Tiếng anh chuyên ngành thổ nhưỡng và môi trường đất ( unit 5 )

Tiếng anh chuyên ngành Thổ nhưỡngvà Môi trường đất NXB Đại học quốc gia Hà Nội 2007. Tr 44 – 54. Tài liệu trong Thư viện điện tử ĐH Khoa học Tự nhiên có thể được sử dụng cho mục đích học tập và nghiên cứu cá nhân. Nghiêm cấm mọi hình thức sao chép, in ấn phục vụ các mục đích khác nếu không được sự chấp thuận của nhà xuất bản và tác giả. Mục lục Unit 5 AIR POLLUTION 2 A. READING 2 I. Comprehension questions 4 II. True - False sentences 5 III. Increasing your vocabulary 6 B. WRITING 7 I. Sentence-building 7 II. Sentence-transforming 8 C. FURTHER PRACTICE 9 Exercise 2: Gap-filling. 10 D. TRANSLATION 10 I. Translate into Vietnamese 10 II. Translate into English 10 E. VOCABULARY 11 Unit 5. AIR POLLUTION Nguyễn Thị Minh Nguyệt Unit 5 AIR POLLUTION A. READING a. Warm-up Activities - Name some causes of air pollution that you know. - How can we reduce air pollution in big cities? Many pollutants What is air pollution? It is the presence of substances that are not normally part of the atmosphere's composition. There are many kinds of air pollutants: smoke, dust, ash, pollen, various gases, and other substances. Many of these come from sources other than man and his activities. They have always been present in the atmosphere. They come from the ground, from activities of plants and animals, and even from outer space (meteoritic dust). These pollutants are seldom harmful. Indeed, they are often beneficial. Without atmospheric dust, for example, rain and snow would never fall. Nature easily handles her own forms of air pollution. Heavier pollutants soon settle out of the air. Rain, one of the nature's most effective "antipollution devices," washes dust and other pollutants from the atmosphere. Finer particles and gases may remain airborne indefinitely, becoming spread far and wide through the atmosphere. Our activities threaten this natural system of checks and balances. Chimneys, incinerators, factories, airplanes, and automobiles are discharging pollutants into the air at an ever-increasing rate. Many scientists fear that the cycles of the earth and the atmosphere may not be able to cope with this increased pollution. Air pollution caused by human activities is reaching dangerous concentrations in many parts of the world. It already presents a very serious threat to our well-being and the survival of other life on earth. Sources of air pollution One of the major sources of air pollution is the internal-combustion engine. This engine, used in most motor vehicles, does not burn all its fuel. Thus, in addition to emitting water, carbon dioxide, and various oxides of nitrogen, it gives off a number of incompletely burned wasted products. These include soot (carbon), carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and aldehydes. Auto engines may also emit particles of lead, derived from the antiknock ingredients in many gasolines. In the United States the catalytic converter and other emission-control devices on automobiles constructed since 1975 have reduced the carbon monoxide emissions. The mandatory use of lead-free gasoline in vehicles thus equipped has also reduced the emission of lead particles into the atmosphere. In the presence of sunlight the nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons often combine to produce irritating, smog-forming compounds. Los Angeles is particularly well known for the automotive smogs that have plagued it since the 1940s. But other cities around the world are suffering similar, or worse, problems as a result of human dependence on the automobile. Chemical pollutants such as chlorofluorocarbon CFC -12 (commonly known as Freon), often used in air conditioners, also pose a serious environmental threat. When these pollutants reach the stratosphere, they destroy the natural ozone layer that acts as an umbrella to shield the earth from ultraviolet radiation. Higher levels of ultraviolet radiation can cause skin cancers, smog, and change in the earth' climatic patterns. The loss of stratospheric ozone also directly increases the production in the atmosphere of hydrogen peroxide, a leading cause of acid rain. Jet aircraft also release large amounts of pollutants into the atmosphere. You probably have seen the long trail of black smoke left behind by a climbing jetliner. Many aircraft pollutants are the same as those emitted by automobiles and trucks. Some experts are particularly alarmed by the large quantities of water and carbon dioxide being added to the atmosphere at high altitudes. Exhausts from railroad trains and ships also pollute the atmosphere. But transportation is not the only source of serious air pollution. Industry and electric-power-generating plants are major contributors. So is the burning, or incineration of solid wastes. Agricultural burning, coal-waste fires, and forest fires also befoul the atmosphere. (Taken from "Environmental Sciences" Wilson, R) I. Comprehension questions Answer the following questions 1. What is air pollution? How many kinds of air pollutants are there? 