Giáo trình tiếng anh chuyên ngành lịch sử

QUANG BINH UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES ENGLISH FOR HISTORY (Tiếng Anh chuyên ngành Lịch sử) For: Pedagogical University of History (Internal Use) Compiled by HOANG NGOC ANH DONG HOI, 2016 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………………………1 UNIT ONE: ANCIENT EGYPTIAN FARMING AND TOOLS UNIT TWO: DONG SON BRONZE DRUMS… UNIT THREE: MEDIEVALTECHNOLOGY 17 UNIT FOUR: EUROPEAN FARMING DURING MIDDLE AGES TO 1800'S……………26 UNIT FIVE: LE LOI AND THE LE DYNASTY 33 UNIT SIX: DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE OF THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM 42 UNIT SEVEN: I HAVE A DREAM 51 UNIT EIGHT: STRUGGLE FOR NATIONAL LIBERATION 59 REFERENCES……………………………………………………………………………… 66 INTRODUCTION English for History is a book used for the students of History major The book aims at providing students basic English knowledge for History through selected topics of three historical periods in the world and Vietnam: The Old Ages, The Middle Ages and The Modern Ages The book consists of units written in English These units are designed to be suitable for students at pre-intermediate level or above In total the book provides 45 periods of teaching It includes a collection of useful texts and mainly Reading Comprehension, Vocabulary, Grammar Exercises and Writing Besides, translation activities are also added to improve students’ English for professional purposes in the future The book is expected to enable students to use English through historical events when they practice language skills UNIT ONE: Ancient Egyptian Farming and Tools Before you read I Look at the pictures with the words under them and match these words with their definitions hoe dike reservoir canal dam plow a a wall built across the river to hold back the water and form a lake behind it: b waterway for boats or ships to travel along or for water to flow to an area where it is needed: c a garden tool with a long handle that is used for turning the soil and for removing weeds: d large natural or artificial lake as source of area’s water supply: e a large tool which is used to turn the soil over and is pulled by a tractor or an animal: f a wall made of earth, etc used for preventing a river from flooding: Read Ancient Egyptian Farming and Tools Ancient Egyptians believed that after death a judge would ask them three questions before admitting them to eternal life They would have to swear that they had not murdered, robbed, or built a dam during their time on earth This does not mean that the Egyptians were opposed to irrigation On the contrary, they did everything they could to take advantage of Egypt's limited water supply That's why no individual was allowed to build a dam; the government strictly regulated every drop of water 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 The very first Egyptian farmers waited for the natural overflow of the Nile to water their crops However, as early as 5000 BCE they had begun to figure out ways to control the great river In doing this, they invented the world’s first irrigation systems They began by digging canals to direct the Nile flood water to distant fields (One of the first official positions in the Egyptian government was that of “Canal Digger”.) Later, they constructed reservoirs to contain and save the water for use during the dry season The first reservoir in Egypt, and the first in the world, was at Fayum, a low-lying area of the desert During flood season the Fayum became a lake The Egyptians built about 20 miles of dikes around Fayum When the gates in the dikes were opened, the water flowed through canals and irrigated the fields The tops of the dams were leveled and used as roads During the flood season the dams were broken so that the river could pour into the canals The ancient farmers also invented a device for moving water from the canal to the fields Some crops had to be watered continually and since the 16th century BCE, the Shaduf came into use This was a long pole balanced on a horizontal wooden beam At one end of the pole was a weight and on the other was a bucket The weight made it easier to raise less than three liters of water for irrigation or drinking Some historians believed that the Egyptians were also the first people to use a plow Early tomb paintings showed a bow-shaped stick that was dragged along the ground Later, human beings were harnessed to the plow One wall painting showed four people pulling and one directing the tool By 2000 BCE, the oxen had taken over the heavy work The harness was first slipped over the animal’s horn; eventually a neck collar was invented that did not interfere with the animal’s breathing Hoeing was another way of loosening the soil Because the handles of the hoes were very short (a feature of these tools even in