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Công thức những mẫu câu thông dụng trong tiếng Anh. Tài liệu bao gồm công thức cho dạng bài tập chuyển đổi câu (Sentence building, Sentence transformation). Tài liệu này phù hợp cho luyện thi tuyển sinh phổ thông, đại học, KET, PET, và FCE.
REVIEW OF STRUCTURES – SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION Model 1: Clause and phrases of reason: Because Because of As Due to + noun (phrase)/ Since + clause As a result of + V-ing Seeing that On account of Now that Owing to Model 2: clauses and Phrases of Concession: Although Despite + noun (phrase)/ Though + clause In spite of + V-ing Even though Notwithstanding Model 3: Phrases of result: S + V + TOO + ADJ/ADV + (FOR sb) + TO_INF S+ V+ NOT + ADJ/ ADV + ENOUGH + (FOR sb) + O_INF E.g.: Mary is too young to get married Mary is not old enough to get married The tea was not cool enough for her to drink The tea was too hot for her to drink Page Model 4: Clauses and Phrases of Result: S + V + TOO + ADJ/ADV + (FOR O) + TO-INF S + V + SO + ADJ/ADV + THAT + S +V+ NOT… S + V +SUCH + (A/An +ADJ) + N E.g.: The box was too heavy for the child to carry The box was so heavy that the child could not carry It was such a heavy box that the child could not carry He spoke so quickly that I could not understand him He spoke too quickly for me to understand Model 5: Clauses and Phrases of Result: S + V + ADJ/ADV + ENOUGH + (FOR O) + TO-INF S + V + SO + ADJ/ADV + THAT + S +V… S + V +SUCH + (A/An +ADJ) + N E.g.: This question is easy enough for us to answer This question is so easy that we can answer It is such an easy question that we can answer This song was so simple that she sing a It was such a simple song that she could sing Page Model 6: clauses of result: This song was simple enough for her to sing S + V + SO + ADJ/ADV + THAT + S _ V S+ V + SUCH + (A/AN + ADJ) + N + THAT + S + V The film was so good that I saw it times It was such a good film that I saw it times It is such a bad book that nobody reads it The book is so bad that nobody reads it Modal 7: TO-INF used as a subject: TOO-INF … + BE + ADJ IT + BE + ADJ + TO-INF IT+ BE + ADJ + V-ING HOW + ADJ + (IT +BE) + TO-INF E.g.: To listen to music all day is wonderful It’s wonderful to listen to music all day It’s wonderful listening to music all day How wonderful (it is) to listen to music all day Model 8: TO-INF used as a subject TOO-INF … + BE + ADJ/N To live on my salary must be hard Page E.g.: S + V + IT + ADJ/N + TO-INF … I find it hard to live on my salary To be accurate is a good thing I think it a good thing to be accurate Notes: V: consider, find, think, hope, make Model 9: S + HAVE/HAS NOT + V-ED/V3 … + TIME IT IS + TIME …+ SINCE… + V-ED/V2 My father hasn’t been to Hanoi for years It is years since my father was to Hanoi It is one month since I last saw my father I haven’t seen my father for one month Model 10: S + HAVE/HAS NOT + V-ED/V3 … +THE FIRST TIME + S + HAVE/HAS + VED/V3 I haven’t seen that man here before It’s the first time I have seen that man here It’s the first time I have read this book I haven’t read this book before Page Model 11: S + HAVE/HAS NOT + V-ED/V3 … SINCE/FOR… THE LAST TIME + S + V-ED/V2… + WAS … I haven’t seen him since I was a student I last saw him when I was a student My father hasn’t been to Vung Tau for years The last time my father was in Vung Tau was five years ago Model 12: S + V-ED/V2 … AGO S + HAVE/HAS + BEEN + V-ING = SINCE/FOR He started working for this factory a year ago He has been working for this factory for a year/ since last year My sister has been studying English for years My sister began studying English years ago Model 13: S + V +…+ TIME IT + TAKE + (O) + TIME + TO-INF She typed the letter in 20 minutes It took her 20 minutes to type the letter The flight to Hanoi lasted hours Page Model 14: It took hours to fly to Hanoi S + V + NOT +…+ UNTIL … IT WAS NOT UNTIL … THAT S + V Tom didn’t begin to read until he was It was not until Tom was eight that he began to read The doctor was not out until o’clock It was not until o’clock that the doctor was out Model 15: Causative form S+V+O S + HAVE/GET + O1 (S.O) + V0/ TO-INF + O2 (S.T) S + HAVE/GET + O2 (S.T) + V0/ TO-INF + O1 (S.O) Tom cleans the kitchen for us every day We have/get Tom clean/ to clean the kitchen every day We have/get the kitchen cleaned by Tom every day Model 16: Comparison of Adj/Adv S + V + ADJ/ADV + ER S + V + MORE + ADJ/ADV + THAN + S + (V) S + V + THE + ADJ/ADV +EST Page S + V + THE MOST + ADJ/ADV Have you got a cheaper hat than the others? Is this the cheapest hat you have got? Tom is the best football player in the team No one in the team is a better football player than Tom Model 17: Comparison of