Tiếng anh chuên ngành thổ nhưỡng và môi trường đất ( unit 16 )

Tiếng anh chuyên ngành Thổ nhưỡngvà Môi trường đất NXB Đại học quốc gia Hà Nội 2007. Tr 155 – 177. Tài liệu trong Thư viện điện tử ĐH Khoa học Tự nhiên có thể được sử dụng cho mục đích học tập và nghiên cứu cá nhân. Nghiêm cấm mọi hình thức sao chép, in ấn phục vụ các mục đích khác nếu không được sự chấp thuận của nhà xuất bản và tác giả. Mục lục Unit 16 SOIL FACTORS FOR PLANT GROWTH 3 A. READING 3 I. COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS 4 II. TRUE-FALSE QUESTIONS 5 III. INCREASING YOUR VOCABULARY 5 B. WRITING 6 I. SENTENCE-BUILDING 6 II. SENTENCE - TRANSFORMING 7 C. FURTHER PRACTICE 7 D. TRANSLATION 10 I. TRANSLATE INTO VIETNAMESE 10 II. TRANSLATE INTO ENGLISH 10 E. VOCABULARY 11 GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND ABRREVIATIONS 14 REFERENCES 26 Unit 16. SOIL FACTORS FOR PLANT GROWTH Nguyễn Thị Minh Nguyệt 3 Unit 16 SOIL FACTORS FOR PLANT GROWTH A. READING *WARM-UP ACTIVITIES - Name some soil factors that are good for plant growth. - Which one is the most important to most crops? The soil properties important to the growth of plants are used in soil taxonomy. One of these factors is soil fertility, the plant nutrients available in the soil. At present, 16 chemical elements are known to be essential for the growth of crop plants. These plant nutrients are hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen from air and water; phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, calcium, iron, manganese, zinc, molybdenum, and chlorine from the soil; and nitrogen from both air and soil. Soil is the source of 13 of the 16 essential plant nutrients. All of these 13 except nitrogen originate in the parent rocks from which the soil developed. Clearly, the soil concentrations of these 13 nutrients and the conditions making them available to plants are of fundamental importance to plant growth. Plant nutrients found in the soil are chemical constituents of that soil. As important as the chemical properties are to plants, the physical properties of soil may often be critical to the growing plant. The physical soil properties include soil pore sizes and related problems of aeration and water content, soil stability, soil texture, soil consistency, and the hardness or cementation of soil layers. Water and air occupy the pore spaces in the soil. Following heavy and prolonged rain or irrigation, the soil pores may fill almost completely with water in a few hours. Some water will move downward in respond to gravity, and the larger pores will be emptied of their water but refilled with air. As more water is lost by evaporation or by transpiration (water movement through the plant), air will replace more of the space previously occupied by the lost water. The next soaking rain or irrigation will replace these changes in air and water in soil. For good plant growth there much be enough pore space to hold air and enough small pore spaces to retain water to satisfy the needs of plant roots for oxygen and water between cycles of rainfall or irrigation. Soil stability - resistance to erosion by wind or water-is determined partly by the particle sizes in the soil (soil texture). More often, soil structure- the bonding of individual mineral particles into larger stable particles called aggregates-resists erosion even further. 4 The magnitude of plant growth reflects a composite of many favorable and unfavorable factors. Favorable growth factors include adequate aeration, water, nutrients, adequate soil deep, and proper soil temperature. Unfavorable growth factors are many, among which are toxic levels of certain elements, diseases, harmful insects, adverse temperature, inadequate or excess sunlight. Any accurate estimate of the plant productivity of a soil must include all favorable and unfavorable factors. (Taken from "Soils-an introduction to soils and plant growth" by Donahue Miller Shickluma) I. COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS Answer the following questions. 