southern countries), this was backbreaking work The sower walked ahead of the team, a twohandled woven basket tied around his neck, his hands free for sowing The plough covered the seeds with earth Driving hogs or sheep over the field might serve the same purpose Harvest time was a time of intense labor People worked from sunrise to 45 sunset, taking occasional breaks for drinking and eating If they were working for somebody else, an overseer would see to it that they did not dawdle The payment for the harvest season’s work was generally the amount of grain a worker could reap in one day 50 To harvest wheat, wooden flint sickles were used and the wheat was left on the ground Thus, the reapers did not have to bend over low Women followed them gathering the sheaves into baskets The local poor, mostly women and children, trying to pick up all the grain missed by the others and begging the reapers for alms, followed these in their turn 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 People or donkeys were used to transport the grain to the threshing floor, but mostly it was carried by two men in a sack, fastened to a wooden frame and connected to five meter-long carrying poles The threshing floor was carefully cleaned and sheaves were raked into a thick carpet Men wielding whips, treading the kernel out of the husks, drove cattle or sheep over the floor Emmer, the first sort of wheat widely grown in Egypt, was more difficult to dehusk than the later wheat varieties The straw was swept away with brooms and the wheat winnowed by throwing it into the air with a wooden scoop and letting the wind carry off the lighter chaff The grain silos were in walled enclosures, carefully plaster-coated on the inside and whitewashed on the outside In order to store the grain, the worker had to climb stairs to a small window near the top of the cone, carrying baskets Through a little door at the bottom the grain could be taken out Scribes measured the harvest and recorded it on their tablets A surveyor measured the field with a measuring rope in order to calculate the quantity of grain owed as taxes Egyptian scribes were good at calculating area and subsequent taxes, even if their way was of calculating was somewhat cumbersome Completion of the harvest was a time for thanking the snake goddess Ranuta Sheaves of wheat, fowls, cucumbers and watermelons, loaves of bread and fruits were offered to her Pharaoh himself thanked the fertility god Min with a sheaf of wheat in front of great crowds during the festivities in the first month of Shemu, the season of harvest Local gods all over Egypt were not forgotten At Asyut, the first of the wheat gathered was sacrificed to the local god, Wapwait It appears likely that most of Egypt’s adult population spent some time farming Although there were full time farmers, during and immediately following inundation most men were drafted through corvée (forced labor by the government as taxation) to increase the personnel available for dredging irrigation canals, surveying land boundaries, and preparing the ground for planting Avoidance of corvée carried stiff penalties for the individual and sometimes his family Noblemen and scribes, the literate upper class, were the only people consistently excluded from the corvée Most noblemen were automatically involved in the agricultural system, however, because they owned farms and supervised royal or temple agricultural land Charles Lugor Leju From: http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/prehistory/egypt/dailylife/farming_tools.htm After you read III Comprehending the reading Mark the following statements T(true) or F(false) based on what you read from the material Correct the false statements to make them true Egyptian farmers invented the world’s first irrigation systems Fayum was a low-lying area in the desert Despite the flood season, the Fayum had no water The dams were built during the flood season to prevent water from pouring into the canals People had to work very hard during harvest time They didn’t have time to eat on their working day Only men did harvest work while women and children stayed at home to the housework Emmer was not easily found in Egypt Egyptians were good at calculating area because their way of calculating was very simple 10 Egyptians thanked the gods with a part of the crops they harvested IV Matching words to their definitions Match each of the numbered words taken from the reading to its definition or explanation in the second column In some cases, you may wish to find the word in the reading and use its context to help you e plow a the literate upper class hoeing b tread the kernel out of the husks transport c carry dehusk d noblemen and scribes a person who cuts and pick up a crop irrigation e a bow-shaped stick that was dragged along the ground emmer f the first