Phát triển bền vững về văn hóa tộc người trong quá trình hội nhập vùng đông bắc

VI~N KHOA HOC XA HOI VI~T NAM VI~N DAN TQe HOC BAa cAa " ;:? ,,' TOM TAT _ DE TAl CAP BO A' ", A " PHAT TRIEN BEN VUNG VE VAN HOA TOC NGlJOI TRONG QuA TRINH HOI NH~P VUNG DONG BAC PGS TS vlfONG XUA.NTINH TS TRAN HONG H~NH MODAU Chuang Chuang Chuang KHAI NIeM, LY THUYET vA CHI BAo VUNG VAN HOA Toe NGUOI vB PHAT TRIEN BEN DA,e DIEM VAN HOA TRUYEN THONG eUA cAe Toe NGltn VUNG DONG BAe HOI NHAP KINH TE VA VAN HOA eUA cAe Toe NGUOI VUNG DONG BAe TRONG BOI eANH eONG NGHIep HOA, HIeN DAI HOA DAT NUde Chuang 10 DANH GIA TfNH BEN VUNG eUA VAN HOA Toe VUNG DONG BAe 14 NGUOI 17 Chuang TAe DONG eUA HOI NHAP DEN PHAT TRIEN BEN vONG VAN HOA eUA cAe Toe NGUOI VUNG DONG BAe KET LUAN',KIEN NGHl VA GIAI PHAp TAl LIeU THAM KHAo 23 26 31 MODAD D~t van de Trong b6i canh mQt the giOi co nhieu bien dQng, v6i sl! tang tru6ng kinh te thuang kern theo suy thoai moi truang, ad nguyen va bAt cong ve xa hQi; sl! phan hoa gi~lUngheo cang sau sflc giUa cac qu6c gia va khu vl!c, tra nguyen nhan sau xa cua nhiing xung dQt va chien tranh; va d~c bi~t la tac dQng m~t trai cua qua trinh toan c~u hoa da khien phat triln hen vilng tra m1.;1c tieu cua tAt ca cac cQng dong va qu6c gia tren the giOi Tuy nhien, phat triln hen vilng m6i chu yeu t~p trung vao moi truang va kinh te, khia c~nh xa hQi va van hoa thucmg duQ'cd~t m6i quan h~ v6i cac linh vl!c Den nay, tren the giOi va Vi~t Nam da co nhii'ng cong trinh nghien cUu ve van hoa v6i phat trien ben viing v6i tu cach la tr1.;1Qt thu 4, song l~i co c rAt it xem xet van hoa c~n phat trien ben viing nhu the nao, nhAt la nghien CUu thl!c nghi~m Nghien cUu "Phat triln bin viing vi van hoa t(Je ngU'Oitrong qua trinh h(Ji nhi;lp vung Dong Bae" gop ph~n b6 sung vao nhiing h~n che ca ve ly lu~n va thl!C tien Vi~t Nam T6ng quan tai Ii~u a a 2.1 Tinh hinh nghien elm "Phat triln bin viing" va "Phat triln ben viing vi van hoa" tren the'gim M6i quan tam cua the giOi d6i vOi vAn de ph at trien ben viing duQ'c bflt d~u tu nira cu6i the ky xx HQi nghi Stockholm (Th1.;1y ien) nam 1972 co the D duQ'Ccoi la dAu hi~u d~u tien sir d1.;1ng h~m tru "phat trien ben vii'ng" Thu~t p ngii' xuAt hi~n tiep theo vao nam 1980 Chien luC!chao ton The' giOi cua Hi~p hQi Bao ton Thien nhien Qu6c te (Bach khoa toan thu Wikipedia, ma 2007) Uy ban Moi truang va Phat trien The giOi duQ'CD~i hQi dong cua Lien hi~p qu6c khOi xu6ng vao nam 1982, nhung mai den nam 1987, khai ni~m mm duQ'cph6 bien rQng rai mQt bao cao Uy ban vOi tieu de Tuong lai chung cua chung ta Den HQi nghi thuqng dinh ve Moi truang va Phcit trien cua Lien hi~p qu6c t~i Rio de Janerio (Braxin) nam 1992, nhiing nQi dung ve phat trien ben viing da duqc xac dinh tuang d6i d~y du va toan di~n - Chuang trinh nghi sl! 21 Sau 10 nam thl!c hi~n Chuang trinh nghi sl! 21, vao nam 2002, t~i HQi nghi The giOi ve Phcit trien Ben viing t~i Johannesburg (hay gi HQi nghi Rio+ 10) la cam ket phat tri~n ben viing duQ'ctai kh&ng dinh, nhAn m~nh t~m quan trngua sl! long ghep giii'a ba tfl.;lcQt cua phat trien ben viing: phat trien kinh te, c phat trien xa hQi va bao v~ moi truang (Kates va cQng sl!, 2005) Phat trien ben vii'ng ve van hoa cling duQ'c cac t6 chuc qu6c te va hc ia g nu6c ngoai de c~p cAp