1. What does soil fertility means? 2. How many chemical elements essential for the plant growth are there? 3. How many essential plant nutrients are there in soil? 4. What are chemical constituents of soil? 5. How important are the physical properties of soil to the growing plant? What are the physical soil properties composed of? 6. What are the pore spaces taken up by? 7. In response to gravity, which direction does water move? 8. When water is lost by evaporation or by transpiration, what will replace the space previously occupied by the lost water? 9. What are the needs of plant roots? What is soil stability determined by? 5 10. What are favorable and unfavorable growth factors? II. TRUE-FALSE QUESTIONS Decide whether the following statements are true "T", false "F" or there’s no information givenvc "N" according to the text. Correct the false statements. 1. There are 13 essential plant nutrients in soil and they all originate in the parent rocks except nitrogen. 2. The chemical properties and the physical properties of soil are unequally important to the growing plant. 3. The importance of soil pores is to hold water and air in soil. 4. The number of chemical elements considered to be essential for the growth of plants now varies from 13 to 16. 5. Plant roots can absorb oxygen and water from soil unless there are soil pores. 6. The pore spaces in soil are filled up with water after heavy rains. 7. Today, sufficient water and adequate soil are pressing problems for most of the people of the world. 8. The particle sizes in the soil determine soil structure. 9. Water and nutrients are two unfavorable factors of the growth of plants. 10. Water can pass through a permeable soil more easily than through an impermeable soil. III. INCREASING YOUR VOCABULARY 1. Synonyms: Which words or phrases in the text have the same meaning as: 1. decisive 2. take up 3. degree of density 4. turning from solid or liquid into vapor 5. hold or tie together 6. the supply with water 7. meet desires 8. recurrent round 2. Word-form: Use your dictionary to complete the table with the appropriate forms of the given words in the text. The first is done as an example. 6 Noun Verb Adjective Adverb 1. beauty Beautify beautiful 2. available 3. Grow 4. essential 5. stability 6. irrigation 7. determine 8. accurate 9. completely 10. Repeat B. WRITING I. SENTENCE-BUILDING Make necessary changes and additions to complete the following paragraph from the prompts below: 1. One meaning / drainage / be / natural ability / soil / allow / a downward movement / water. 2. The ease / which / water / can / pass / through / a soil / depend / the proportions / in / it / of coarse / fine particles / such / sand / clay. 3. The finer / particles / become, / more slowly / water / percolate / through / soil. 4. So, heavy soils / such / clay / be / more / impermeable / light soils. 5. When / there / be / too / water / in / soil, / some / it / must / drained off. 6. Good drainage / make / a soil / easier / work. 7 7. It / also / help / increase / feeding area / soil / for / roots / plants. II. SENTENCE - TRANSFORMING Change the following sentences from active voice into passive voice 1. The tiny root hairs absorb water and minerals. 2. An increase in the number of root hairs increases the power of absorption. 3. The plant uses oxygen to break down carbohydrates. 4. The human body requires small quantities of several minerals. 5. Soil texture influences all aspects of root development. 6. Too much cultivation destroys the soil structure. 