sort of wheat intense labor g very hard working penalties h a way of loosening the soil 10 reaper i supplying land and crops with water j punishments V Recognizing meaning categories One way to learn a lot of vocabulary quickly is to learn several words with the same or similar meanings at the same time Another possibility is to learn words in meaning categories A category is a class or group of items in a system of classification It is a kind or type of thing, person, idea, and so on For example, the items mango, banana, orange are member of the category fruits Put the following words taken from the reading into the right categories You may need a dictionary to help you canals plow gathering sickles dehusk reservoir dam reaper baskets dikes rake store hoes water pick up Irrigation systems Canals Farming tools Plow Harvesting Gathering VI Vocabulary Consolidation Nouns Verbs Adjectives Adverbs Phrases Overflow water backbreaking continually irrigation systems crops figure out occasional somewhat low-lying area canals irrigate cumbersome consistently flood season dike take over stiff automatically come into use dam harvest bow-shaped stick reservoir calculate plough/plow sacrifice two-handled woven baskets reaper kernel husk scribes from sunrise sunset to in their turn all over Egypt full time farmers inundation corvée Grammar Focus Infinitives of Purpose a Look at the following sentences taken from the reading The very first Egyptian farmers waited for the natural overflow of the Nile to water their crops People or donkeys were used to transport the grain to the threshing floor b Which of the following the underlined parts of the sentences express? a cause b purpose c necessity What is the structure of the underlined parts? c In order to is also used to show purpose Ex: The Egyptians built irrigation systems in order to water their crops d The negative purpose is expressed with the phrase in order not to + V Ex: The dams were broken in order not to prevent the river from pouring water into the canals (Incorrect: The dams were broken not to prevent the river from pouring water into the canals.) e Find more infinitive phrases of purpose in the reading f Match each of the numbers on the left to the letters on the right to form complete and logical sentences The villagers always get up early People no longer use buffalos a to kill the grasshoppers on our field Fertilizers are used a lot b to work on the fields Many kinds of crops were offered to the gods We need to buy insecticides Farmers need to attend agricultural workshops We shouldn’t use chemicals in food c in order to thank them d to plough e in order not to harm our health f in order to improve their knowledge g in order to make the crops productive g Work with a partner Think of two purposes why people each of the following take classes study English play sports move away from home Ex: People take classes to learn new skills People study English to find a good job UNIT TWO: DONG SON BRONZE DRUMS Before you read I Getting the meaning of words from context Choose the word or phrase closest to the meaning of the word in bold Many drums were discovered in Viet Nam from the high land region of the north to the plains of the south a high areas of land that is not as high as a mountain b large areas of flat land c very high hills d coastal areas This idea has been discredited by archaeological discoveries in northeastern Thailand in the 1970’s a objected b believed in c disbelieved in d approved It is still uncertain whether the bronze drums were made for religious ceremonies, to rally men for war, or for another secular role a gather b choose c arrest d kill The Co Loa drum would have required the use of up to 10 large casting crucibles at one time a severe tests b metal containers used for cooking food c large boxes for transporting goods d pots in which metals are melted Most scholar agree the Dong Son drums display an artistic level reaching perfection that few cultures of the time could rival a overwhelm b overcome c compare with d b & c are right The Hung kings chose a heron as the totem of Van Lang Montgomery blacks boycotted the city bus system They refused to ride on the buses until the company changed its policy of segregated seating Since about 25 75 percent of the company’s passengers had been blacks, the company lost a lot of money The boycott continued for one year until the Supreme Court finally ruled that segregation on buses was illegal The peaceful protest had succeeded 30 (D) The leader of the Montgomery bus boycott was a young black minister named Martin Luther King, Jr During the next decade he was destined to become the most famous civil rights leader in the history of the United States 35 Dr King believed that the struggle for equal rights should be peaceful, and he preached a philosophy of nonviolent