Đấu tranh phi bạo lực được thể hiện trong một số tác phẩm điển hình của mahatma gandhi và martin luther king, jr

i THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY Socialist Republic of Vietnam BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY Republic of the Philippines NONVIOLENCE GLEANED FROM SELECTED WORKS OF MAHATMA GANDHI AND MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of Graduate School Batangas State University Batangas City, Philippines In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Major in English By LE THI THU HUONG 2015 ii THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY Socialist Republic of Vietnam BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY Republic of the Philippines iii THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY Socialist Republic of Vietnam BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY Republic of the Philippines ABSTRACT Title: NONVIOLENCE GLEANED FROM SELECTED WORKS OF MAHATMA GANDHI AND MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR Author: Le Thi Thu Huong Degree: Doctor of Philosophy Major: English Year: 2015 Adviser: Maria Luisa A Valdez, Ph.D Summary This study analyzed the philosophy of nonviolence as embodied in the selected literary pieces of Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King, Jr pointing out the events and situations which show the teachings on nonviolence which may be drawn from the analysis that may benefit the Vietnamese students Likewise, this paper tried to present the historical root of nonviolence in India and the United States; nonviolence as dealt within the selected works; the humanitarian issues given focus on each of the selections, and the rhetorical devices used by the writers in projecting the humanitarian issues particularly nonviolence This study employed the qualitative method of research in analyzing Gandhi’s and King’s concept of nonviolence in the representative literary works iv THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY Socialist Republic of Vietnam BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY Republic of the Philippines chosen Likewise, this analysis used the historical, sociological and philosophical approaches as the bases for analysis In particular, the sociological and historical approaches were supported by Teixeira’s Theory of Nonviolence, while the philosophical approach was supported by Holmes’ Theory of Nonviolence This paper also involved content analysis, which is a systematic technique in analyzing message content and message handling The data analysis in this research centered on pattern seeking and the extraction of meaning from Gandhi’s and King’s selected literary narrative or image data The essential features in the treatment of materials were considered in the conduct of this study The general rules cited by Stott (2014) as regards the seven standards pieces of literature were considered in the selection of works under study The representative literary works analyzed were Young India, The Story of My Experiments with Truth, and Harijan by Mahatma Gandhi and Stride Toward Freedom: The Montgomery Story, Letter from Birmingham City Jail and I Have a Dream by Martin Luther King, Jr From these literatures, readers will be able to see in them the seeds of all these two writers’ most important teachings The said selections were chosen because of their correlation with v THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY Socialist Republic of Vietnam BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY Republic of the Philippines the cited theme and subthemes Findings of the study revealed that nonviolence originated among a few of the forest sages of India about three thousand years ago, crossed the seas and came to America 2,000 years after and read by Henry David Thoreau, who was later inspired to write nonviolent protest against the war by the United States government against Mexico Both Martin Luther King and Gandhi were nonviolent advocates who gained tremendous inspiration from their faith traditions and were able to perform tremendous feats of courage through the implementation of non-violence Mahatma Gandhi viewed nonviolence as a philosophy of life while Martin Luther King, Jr viewed nonviolence as a political strategy The representative literary works of Gandhi and King may be considered as a socio-philosophical document showing the humanitarian issues of their times in India and America To give deeper meanings on the concept of nonviolence and a logical framework to their works through language as well as to motivate readers’ imagination to visualize the characters and scenes more clearly, Gandhi and King employed various literary devices in the selected literary pieces The Vietnamese students can glean teachings on nonviolence from the representative literary works of Gandhi and King and vi THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY Socialist Republic of Vietnam BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY Republic of the Philippines imbibe the latters’ spirit and carry forward their legacy by practicing daily the non-violent principle The new Vietnamese students are certainly at hand, with literature and thoughts intertwined through the identified literary nonviolent advocates vii THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY Socialist Republic of