7. We can use a unit called a soil profile to describe soils. C. FURTHER PRACTICE Exercise 1: Gap - filling Choose one of the words or phrases below to fill in each gap in the following passage. Each word or phrase is used one only. abundantly available like transferred almost evaporated have turned out although eventually since used up manufacturing exchanging spell turned up Our demand for water is constantly increasing. Every year, there are more and more people in the world. Factories (1) more and more products, and 8 need more and more water. We live in a world of water. But (2) all of it - about 97 per cent - is in the oceans. This water is too salty to be used for drinking, farming, and (3) Only about 3 per cent of the world's water is fresh. Most of this water is not easily (4) to man because it is locked in glaciers and icecaps. There is as much water on earth today as there ever was or will ever be. Most of the water we use finds it way to the oceans. There, it is (5) by the sun. It then falls back to the earth (6) rain. Water is used and reused over and over again. It is never (7) (8) the world as a whole has plenty of fresh water, some regions have a water shortage. Rain does not fall (9) over the earth. Some regions are always too dry, and others too wet. A region that usually gets enough rain may suddenly have a serious dry (10) and another region may be flooded with too much rain. (Taken from "Extra Practice" by George, D) Exercise 2: Sentence - correcting Choose the underlined word or phrase which would not be appropriate in standard written English and correct them. 1. Animal and human use the energy finding in food to operate their bodies and A B C D muscles. 2. About 2 millions years , people got their flood by hunting animals and collecting A B C roots, berries and other products of nature. D 3. The ability to convert raw materials into valuable commodities is the basic of an A B C industrial economy and the foundation of a high standard of living. D 4. The average age of the Mediterranean olive trees grow today is two hundred years. A B C D 5. In the ancient world, the olive was the richer source of necessary oil. A B C D 6. Two-third s of the cultivated land of the Hawaiian islands are used to grow sugar cane. A B C D 7. In all organisms , from human beings to bacteria and viruses, the genes, or units 9 A B C of heredity are composed from nucleic acid. D Exersice 3: Gap-filling: Use these words to finish the sentences. Each is used once only. blight drought famine gene pool staple foods clones emigrate floods habitat propagation starvation fungus hybrid income domesticated variety 1. In Ireland in the 1840s, the potato crop suffered from a (1) , a plant disease. The rotting was caused by a (2) . The resulting lack of food caused a (3) . More than ten percent of the Irish population died of (4) . There was simply not enough food to keep them all alive. 2. To grow a potato plant, you can plant seeds or you can plant a plug, a piece of potato from last year’s crop. The potatoes that grow from plugs are actually (5) plants that are genetically the same as the plants from last year. Planting potato plugs is the most common method of potato plant (6) 3. A great storm dropped large amounts of rain on India, and the rivers rose, causing serious, widespread (7) 4. Three thousand varieties of potatoes grow in South America. Each type has adapted to a specific set of conditions, including available water, sunlight, soil type, and altitude. In other words, the plants adapted to their (8) . As a result, these three thousand potato plant types constitute a variety of generic material for improving potatoes, a (9) for researchers to work with. 5. One (10) of potato became popular in Ireland. 6. Some parts of Africa have had little or no rainfall for years. Because of the (11) , there isn’t enough water for gardens to thrive, so people have moved to other areas, and the desert has grown larger. 7. If a farmer produces more food than her family needs, then the extra food can be a source of (12) because she can sell the surplus. 8. The potato for the Irish; rice for the people in the Far East; squash, beans, and corn for the Iroquois – these are the (13) of these people. 