resistance In 1963, he led a march of more than 250,000 people, both white and black, in Washington D.C., to 40 demonstrate for equal rights In his speech from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial, he spoke of his dream that someday people would “not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.” In 1964, Martin Luther King, Jr., by then known throughout the world, received the Nobel prize for peace 45 Four years later, during a period of heightened racial tension, the peace-loving King was assassinated while attending a conference for civil rights in Memphis, Tennessee (E) Under King’s leadership, the early 1960s were characterized by peaceful protests, such as “sit-ins” At that time many restaurants and lunch counters in 50 the South refused to serve blacks In protest, blacks and sympathetic whites sat on stools at the counters of these restaurants and refused to move until they were served These sit-ins were successful Gradually, restaurants across the South were forced to abandon their policy of segregation (F) During this period many of the more obvious signs of segregation 55 disappeared as a result of nonviolent protests and federal legislation; however, the basic inequalities still existed There were, for example, no longer separate drinking fountains and restrooms for blacks and whites, but racial discrimination remained widespread in jobs, schools, and elections Employers refused to hire blacks for better positions, with the result that blacks were 60 forced to accept the most undesirable jobs In many schools across the country, segregation continued despite the Supreme Court ruling that segregation schools were illegal, because they did not provide children with equal educational opportunities In addition, many blacks in the South were ineligible to vote because they could not meet the overly strict voting requirements 65 established by whites in the southern states Finally, in 1964, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act, probably the most important piece of legislation for minority groups in the United States The law said that all Americans must be treated equally in regard to employment, education, the right to vote, and the use of public facilities Equal rights for blacks were now at least a legal reality (G) Nevertheless, tension in black communities continued to mount Many 52 70 blacks were frustrated by the slow progress which resulted from nonviolent protests and federal civil rights legislation A new era, marked by nationwide racial violence, began in the mid-1960s Between 1964 and 1968 there were 239 racially motivated riots across the country Cities became battlefields with militant demonstrators shouting “ Burn Baby Burn!” and police brandishing 75 guns 80 (H) During this period blacks also developed a new pride in their race and history They dropped the old term “Negro” in favor of “Afro-American” or “Black” Popular slogans such as “Black is beautiful” and “Black power” reflected their growing sense of unity and strength (I) Racial tension decreased in the 1970s thanks to the gradual enforcement and acceptance of civil rights legislation Today is the 1980s, despite the fact that blacks live in freedom and equality unparalleled in their American history, economic and social problems persist and violence are not uncommon A discrepancy still exists between legal rights and social realities The true hope 85 of the United States remains that someday Martin Luther King’s dream will come true, “…that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: ‘We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal.’ 1” (1) Words in the Declaration of Independence approved by the U.S Congress on July th 1776 Lisa Evans From: Meet the U.S., People and Places in the United States After you read III Circle the letter next to the statement that best answer the question Which of the following is the main idea of the article? a Slavery in the South b The life of Martin Luther King, Jr c The civil rights movement in the United States d Success of peaceful protests Martin Luther King strongly believed in… a the need for violent demonstration b peaceful protests c race riots d Both a and c Which of the following is false? Interracial marriages are… a increasing b common c uncommon d legal 53 In the United States, the latter half of the 1960s was a time of… a peaceful protests b segregated restaurants and public facilities c nonviolent resistance d violent demonstrations The Civil Rights Act of 1964 made racial discrimination illegal in … a employment b education c elections d the use of public facilities e All of the above To “boycott” a company means… a to refuse to business with it b to support its products c to compete with it d to fight against it The Montgomery bus boycott ended because… a the bus company lost a lot of