Vietnam BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY Republic of the Philippines ACKNOWLEDGMENT The researcher wishes to express her grateful appreciation to those who helped and inspired her towards the completion of this paper First and foremost, she wishes to thank the Thai Nguyen University and the Batangas State University for giving her the opportunity to finish this undertaking under their International Academic Cooperation Program Dr Dang Kim Vui, the President of the Thai Nguyen University, Assoc Prof Dr Nguyen Tuan Anh, Assoc Prof Dr Dang Xuan Binh, Prof Dr Nguyen The Hung, the former Directors of the TNU International Training and Development Center, Dr Hoang Thi Bich Thao, the current Director of TNU ITDC, Mai Van Can, MAPL, the Dean and Dang Thi Thu Huong, MAPL, the Vice Dean of the Thai Nguyen University of Education, for their motivation and wisdom that helped hasten the completion of this study Dr Maria Luisa A Valdez, the Dean of Colleges and Head of the Graduate School of the Batangas State University ARASOF Nasugbu Campus, the researcher’s dissertation adviser, for her constant encouragement, commitment, and inspiring personality which motivated the researcher towards the realization of this study Dr Matilda H Dimaano, the Chairman of the Panel of Examiners, and viii THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY Socialist Republic of Vietnam BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY Republic of the Philippines Dr Corazon B Cabrera, the former External Panelist, for their thorough dissection and candid remarks that drew up the essential and relevant dimensions in this research Dr Amada G Banaag, Dr Felix M Panopio, and Dr Myrna G Sulit, the Members of the Panel of Examiners, for their valuable suggestions and constructive criticism which motivated her to analyze conscientiously all the inputs during the conduct of this study Dr Remedios P Magnaye, the Recording Secretary and Ms Le Quynh Anh, the ITDC Administrative Staff, for their words of encouragement and kind gestures The researcher’s friends, who generously gave their time, advice, and prayers Her parents and child Lam Hoang Minh, along with her sister, Le Thi Thanh Hoa, for the the wholehearted support to her during the writing process LE THI THU HUONG ix THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY Socialist Republic of Vietnam BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY Republic of the Philippines DEDICATION To my ever dearest son, Lam Hoang Minh LE THI THU HUONG x THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY Socialist Republic of Vietnam BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY Republic of the Philippines TABLE OF CONTENTS Page TITLE PAGE i APPROVAL SHEET ii ABSTRACT iii ACKNOWLEDGMENT vii DEDICATION ix TABLE OF CONTENTS x LIST OF FIGURES xii LIST OF MATRICES xiii CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM Introduction Statement of the Problem Scope, Delimitation and Limitation of the Study 11 Significance of the Study 13 II REVIEW OF LITERATURE Conceptual Literature 16 Research Literature 50 257 THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY Socialist Republic of Vietnam BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY Republic of the Philippines I HAVE A DREAM by Martin Luther King, Jr Along with Abraham Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address, delivered one hundred years earlier, Martin Luther King, Jr.’s I Have a Dream speech is one of the most memorable in U.S history It was delivered on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C., on August 28, 1963, where nearly a quarter of a million people gathered for a March for Jobs and Freedom to urge Congress and President John F Kennedy to pass a national civil rights bill “I am happy to join with you today in what will go down in history as the greatest demonstration for freedom in the history of our nation Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand today, signed the Emancipation Proclamation This momentous decree came as a great beacon light of hope to millions of Negro slaves who had been seared in the flames of withering injustice It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of their captivity But one hundred years later, the Negro still is not free One hundred years later, the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity One hundred years later, the Negro is still languished in the corners of American society and finds himself an exile in his own land And so we've come here today to dramatize a shameful condition In a sense we've come to our nation's capital to cash a check When the architects of our republic wrote the magnificent words of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, they were signing a promissory note to which every American was to fall heir This note was a promise that all men, yes, black men as well as white men, would be guaranteed the "unalienable Rights" of "Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness." It is obvious today that America has defaulted on this promissory note, insofar as her citizens of color are concerned Instead of honoring this sacred obligation, America has given the Negro people a bad check, a check which has come back marked "insufficient funds." 