2. Where do they mainly come from? What does "these" in " many of these" refer to? 3. What is the significance of atmospheric dust? 4. What is the role of rain in the atmosphere? 5. What do the scientists fear? 6. What do chimneys, incinerators, factories, airplanes, and automobiles release into the air? 7. Which engine does not burn all its fuel? What kind of vehicles is used this engine? 8. What does the internal-combustion engine send out? 9. What do incompletely burned wasted products consist of? 10. How important are the catalytic converter and emission control devices? Where and when are they built? 11. What are the advantages of mandatory use of lead-free gasoline in vehicles? 12. What are produced when the nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons combine? 13. What is the consequence of human dependence on the automobile? 14. What happens when chemical pollutant such as chlorofluorocarbon reach the stratosphere? 15. What is the importance of ozone layer? 16. What is the leading cause of acid rain? What are sources of serious air pollution? II. True - False sentences Decide whether the following statements are true "T" or false "F" or there’s no information given "N" according to the text. Correct the false statements. 1. Air pollutants are mainly from man and his activities. 2. Rain and snow would never come down without atmospheric dust. 3. Rain is said to be one of the nature's most effective "anti-pollution devices" because it can wash dust and other pollutants from the atmosphere. 4. Some countries in the world are seriously polluted because of heavy pollutant from factories. 5. Human activities make the air polluted and threaten the natural system of checks and balances. 6. The number of air pollutants are steadily increasing as man develops and uses new chemicals. 7. The internal-combustion engine burns all its fuel and emits completely burned wasted products. 8. The carbon monoxide emissions have been increased since we built the catalytic converter and other emission-control devices in Los Angeles. 9. Many cities in the world as well as Los Angeles are suffering automotive smogs because people depend on the automobile. 10. Pollutants from aircraft and those from automobiles and trucks are quite different. III. Increasing your vocabulary Synonyms: Look at the text again and find words or phrases which have the same meaning as: 1. substances which pollute the air 2. gases enveloping the earth, any other planet 3. deal with 4. petrol without added lead compounds 5. devices which can control emission 6. system for regulating the humidity and temperature in a building 7. smogs that emit from automobiles 8. have a similarity to 9. discharge or send out heat 10. advantageous B. WRITING I. Sentence-building Make necessary changes and additions to complete the following paragraph from the prompts given below: 17. Human beings / be / not / only / living things / that / harm / by / air pollution. 18. Many plants / be / also / damaged. 19. Carbon monoxide, hydrocacbons, sulfur compounds, metals, acids and ozone / be / serious threats / most vegetation. 20. Plants / absorb / pollutants / their leaves. 21. These leaves / may / develop / holes, / become / discolored / or wilt. 22. Eventually, / they / may / die. 23. This / may / lead / death / entire plant. II. Sentence-transforming Finish each of the following sentences in such the same way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it. 1. Many of air pollutants come from sources other than man and his activities. Many of air pollutants 2. Without atmospheric dust, rain and snow would never fall. If there 3. Rain washes dust and other pollutants from the atmosphere. Dust 4. Air pollution caused by human activities is reaching dangerous concentration in many parts of the world. Air pollution that 5. Transportation is one of the major source of serious air pollution and so is industry. Both 6. Many aircraft pollutants are the same as those emitted by automobiles and trucks. Many aircraft pollutants are 7. Higher levels of ultraviolet radiation can cause skin cancers, smog, and change in the earth' climatic patterns. Skin cancers C. FURTHER PRACTICE Exercise 1: Read the paragraphs below and summary which follow. Complete the summary by writing the correct word in each blank. Write one word only. Air pollution is a cause of ill-health in human. In a lot of countries there are laws limiting the amount of smoke which factories can produce. Although there isn't enough information on the effects of smoke in the atmosphere, doctors have proved that air pollution causes lung diseases. The gases from the exhausts of cars have also increased air pollution in most countries. The lead in petrol produces a poisonous gas which often collects in busy