money b the blacks needed the buses for transportation c the Supreme Court declared that segregation on buses was illegal d None of the above The word “their” in line 12 refers to… a attitudes b blacks c inferiors d whites The word “mount” in line 70 means… a to decrease b to increase c to get on a horse d to attach something to a surface 10 The tone of the last paragraph is best described as… a somewhat hopeful b pessimistic c militant 54 d overly optimistic IV Identifying General Ideas and Their Supporting Details Usually a piece of factual writing has many paragraphs each of which talks about one general idea Each general idea is supported by details and examples Scan the article quickly to find the pieces of information in column A Write down the letter of the paragraph in which each topic is discussed Then match each topic with each of the details in column B A B paragraph E; b sit-ins a Equal rights for blacks were a legal reality black pride Martin Luther King’s march in Washington D.C b Blacks and sympathetic whites protested against restaurants who refused to serve blacks c Cities were full of demonstrators and brandishing guns militant police the Civil War race riots the Montgomery d Rosa Parks refused to give her seat to the whites the Civil Rights e King made a speech from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial bus boycott Act f Blacks reflected their growing sense of unity and strength g Blacks were freed after a long time having been slaves V Vocabulary Consolidation Nouns Verbs Adjectives Adverbs Phrases Blacks bar interracial widespread civil rights whites contaminate illegal overly give their seats to equality treat rare equally slaves arrest customary nationwide feel like standing throughout the world inferior protest particular racially emancipation boycott segregated citizens demonstrate peaceful protest judge nonviolent educational opportunities boycott assassinate racial minority group peace-loving as a result 55 Supreme Court abandon sympathetic in regard to segregation vote federal public facilities minister frustrate undesirable result from resistance brandish ineligible in favor of march remain self-evident sense of speech thanks to tension leadership legislation elections riots battlefields demonstrators pride enforcement incident discrimination creed discrepancy Further Reading Read the following extract from the “I have a dream” speech of Martin Luther King Translate it into Vietnamese …And so even though we face the difficulties of today and tomorrow, I still have a dream It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal." I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character I have a dream today! 56 I have a dream that one day, down in Alabama, with its vicious racists, with its governor having his lips dripping with the words of "interposition" and "nullification" one day right there in Alabama little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers I have a dream today! I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted, and every hill and mountain shall be made low, the rough places will be made plain, and the crooked places will be made straight; "and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed and all flesh shall see it together." This is our hope, and this is the faith that I go back to the South with… Grammar Focus Conjunctions showing contrast A A conjunction is an indeclinable word which serves to join together sentences, clauses of a sentence, or words Read the following sentences taken from the article and underline the conjunctions that are used to show contrast Interracial marriages, illegal in most southern states until 1967, are gradually increasing in number, although they are still rare Three of the blacks obeyed immediately, but the fourth, Rosa Parks, refused During this period many of the more obvious signs of segregation disappeared as a result of nonviolent protests and federal legislation; however, the basic inequalities still existed In many schools across the country, segregation continued despite the Supreme Court ruling that segregation schools were illegal Equal rights for blacks were now at least a legal reality Nevertheless, tension in black communities continued to mount Despite the fact that blacks live in freedom and equality unparalleled in their American history, economic and social problems persist and violence are not uncommon B Choose the correct phrases to complete the sentences Although, however, nevertheless, but and despite the fact that are followed by (a clause/ a phrase) Despite is followed by (a clause/ a phrase) However and nevertheless (need/ don’t need) a comma to separate them from the rest of the sentence But (can/ cannot) come at the beginning of a sentence C Complete the sentences with but, nevertheless, however, although, despite