9. After a terrible famine, people are likely to leave their homes, to (14) to a new country. 10 10. A (15) is ‘made’ from the generic material of two parent plants. (Taken from "Between the Lines" by Faust, Susan S. Johnston & Clark S. Atkinson) D. TRANSLATION I. TRANSLATE INTO VIETNAMESE Soil formation comprises two different processes. First, the changes from consolidated mass (rock) not capable of growing plants to the development of an unconsolidated (loose) layer of material that can support plants if climate is suitable and water is available. Second, the changes occurring within the loose material as time passes. This latter process is also called soil development. Actually, the change from a solid mass to loose soil material and other changes within the soil profile occur simultaneously. Soil formation is used to mean both the production of unconsolidated material by weathering processes and soil profile development, which are the changes involved in the development of horizons. Horizons tell much about the characteristics of a soil. They include information about depth of organic matter accumulation, soil denseness from clay deposition and the extent leaching. (Taken from "Environment Soil Biology" by Martin, W) II. TRANSLATE INTO ENGLISH 1. Các quá trình hình thành của đất bắt đầu bằng sự phong hóa của đá và các khoáng chất. Sự bào mòn vật lý của các cấp hạt và các phản ứng hóa học liên tục gây ra sự thay đổi của đất. 2. Phong hóa vật lý là một quá trình xảy ra chậm. Ngược lại, phong hoá hóa học thường xảy ra nhanh. 3. Muối luôn gây hại đối với cây non nhưng không h ẳn vào thời điểm nảy mầm, mặc dù sự tập chung muối cao có thể làm chậm sự nảy mầm của hạt giống một vài ngày hoặc ngăn cản nó hoàn toàn. Do muối hoà tan dễ di chuyển cùng với nước, sự bốc hơi đã chuyển muối lên mặt đất, nơi mà chúng tích tụ lại. Các loại cây xanh có dung hạn khác nhau đối với lượng muối ở trong đất và những ảnh hưở ng cụ thể đối với từng bộ phận của cây xanh cũng hoàn toàn khác nhau. 11 E. VOCABULARY 1. adequate (adj) : đầy đủ, tương xứng 2. aggregate (n) : đá vụn để làm bê tông 3. altitude (n) : độ cao 4. basalt (n) : đá basan 5. blight (n) : bệnh tàn lụi (vì côn trùng), rệp vừng 6. bond (v) : liên kết 7. category (n) : loại 8. composite (adj) : hợp lại 9. consistency (n) : độ đặc 10. clone (n) : sinh vật vô tính 11. clone (v) : sinh sản theo cách vô tính 12. define (v) : xác định 13. determine (v) : quyết định 14. domesticate (v) : làm cho quen (với), thuần hoá 15. drain (v) : rút, thoát nước, làm cạn 16. drainage (n) : hệ thống thoát nước, sự tháo rút 17. drought (n) : hạn hán 18. estimate (n) : ước tính 19. excess (n) : sự vượt quá 20. famine (n) : nạn đói 21. fundamental (adj) : quan trọng, thiết yếu 22. fungus (n) : nấm 23. genetically (adj) : được xác định bằng di truyền, có quan hệ di truyền 24. hybrid (n) : cây lai, vật lai 25. igneous (adj) : đá macma 26. impermeable (adj) : không thấm qua được 27. induce (v) : gây ra, đem lại 28. marble (n) : đá cẩm thạch 29. metamorphosis (n) : đá biến chất 30. penetrate (v) : thấm qua, thâm nhập 31. percolate (v) : thấm dần 32. propagation (n) : sự truyền giống, sự nhân giống 33. recurrent (adj) : lặp đi lặp lại 34. response (n) : đáp lại, phản ứng lại [...]... significant (adj) silt (n) silty soil (n) slate (n) slop (n) slope (n) soak (v) soaking (adj) soil degradation (n) soil profile (n) soluble (adj) soluble (v) solution (n) solvent (adj) songbird (n) soot (n) species (n) spell (n) spongy (adj) spray (v) spread (v) standpoint (n) staple (adj) starvation (n) stem (n) sticky (adj) stratify (v) stratosphere (n) subside (v) subsidence (n) subsoil (n) substance (n)... carnivore (n) carnivorous (adj) catalytic (adj) cataract (n) catastrophic (adj) category (n) caustic (adj) chemical compound (n) civilization (n) classify (v) clay (n) climate (n) clone (n) clone (v) cloudy (adj) clump (v) coal (n) coarse (adj) coarse sand (n) community (n) compact (adj) complex (adj) component (n) composite (adj) composition (n) compound (n) compress (v) concentrate (v) consequently (adv)... huỳnh 16 Zinc Kẽm 14 GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND ABRREVIATIONS A abrasion (n) abrupt (adj) absorb (v) abundant (adj) abuse (v) accelerate (v) accumulate (v) actually (adv) adequate (adj) adjacent (adj) adversely (adv) aerate (v) aerosol (n) afflict (v) aggregate (n) airborne (adj) algae (n) all-purpose (n) altitude (n) anchor (v) annually (adj) anteater (n) antiknock (n) aphid (n) arid (adj) arrangement (n)... 