258 THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY Socialist Republic of Vietnam BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY Republic of the Philippines But we refuse to believe that the bank of justice is bankrupt We refuse to believe that there are insufficient funds in the great vaults of opportunity of this nation And so, we've come to cash this check, a check that will give us upon demand the riches of freedom and the security of justice We have also come to this hallowed spot to remind America of the fierce urgency of Now This is no time to engage in the luxury of cooling off or to take the tranquilizing drug of gradualism Now is the time to make real the promises of democracy Now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice Now is the time to lift our nation from the quicksands of racial injustice to the solid rock of brotherhood Now is the time to make justice a reality for all of God's children It would be fatal for the nation to overlook the urgency of the moment This sweltering summer of the Negro's legitimate discontent will not pass until there is an invigorating autumn of freedom and equality Nineteen sixty-three is not an end, but a beginning And those who hope that the Negro needed to blow off steam and will now be content will have a rude awakening if the nation returns to business as usual And there will be neither rest nor tranquility in America until the Negro is granted his citizenship rights The whirlwinds of revolt will continue to shake the foundations of our nation until the bright day of justice emerges But there is something that I must say to my people, who stand on the warm threshold which leads into the palace of justice: In the process of gaining our rightful place, we must not be guilty of wrongful deeds Let us not seek to satisfy our thirst for freedom by drinking from the cup of bitterness and hatred We must forever conduct our struggle on the high plane of dignity and discipline We must not allow our creative protest to degenerate into physical violence Again and again, we must rise to the majestic heights of meeting physical force with soul force The marvelous new militancy which has engulfed the Negro community must not lead us to a distrust of all white people, for many of our white brothers, as evidenced by their presence here today, have come to realize that their destiny is tied up with our destiny And they have come to realize that their freedom is inextricably bound to our freedom 259 THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY Socialist Republic of Vietnam BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY Republic of the Philippines We cannot walk alone And as we walk, we must make the pledge that we shall always march ahead We cannot turn back There are those who are asking the devotees of civil rights, "When will you be satisfied?" We can never be satisfied as long as the Negro is the victim of the unspeakable horrors of police brutality We can never be satisfied as long as our bodies, heavy with the fatigue of travel, cannot gain lodging in the motels of the highways and the hotels of the cities We cannot be satisfied as long as the negro's basic mobility is from a smaller ghetto to a larger one We can never be satisfied as long as our children are stripped of their self-hood and robbed of their dignity by signs stating: "For Whites Only." We cannot be satisfied as long as a Negro in Mississippi cannot vote and a Negro in New York believes he has nothing for which to vote No, no, we are not satisfied, and we will not be satisfied until "justice rolls down like waters, and righteousness like a mighty stream."¹ I am not unmindful that some of you have come here out of great trials and tribulations Some of you have come fresh from narrow jail cells And some of you have come from areas where your quest quest for freedom left you battered by the storms of persecution and staggered by the winds of police brutality You have been the veterans of creative suffering Continue to work with the faith that unearned suffering is redemptive Go back to Mississippi, go back to Alabama, go back to South Carolina, go back to Georgia, go back to Louisiana, go back to the slums and ghettos of our northern cities, knowing that somehow this situation can and will be changed Let us not wallow in the valley of despair, I say to you today, my friends And so even though we face the difficulties of today and tomorrow, I still have a dream It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal." 260 THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY Socialist Republic of Vietnam BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY Republic of the Philippines I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character I have a dream today! I have a dream that one day, down in Alabama, with its vicious racists, with its governor having his lips dripping with the words of "interposition" and "nullification" one day right there in Alabama little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers I have a dream today! I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted, and every hill and mountain shall be made low, the rough places will be made plain, and the crooked places will be made straight; "and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed and all flesh shall see it together." This is our hope, and this is the faith that I go back to the South with With this