the fact that or despite More than one answer is possible Bob ate a large dinner Nevertheless/ However, he is still hungry Bob ate a large dinner, but he is still hungry 57 Bob is still hungry although/despite the fact that he ate a large dinner Bob is still hungry despite his large dinner I had a lot of studying to do, I went to a movie anyway I had a lot of studying to , I went to a movie I had a lot of studying to do, I went to a movie having a lot of studying to do, I went to a movie I washed my hands , they still look very dirty 10 I washed my hands, they still look very dirty 11 I like living in the dorm it is noisy 12 the noise, I like living in the dorm D Work with your partner Complete the sentences by using your own words I like that T-shirt very much, but… Although the students were tired, … The book is interesting However, … My sister wants to live in the city despite… Ex: I like that T-shirt very much, but I don’t have money to buy it Although the students were tired, the teacher continued his lecture 58 UNIT EIGHT: Struggle for National Liberation Before you read I Getting the meaning of words in context Match the words and expressions in A with their definitions in B Use the context in the article to help you The numbers in parentheses indicates the line numbers where the words occur in the article A B c_ leadership (line 5) a moving something back or away gave in (2) resistance (15) b influenced by your own feelings and opinions instead of by facts alone aggressive (15) c the state of being a leader partitioned (18) d time of great danger or difficulty reunified (19) e accepted that you have been defeated withdrawal (38) f destroyed something or damaged it badly patriotic (39) g ready or likely to fight overthrew (40) h continuing for a long time 10 prolonged (45) i having or showing a love to your country 11 devastated (45) j bad result 12 aftermath (46) k joined separate parts together again 13 hastiness (51) l quick decision without enough thought 14 subjective (51) m fighting against 15 crisis (54) n removed a leader or government from power by using force o divided into two parts 59 Read II Read the material quickly Then the exercises after the reading Struggle for National Liberation In the middle of 19th century (1858), French colonialists began to invade Vietnam The incompetent government of the Nguyen gradually gave in and from 1884, French colonists established a protectorate and a colonial government that controlled the whole territory of Vietnam In the early days, resistant movements of the Vietnamese people under the leadership of intellectual patriots like the literate, cultured people and scholars broke out everywhere, but they all failed in the end Nguyen Ai Quoc, who later became President Ho Chi Minh, traveled abroad to find the way to save the country He laid the foundations for the Vietnam 10 Communist Party, which was founded on 3rd February 1930 Under the leadership of the Communist Party, the Vietnamese people rose up against French colonization and Japanese occupation, organized the Great National Uprising in August 1945 and established the Democratic Republic of Vietnam on 2nd September 1945 15 Being confronted with aggressive schemes and intervention of France and the United States, the newly born Democratic Republic of Vietnam had to carry out the thirty-year war of resistance The coming back of French aggressive troops had resulted in the nine-year war of resistance (1945-1954) which ended by the famous victory of Vietnam in Dien Bien Phu and the 1954 Geneva Agreement 20 on Vietnam According to this Agreement the country was temporarily partitioned into North Vietnam and South Vietnam by the 17th parallel, which should be reunified within two years (1956) through a general election held all over Vietnam The northern part of Vietnam (the Democratic Republic of Vietnam with its capital Hanoi) was placed under the control of the Vietnam 25 Workers' Party The southern part (the Republic of Vietnam), which was controlled by a pro-French administration and later, a pro-American administration, had its capital in Sai Gon The Sai Gon government used all its forces to prevent the election, suppressed and killed former participants in the resistance movement The situation led to the national movement fighting for 30 peace and unification of the country The Sai Gon government could not suppress the aspiration of all Vietnamese people to unify the country, especially since the National Front for Liberation of South Vietnam was established on 20th December 1960 In order to maintain the Sai Gon regime, the United States increased its military 35 aid to the Sai Gon government Particularly, in the middle of the '60s, halfmillion American troops and their allied troops were sent to South Vietnam in direct military intervention From 5th of August 