ADJ/ADV S + V + NOT + SO/AS + ADJ/ADV + AS S + V + ADJ/ADV + ER + THAN MORE +ADJ/ADV I don’t play the guitar as well as he does He plays the guitar better than I Stone isn’t as hard as iron Iron is harder than stone Model 18: Double Comparative S + V, S + V THE + THE + MORE ADJ/ADV MORE + S + V, THE + S +V ADJ/ADV + ER LESS MORE MORE ADJ/ADV + S + V, THE LESS + S +V ADJ/ADV + ER As he grows older, he becomes cheerful The older he grows, the more cheerful he becomes Page The older I get, the less I want to travel As I get older, I want to travel less He eats much He feel thirsty The more he eats, the thirstier he feels Model 19: S + V + NOT, S + V + NOT … (EITHER) NEITHER … NOR… He isn’t going to attend the meeting I am not either Neither he nor I am going to attend the meeting My father doesn’t drink a lot He doesn’t smoke a lot My father neither drinks nor smokes Model 20: WHY DON’T YOU + V ….? S + SUGGESTED THAT + S + SHOULD + V ‘Why don’t you apply for the job, Ann?’, said Sue Sue suggested that Ann should apply for the job Model 21: Clause Phrase S+ V-ED/V2 V-ING DIDN’T + V NOT + V-ING HAD +V-ED/V3 HAVING + V-ED/V2 She opened the door and entered the room Opening the door she entered the room Tom had failed twice, so he didn’t want to try again Page Not knowing the language , she found it hard to get work Because she didn’t know the language, she found it hard to get work Having failed twice, Tom didn’t want to try again Model 22: S + CANNOT + V S + PREVENT + O + FROM + V-ING I couldn’t listen to the radio because of the noise The noise prevented me from listening to the radio Model 23: CLAUSE GERUND PHRASE Let’s invite the Browns to the party on Sunday He suggested inviting the Browns to the party on Sunday She didn’t say a word as she left the room She left the room without saying a word We spent our childhood in that beautiful mountain resort and we always remember it We always remember spending our childhood in that beautiful mountain resort Model 24: HARDLY/ SCARELY … WHEN HARDLY/SCARELY/ONLY JUST …WHEN NO SOONER … THAN … … NO SOONER … THAN We had hardly/scarcely/hardly/scarely/only just seen me when/ when/ when/ than he ran away Hardly/ scarcely/ no sooner had he seen me when/when/than he ran away The performance had hardly begun when the lights went out Page Model 25: Adjective Verb No sooner had the performance begun than the lights went out It is essential to finish the work today You don’t have to/ need to finish the work today Roses can’t grow/ be grown in such poor ground It is possible for roses to grow/ to be grown in such poor ground Model 26: Verb Noun He didn’t intend to stay there He had no intention of staying there He made a decision to leave home He decided to leave home Notes: Verb Noun Visit Pay a visit to SO/pay SO a visit Know Have knowledge of ST Determine to Determination Make a success Interest in Take/ have interest in Tend to Have a tendency to ST Desire to Have a desire to ST Think of Give thought to Look at Have/ take a look at bathe Take/ have a bath Help SO Give help to SO Hope Have a hope of ST Decide Make a decision to ST Intend Have an intention of V-ing/N Page Succeed in 10 ST Love SO Be/ fall in love with SO Start Make a start Rest Take a rest Agree Be in agreement// reach/have/make an agreement Argue Have an argument Sleep Got a sleep Talk Have a talk Change Have a change of ST Photograph Take a photograph Arrange Make arrangements for ST/ for SO to ST Smile Give a smile Model 27: WISH PRESENT SENTENCE IN PAST SITUATION FUTURE V-ED/ V2/ WERE S + WISH + S + HAD + V-ED/V3 WOULD + V2 What a pity you failed in your driving test Page I wish my wife could speak French 11 My wife can’t speak French I wish you hadn’t failed in your driving test She won’t visit me again I wish she would visit me again Model 28: Clauses and Phrases of purpose: (NOT) TO-INF S+V+ IN ORDER (NOT) TO –INF SO AS (NOT) TO -INF SO THAT S+V+ CAN/ CAN’T +S+ IN ORDER THAT COULD/ COULDN’T Model 29: not worth, no good and no point (not to be useful/ have no useful effects) It’s (not) worth sth/ doing sth It’s no good doing sth There’s no point in doing sth Page 12 It’s no use doing sth/ what’s the use (of doing sth)? ... useful effects) It’s (not) worth sth/ doing sth It’s no good doing sth There’s no point in doing sth Page 12 It’s no use doing sth/ what’s the use (of doing sth)? ... so he didn’t want to try again Page Not knowing the language , she found it hard to get work Because she didn’t know the language, she found it hard to get work Having failed twice, Tom didn’t... again Model 22: S + CANNOT + V S + PREVENT + O + FROM + V-ING I couldn’t listen to the radio because of the noise The noise prevented me from listening to the radio Model 23: CLAUSE GERUND PHRASE