faith, we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope With this faith, we will be able to transform the jangling discords of our nation into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood With this faith, we will be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day And this will be the day this will be the day when all of God's children will be able to sing with new meaning: My country 'tis of thee, sweet land of liberty, of thee I sing 261 THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY Socialist Republic of Vietnam BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY Republic of the Philippines Land where my fathers died, land of the Pilgrim's pride, From every mountainside, let freedom ring! And if America is to be a great nation, this must become true And so let freedom ring from the prodigious hilltops of New Hampshire Let freedom ring from the mighty mountains of New York Let freedom ring from the heightening Alleghenies of Pennsylvania Let freedom ring from the snow-capped Rockies of Colorado Let freedom ring from the curvaceous slopes of California But not only that: Let freedom ring from Stone Mountain of Georgia Let freedom ring from Lookout Mountain of Tennessee Let freedom ring from every hill and molehill of Mississippi From every mountainside, let freedom ring And when this happens, and when we allow freedom ring, when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be able to speed up that day when all of God's children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual: Free at last! Free at last! Thank God Almighty, we are free at last!” 262 THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY Socialist Republic of Vietnam BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY Republic of the Philippines CURRICULUM VITAE PERSONAL DATA Name : Date of Birth : Nationality : Contact Numbers Telephone : Mobile Phone : Email Address : Le Thi Thu Huong June 4th , 1982 Vietnamese 0280 859.577 0912065662 huongno0406@gmail.com EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND Graduate Studies : Master of Arts in Applied Linguistics Latrobe University, Australia Academic Year 2006-2009 Tertiary : Bachelor of Arts Major in English Thai Nguyen University Socialist Republic of Vietnam Academic Year 2000-2004 Secondary : Thai Nguyen High School for Gifted Students Academic Year 1997-2000 WORK EXPERIENCE 2004 – present Teacher of English Thai Nguyen University of Education Socialist Republic of Vietnam February-April, 2004 Teacher of English Duong Tu Minh Senior High School Thai Nguyen City, Socialist Republic of Vietnam BO GlAO Dl)C VADAo T~O D~I HQC THAI NGUYEN S6 241 OIQD-DHTN CONG HOA xA HOI CHi; NGHiA VI:t::T NAM DQc I~p - TV - H~nh phuc Thai Nguyen, 18 thang 12 nam 2014 QUYETDJNH HQi dang Danh gia lu~n an va xet di~u ki~n tat nghi~p dao t~o ti~n si c§p d~i hQc chuyen nganh Ngon ngfrva van hQc Anh khoa nam 2009-2013 (dq12), chuong trinh lien k~t dao t~o gifra D~i hQC Thai Nguyen - Vi~t Nam va D~i hQc TAng hqp Batangas - Philippines GIA.M DOC D~I HQC THAI NGUYEN Can cu Nghi dinh s6 31/CP 04/411994 cua Chinh phu vS vi~c l~p D~i h9c Thai Nguyen; Can cu "Quy ch~ t6 chuc va ho~t d(>ng cua d~i h9C vung va cac co sa giao d\lC d~i h9C vien" duQ'c BQ truang B(> Giao d\lC va Dao t~o phe duy~t t~i Thong tu s6 08120 14/TT­ BGDDT 20103/2014; Can cu Quy dinh vS Cong tac qUlin 1y dao t~o sau d~i h9C cua D~i h9C Thai Nguyen ban hanh kern theo Quy~t dinh s6 455/QD-DHTN-SDH 16/512012 cua Giarn d6c D~i h9C Thai Nguyen; Can cu Quy dinh QUl'm 1y ho~t d(>ng lien k~t dao t~o v6i nu6c ngoai t~i D~i h9C Thai Nguyen ban hanh kern thea QuySt dinh s6 688/QD-DHTN 28/5/2014 cua Gicim d6c D~i h9C Thai Nguyen; Can cu Quy~t dinh s6 674/QD-DHTN, 20/5/2009 cua Giam d6c D~i h9C Thai Nguyen v~ vi~c phe duy~t D~ an dao t~o ti~n SI chuyen nganh Ngon ngfr va van h9C Anh lien kSt gifra D~i h9C Thai Nguyen - Vi~t Nam va D~i h9C T6ng h9'P Batangas - Philippines; Can cu QuySt dinh s6 1691/QD-DHTN-SDH, 2411212009, Quy~t dinh s6 485/QD­ DHTN-SDH 25/512010 va Quy~t dinh s6 1263/QD-DHTN-SDH 28/9/2009 cua Giarn d6c D~i h9C Thai Nguyen vS vi~c cong nh~n nghien Clru sinh trung tuy~n chuang trinh dao t~o trinh d(> tiSn sl chuyen nganh Ngon ngfr va van h9C Anh lien k~t gifra D~i h9C Thai Nguyen - Vi~t Narn va D~i h9C T6ng h9'P Batangas - Philippines; Can cu vao Van ban 24111/2014 cua D?i h9C T6ng h9'P Batangas; Cong van s6 1039IDHNL-DTQT 2711112014 cua Hi~u truang TruOng D?i h9C Nong Lfun v~ vi~c t6 chuc bao v~ lu~ an va Clf giang vien tham gia h(>i d6ng danh gia lu~n an ti~n SI chuyen nganh Ngon ngfr va van h9C Anh, khoa tuy~n 1009-2013, chuang trinh lien k~t gifra D~i h9C Thai Nguyen - Vi~t Narn va D?i h9C T6ng h9'P Batangas - Philippines; Theo d~ nghi cua Hi~u twang TruOng D?i h9C Nong Lam va Truang ban Ban Dao t?O, QUYETDJNH: Di~u Thanh l~p H(>i d6ng Danh gia lu~n an va xet di~u ki~n t6t nghi~p dao t?O trinh d(> ti~n SI dp d?i h9C chuyen nganh Ngon ngfr va van h9C Anh, khoa tuy~n 2009-2013 (d9'1 2), chuang trinh lien kSt gifra D?i h9C Thai Nguyen - Vi~t Narn va D?i h9C T6ng h9'P Batangas ­ Philippines Danh sach vien HQi d6ng dinh kern Quy~t dinh Di~u H(>i d6ng danh gia lu~n an ti~n SI va xet di~u ki~n t6t nghi~p dao t?O trinh d(> ti~n sl chuyen nganh Ngon ngu va van h9c Anh c6 nhi~rn V\l t6 chuc, chi d?o cong tac danh gia lu~n an va xet t6t nghi~p thea cac Quy dinh di~u khoan Hgp d6ng tri~n khai dao t?O gifra D