1964, they started bombarding North Vietnam In spite of that, following president's Ho Chi Minh's teaching "Nothing is more precious than independent and freedom", the Vietnamese 40 people bravely and firmly stood up and won numerous victories in the northern as well as southern part of the country In 1973, Washington had to sign the Paris Agreement on the restoration of peace in Vietnam and the withdrawal of all American troops from Vietnam 60 In the spring of 1975, the patriotic armed forces of Vietnam swept across the country in the great general offensive and overthrew the Saigon government 45 The southern part of Vietnam was liberated and the country was united as one On 25th April 1976, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam was renamed into the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, which governs both northern and southern parts in its territory In 1977, Vietnam became a member of the United Nations 50 The aftermath of war After many years of prolonged war, the country was heavily devastated In the 1975 - 1986 period, Vietnam had to cope with innumerable difficulties The aftermath of war, social evils, the mass flow of refugees, war at the southwest border against the genocidal policies of Pol Pot government in Cambodia, the 55 dispute at the northern border, the isolation and embargo from the United States and Western countries, plus continual natural calamities put Vietnam before tremendous tough challenges Moreover, those difficulties became more severe due to subjective reasons such as hastiness and impatience, and voluntarism in rebuilding the country regardless of specific actual conditions Early in the 80s, 60 Vietnam witnessed the most serious ever socio-economic crisis, the inflation rate rose up to a record 774.7% in 1986 From: http://www.vietnamembassy-usa.org/learn_about_vietnam/history After you read III Based on what you read from the article, choose the best answer for each of the following sentences or questions The French colonists began to control the whole territory of Vietnam… a in the middle of 19th century b in 1884 c in 1954 d in the middle of the ’60s How long did the resistance carried out by the Democratic of Vietnam last until the Dien Bien Phu victory? a years b years c years d 12 years Which of the following does the word “its” in line 24 refer to? a the Vietnam Workers’ Party b the Democratic Republic of Vietnam c Saigon d the Republic of Vietnam All of the following are true, EXCEPT… a There were more American soldiers and their allied troops in South Vietnam in the middle of the ’60s 61 b The Paris Agreement was on the restoration of peace in Vietnam and the withdrawal of part of American troops from Vietnam c The name The Socialist Republic of Vietnam started to be used on 25 April 1976 d Vietnam witnessed the most serious ever socio-economic crisis in the early 1980s Which of the following is NOT MENTIONED as a difficulty Vietnam had to face after the war? a illiteracy of Vietnamese people b Southwest border war against Pol Pot government in Cambodia c embargo from the United States d social crimes IV Recognizing Time Details (Facts) In reading about history, there are often time details These facts tell when things happened Some expressions of time are very specific with day, month and year together such as on 20th December 1960, or on 25th April 1976; or with year only such as in 1973, in 1986.There are also time expressions for periods, decades or centuries like in the 1975 - 1986 period, early in the 80s, or in the middle of 19th century Others are in the spring of 1975, within two years, after many years of prolonged war A hyphen (-) between points of time usually means to, as in 1945-1954 Match the events in column A with their corresponding time phrases in column B A establishment of the National Front for Liberation of South Vietnam B a the middle of 19th century b 3rd February 1930 direct military intervention c August 1945 9-year war of resistance d 2nd September 1945 French invasion to Vietnam e 1945-1954 liberation for South Vietnam f 1954 Great National Uprising g 20th December 1960 serious socio- economic crisis h the middle of the ’60s foundation of the Vietnam Communist Party signing for Paris Agreement 10 formation of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam 11 Dien Bien Phu victory and Geneva Agreement 12 establishment of the Democratic i 1973 j spring of 1975 k 25th April 1976 l early ’80s 62 Republic of Vietnam V Complete the sentences with the words from the reading article protectorate temporarily inflation intellectual give in restoration colonization suppress prolonged refugees You can’t win the game now, so you may as well … The school is …closed owing to the storm People want to live in a free country, not a … They were …when their country suffered a violent war