêng 39 aesthetic (adj) [i:s'θetik] 40 verebrates (adj) 41 adaptation mechanisms [,ædæp'tei∫n] ['mekənizm] Thẩm mỹ Có xương sống Cơ chế thích nghi 42 insects (n) ['insekt] Côn trùng III Answer the following question Why people say that biodiversity is a neologism and portmanteau word? 57 How is evolution of the word biodiversity? When did the terms and the concept of biodiversity have achieved widespread use by different people? Is the term "natural heritage" is different from "biodiversity"? Who was the first people use the term "Natural Heritage"? Who did suggest use of term "Conservation Data Center"? What is the most straightforward definition of biodiversity? What is the second and third definition of biodiversity? What is an advantage of the third definition of biodiversity? How biodiversity has been identified in the third definition? 10 What is definition of biodiversity defined by United Nations Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro? 11 What is different among geneticists and ecologists when they study biodiversity? 12 How scientists measure biodiversity? 13 What approach of measure of biodiversity is sometimes considered too restrictive by ecologists? 14 Is biodiversity distributed evenly on Earth? 15 Where is consistently richer of biodiversity? 16 Where is considered biodiversity hotspots in the earth? 17 How many species were found in the Brazil's Atlantic Forest? 18 What is biodiversity situation in the Northern Europe? 19 Which areas that a multitude of anthropocentric benefits of biodiversity was found? 20 Why biodiversity is central to an exocentric philosophy? 21 What are benefits that are obtained from natural ecosystem processes? 22 What are non- material benefits that are obtained from ecosystems? 58 TÀI LIỆU THAM KHẢO Nguyễn Thị Minh Nguyệt (2007), Tiếng Anh chuyên ngành thổ nhưỡng Môi trường đất, Đại học Quốc Gia Hà Nội Nguyễn Việt Hùng (2013), Glossory of terms in water supply and sanitation, NXB Khoa học Kỹ thuật - Website: 1.http://www.http://aroma.vn/tieng-anh-chuyen-nganh-tai-nguyen-moi-truong/ http://www.usingenglish.com/ http://www.wikihow.com/ 59 ...INTRODUCTION Giáo trình Tiếng Anh chuyên ngành Tài nguyên Môi trường củng cố tiếp tục bồi dưỡng lực tiếng Anh cho sinh viên qua kĩ đọc, viết, luyện dịch cách sử dụng từ ngữ chuyên ngành Tài ngun Mơi trường. .. môi trường hệ sinh thái, cấu nhiệm vụ khoa Tài ngun Mơi trườngTài ngun, Sự xói mịn đất, Đất canh tác, Hệ thống thơng tin địa lý, Các nguyên tắc quy hoạch sử dụng đất, Đánh giá ảnh hưởng môi trường. .. into English 1- Khoa Tµi Nguyên môi tr-ờng thuộc tr-ờng Đại học Nông lâm Thái Nguyên 2- Nhiệm vụ Khoa Tài nguyên môi tr-ờng đạo tạo kỹ s- ngành quản lý đất đai khoa học môi tr-ờng 3- Khoa đà đạt