streets surrounded by high buildings. Children who live in areas where there is a lot of lead in the atmosphere can not think as quickly as other children and are clumsy when they use their hands. There are other long-term effects of pollution. If the gases in the atmosphere continue to increase, the Earth's climate may become warmer. A lot of the ice near the Poles may melt and may cause serious floods. Air (1) can make people (2) . Consequently, some countries pass (3) to control the quantity of (4) in the air. (5) causes particular damage to the body by harming the (6) . (7) should not be used in petrol because it is bad for children's (8) and make them clumsy in using their hands. Poisonous gas from (9) collects in these parts of cities where there are tall buildings. Pollution can also have an influence on the Earth's (10) . The ice may melt near the South and the North Poles, resulting in very bad (11) . (Taken from "Longman Texts in context" by Heaton, J.B) Exercise 2: Gap-filling. Find the missing words to fill in these sentences from the given words below: harvest misty crops intervals pollution forecast picked agriculture fog hunting poisons mountains 1. Less than 2% of the British labor force is employed on farms in (1) 2. In the autumn, at (2) time, the (3) in fields have to be gathered in and the fruit in the orchards has to be (4) 3. In the Alps, cows are kept indoors in winter and spend the summer in the (5) 4. The sport that involves chasing shooting animals is called (6) 5. (7) is caused when waste products or (8) contaminate the environment. 6. According to the weather (9) , there will be sunny (10) this morning. 7. In the early morning there may be thick (11) and motorists should drive slowly. 8. We couldn't see very far from the top of the hill because it was slightly (12) D. TRANSLATION I. Translate into Vietnamese Air pollution is a cause of ill-health in human. In a lot of countries there are laws limiting the amount of smoke which factories can produce. Although there isn't enough information on the effects of smoke in the atmosphere, doctors have proved that air pollution causes lung diseases. The gases from the exhausts of cars have also increased air pollution in most countries. The lead in petrol produces a poisonous gas which often collects in busy streets surrounded by high buildings. Children who live in areas where there is a lot of lead in the atmosphere cannot think as quickly as other children and are clumsy when they use their hands. (Taken from "Longman Texts in context" by Heaton, J.B) II. Translate into English [...]... discharge (v) : thải ra 11 emit (v) : bốc ra, thoát ra 12 finer (adj) : nhỏ hơn, mảnh hơn 13 humid (adj) : ẩm ướt 14 incinerate (v) : đốt, thiêu 15 incinerator (n) : lò đốt, lò thiêu 16 indefinitely (adv) : không xác định 17 irritate (v) : kích thích 18 lead-free (n) : không có chì 19 mandatory (adj) : có tính bắt buộc 20 meteoritic (adj) : thuộc về thiên thạch 21 outer space (n) : vũ trụ 22 particle (n) :... đã và đang làm cho môi trường nông thôn ô nhiễm và suy thoái E VOCABULARY 1 airborne (adj) : lơ lửng trong không khí 2 antiknock (n) : chất kích nổ 3 arid (adj) : khô hanh 4 ash (n) : tro 5 automotive (adj) : thuộc về ô tô 6 catalytic (adj) : gây ra sự xúc tác 7 clay (n) : đất sét 8 composition (n) : sự kết hợp, cấu tạo 9 derive from (v) :... (adj) : thuộc về thiên thạch 21 outer space (n) : vũ trụ 22 particle (n) : phân tử, hạt 23 plague (n) : điều tệ hại, tai hại 24 pollen (n) : phấn hoa 25 pose (v) : gây ra 26 poisonous (adj) : độc hại 27 resemble (v) : giống 28 soot (n) : muội, bồ hóng 29 spread (v) : lan tràn, trải rộng 30 well-being (n) : sức khoẻ ... nhiễm môi trường có thể làm kích thích đến mắt, họng và phổi, gây viêm họng, ho v.v Trẻ em sống ở những khu vực có mức độ ô nhiễm cao sẽ có tỉ lệ mắc bệnh hen xuyễn, chàm và các bệnh ngoài da khác cao hơn trẻ em sống ở vùng ít bị ô nhiễm 4 Môi trường nông thôn ở nước ta đang bị ô nhiễm do các điều kiện vệ sinh môi trường và. .. khí và thời tiết Chúng có thể tác động lẫn nhau theo nhiều cách khác nhau 2 Hằng ngày, các thành phố lớn, các ngành công nghiệp và các loại xe gắn máy đã thải một số chất không thể nhìn thấy bằng mắt thường vào trong không khí Những chất này có thể không có ngay tác hại nhưng qua thời gian một vài năm thở trong không khí này có thể làm cho chúng ta bị ốm nặng và . floods. Air (1 ) can make people (2 ) . Consequently, some countries pass (3 ) to control the quantity of (4 ) in the air. (5 ) causes particular damage to the body by harming the (6 ) . (7 ) should. space (n) : vũ trụ 22. particle (n) : phân tử, hạt 23. plague (n) : điều tệ hại, tai hại 24. pollen (n) : phấn hoa 25. pose (v) : gây ra 26. poisonous (adj) : độc hại 27. resemble (v). 4. ash (n) : tro 5. automotive (adj) : thuộc về ô tô 6. catalytic (adj) : gây ra sự xúc tác 7. clay (n) : đất sét 8. composition (n) : sự kết hợp, cấu tạo 9. derive from (v) : bắt