many years ago The army used water cannons to … the rebellions The … of Hong Kong by the United Kingdom was stopped in 1997 The government is taking measures to reduce … The architects are examining the castle to prepare for its … His … development was very advanced for his age 10 There was a … silence before anybody spoke VI Vocabulary Consolidation Nouns Verbs Adjectives Adverbs Phrases Colonist invade incompetent temporarily newly born protectorate give in colonial bravely agreement on territory break out resistant firmly patriot confront intellectual pro-French administration scholar partition literate colonization reunify aggressive occupation suppress allied uprising bombard patriotic scheme overthrow innumerable parallel liberate genocidal aspiration unite tremendous front devastate tough regime rebuild subjective restoration witness pro-American administration armed force sweep across general offensive cope with due to regardless of early in the 80s socio-economic crisis 63 withdrawal troop aftermath dispute embargo calamity hastiness voluntarism inflation Grammar Focus RESTRICTIVE AND NONRESTRICTIVE ADJECTIVE CLAUSES A Look at the chart and choose the correct answers Adjective clause that does not require commas is called (restrictive clause/ nonrestrictive clause) Adjective clause that requires commas is (restrictive clause/ nonrestrictive clause) (Restrictive clause/ Nonrestrictive clause) is necessary to identify the noun it modifies (Restrictive clause/ Nonrestrictive clause) simply gives additional information and is not necessary to identify the noun it modifies (Restrictive clause/ Nonrestrictive clause) modifies a proper noun Restrictive Clauses Nonrestrictive Clauses A patriotic man who later became Nguyen Ai Quoc, who later became President Ho Chi Minh traveled abroad to President Ho Chi Minh, traveled abroad find the way to save the country to find the way to save the country The part of Vietnam which/ that was The Republic of Vietnam,which/ that controlled by a pro- American was controlled by a pro- American administration has its capital in Saigon administration, has its capital in Saigon Note: When commas are necessary, the pronoun that may not be used and object pronouns can not be omitted 64 B Add commas where necessary We enjoyed the city where we spent our vacation We enjoy Mexico City where we spent our vacation An elephant which is the earth’s largest land mammal has few natural enemies other than human beings One of the elephants that we saw at the zoo had only one tusk In Venezuela, there are plants that eat insects with their roots One of the most useful materials in the world is glass which is made chiefly from sand, soda, and lime A rebel is a person who resists or fights against authority A political party is an organized group of people who control or seek to control a government C Add commas where necessary and change the pronoun to THAT if possible Sentence and sentence are done Alan and Jackie, who did not come to class yesterday, explained their absence to the teacher The student who/ that did not come to class yesterday explained their absence to the teacher Only people who speak Russian should apply for the job Mathew who speaks Russian applied for the job The rice which we had for dinner last night was very good Rice which is grown in many countries is a staple food throughout much of the world The newspaper article was about a man who died two years ago of a rare tropical disease Paul who died two years ago was a kind and loving man I live in a town which is situated in a valley 10 The Mississippi River which flows south from Minnesota to the Gulf of Mexico is the major commercial river in the United States 11 A river which is polluted is not safe for swimming 65 REFERENCES Books: Nguyễn Thị Hà Anh, (2013), English For Students Of History, Trường Đại Học Sư Phạm Hà Nội 2 Nguyễn Thị Tâm & Huỳnh Chí Xn Hun, (2006), Giáo trình Tiếng Anh Chuyên Nghành Lịch Sử , Trường Đại Học An Giang Bùi Thị Phương Thảo et al., (2003), Giáo trình Tiếng Anh Chuyên Nghành Sử Học-Tập 1, NXB Đại Học Quốc Gia TP Hồ Chí Minh Websites: - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki - http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum - http://www.viettouch.com - http://scholar.chem.nyu.edu/tekpages/Timeline.html - http://www.historylink101.com/lessons/farm-city/middle-ages.htm - http://www.mtholyoke.edu - http://www.vietnamembassy-usa.org 66 ... appeared The first oldest place, Do mountain, was discovered in Vietnam, km from Thieu Khanh village, Thieu Hoa, Thanh Hoa town This is an old, big mountain with the height of 150 meters, rather cliffy... She plays the of the people of the of several East Asian cultures is very well known in a band Banh chung is holidays There is a statue 10 Besides cow breeding, rice region made by many Vietnamese