16 cropland (n) crucial (adj) crumble (v) crust (n) culprit (n) cultivated land (n) : đất trồng trọt : quan trọng, có tính quyết định : vỡ vụn : lớp vỏ cứng : tội phạm, thủ phạm : đất canh tác D debate (v) decay (v) decimate (v) decompose (v) define (v) define (v) degrade (v) deliberately (adv) dense (adj) density (n) deplete (v) depression (n) derive from (v) destruction (n) detect (v) determine (v)... (n) radioactive waste (n) rainfall (n) rare (adj) raw (adj) recurrent (adj) : toả ra, phát ra : sự phóng xạ : chất thải phóng xạ : lượng mưa : hiếm : thô (chưa qua xử lý, chưa qua chế biến) : lặp đi lặp lại 22 recycle (v) refine(v) reflect (v) refuge (n) regain (v) remedy (n) remove (v) renew (v) renewal (n) resemblance (n) resemble (v) reserve (v) reservoir (n) residue (n) resource (n) respect (v)... buộc : đá cẩm thạch : che đậy, bảo vệ 20 material (n) mature (adj) melt (v) mercury (n) metamorphosis (n) meteoritic (adj) microbe (n) microclimate (n) mineral (n) mismanage (v) mixture (n) moderate (v) modify (v) moist (adj) moisten (v) moisture (n) mold (v) mole (n) molecule (n) moss (n) mottle (v) mound (n) mutual (adj) mysterious (adj) : vật chất : trưởng thành : tan chảy : thuỷ ngân : đá biến... (n) plague (n) planet (n) plankton (n) plateau (n) plunder (v) poisonous (adj) polar (n) pollen (n) pollinate (v) porous (adj) pose (v) potential (adj) pottery (n) precipitate (v) precipitation (n) precipitation (n) predator (n) predict (v) predominately (adv) prevalent (adj) probable (adj) propagation (n) property (n) proportion (n) purify (v) : chảo : đá gốc : phân tử, hạt : phân tử, hạt : đá cuội,... lộ : mở rộng, kéo dài : thêm, phụ, ngoài : khai thác, rút ra : phụt ra F famine (n) fauna (n) felspar (n) fertile (adj) fertilizer (n) fine sand (n) fineness (n) finer (adj) flora (n) fluid (n) flush (v) food chain (n) former (adj) formerly (adv) fossil (n) friable (adj) fuel (n) fundamental (adj) fungus (n) furnaces (n) : nạn đói : hệ động vật : khoáng fenspat : màu mỡ, phì nhiêu : phân bón : cát... (v) depression (n) derive from (v) destruction (n) detect (v) determine (v) detriment (n) diesel-propelled car (n) differ (v) discard (v) discharge (v) disintegrate (v) dissolve (v) distort (v) ditch (n) diversity (n) domesticate (v) domino effect (n) double (v) drain (v) drainage (n) drift (v) drill (v) drought (n) : bàn luận, tranh cãi, suy nghĩ, cân nhắc : thối rữa, mục nát : phá huỷ, tiêu hao : phân... qua được : đốt, thiêu : lò đốt, lò thiêu 19 indefinitely (adv) induce (v) industrialize (v) infiltrate (v) ingenuity (n) initiate (v) inorganic (adj) insecticide (n) insidious (adj) insoluble (adj) instability (n) interact (v) interact (v) inter-link (v) inundate (v) irrigate (v) irritate (v) IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature) : không xác định : gây ra, đem lại : công nghiệp hoá . flush (v) : chảy mạnh, xối nước food chain (n) : chuỗi thức ăn former (adj) : (thuộc) cũ, trước formerly (adv) : trước đây fossil (n) : (vật) hoá thạch friable (adj) : dễ nát vụn fuel (n) :. land (n) : vùng đất trồng trọt/canh tác nhiều hemisphere (n) : bán cầu herbivore (n) : động vật ăn thực vật heron (n) : con diệc honey-comb (n) : hình tổ ong horizon (n) : tầng ( ất) human. likely (adv) : có thể, có lẽ limited (adj) : hạn chế, giới hạn livestock (n) : vật nuôi loam (n) : đất giàu mùn, đất thịt local (adj) : (thuộc) địa phương log (n) : gỗ M major (adj) : chính,