dQ vi mo, van hoa duQ'Cthua nh~n la nhan t6 quan trng phat trien ben viing t~i HQi nghi thuqng dinh Johannesburg (CQng hoa cua Nam Phi) nam 2002 T~i HQi nghi nay, cac yeu t6 cua van hoa duQ'c cho la co tac dQng t6i phat trien bao gom: cac di san van hoa, sl! da d~ng van hoa, du lich b~n vfrng va ngh~ thu cong truy~n th6ng (UNESCO and Sustainable Development, 2002) Ho~c cac di san van hoa co vi trf quan tn;mg d6i v6i phat tri~n b~n vfrng (Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Development, 2005) 2.2 Tinh hinh nghien cUu "Phtit triin bin vftng" va "Phtit triin bin vftng vi Vlin hoti" Vi¢t Nam Khai ni¢m va St! tiep c~n "phat tri~n b~n vii'ng" xuat hi¢n kha mu¢n b Vi¢t Nam, tit cu6i nhfrng nam 1980 va dau nhfrng nam 1990 Do thu~t ngfr "phat tri~n b~n vfrng" g~n li~n v6i phat tri~n va moi trubng nen no duQ'ccac nha nghien CUll moi trubng b Vi¢t Nam quan tam dau tien Co th~ k~ den Chuong trinh nghien CUll Vi¢t Nam - Ha Lan v6i "Ket qud nghien cuu cac de' an VNRP" (2004); "Tien t6'i moi truiJng bin viing" cua Trung tam Tai nguyen va Moi trubng (1995); "Qudn ly moi truO'ng cho slf phat triin bin viing" (LUll Duc Hai va c¢ng st!, 2000; LUll Duc Hai va Nguy~n NgQc Sinh, 2007); "N ghien citu xay dlfng tieu chi phat triin ben viing cap quoe gia a Vi¢t Nam - giai dOfln I" (Vi¢n Moi truang va Phcit tri~n b~n vfrng, 2003); "Tiep C{lnsinh thai nhan van va phat triin ben viing mien nui Vi¢t Nam" (Le TrQng Cuc, 2005); "Tai nguyen moi truO'ng va ph at triln ben viing" (Le Huy Ba va c¢ng st!, 2006) Chu d~ v~ phat tri~n b~n vfrng cling thu hut cang nhi~u sl! quan tam cua gi6i khoa hQc xa h¢i Co th~ k~ den "DtJi mOi chinh sach xii hqi - Lu(m cu va gidi phap" (Ph~m Xuan Nam, 1997); "Triet ly phat triin a Vi¢t Nam - May van de' cot ye'u" [Ph~m Xuan Nam (chu bien), 2005]; "Vai tro cua van hoa giao dl}C vi¢c tflo l(tp mqt "tam quyln" cho slf ph at triin ben viing cua dat nu6'c tren co' sa kinh te'tri thuc" (Ph~m Xuan Nam, 2007); "Quan ni¢m va thlfC tiln phat triln kinh te: xii hqi toe dq nhanh, be'n viing chat luC/ngcao aVi¢t Nam" [Dinh Van An (chu bien), 2005]; "Phat triin ben viing a Vi¢t Nam: tlfU, co' hqi, thach thuc va triln w;mg" (Nguy~n Quang Thai va Ngo Th~ng Lqi, 2007); "Phat triln ben viing - Ky yeu Hqi nghi toan quoe ldn thu nhat" (2004); "Phat triln ben viing mien nui Vi¢t Nam - mum nam nhin lfli va cac van de'd{it ra" (2002); "Phat triln hen vilng vung dan tqc thiiu so' va mien u nui Vi¢t Nam" (Uy ban Dan t¢c, 2006); "Phat triln nong thon hen vilng: nhiing van de'ly lu(tn va kinh nghi¢m the' giOi" [Tran NgQc Ngo~n (chu bien), 2008] Ngoai ra, phai k~ den m¢t s6 cac cong trinh nghien CUll v~ dan s6, ngum, kinh te, xa h¢i khac duQ'c dang tai tren nhi~u phuong ti¢n thong tin d~i chung, cac t~p chf khoa hQc chuyen sau co lien quan den phat tri~n b~n vii'ng Tuy nhien, co th~ noi, cho den v~n chua co cong trlnh chuyen khao nao nghien CUll van hoa nhu la m¢t d6i tuqng cua phat tri~n b~n vfrng M.,c tieu nghien coo • Xay dt!llg khai ni¢m va cac chi bao v~ phat tri~n ren vii'ng van hoa t¢c nguai; • Danh gia muc dQ ben viing van hoa cua mQt so tQc nguai vung Dong Bac; • Xem xet anh huang cua qua trinh hQi nh~p tai Sl! ben vting van hoa cua cac tQc ngum khu V\!Cnghien ct1'u; • De xuat cac giai phap nham dam bao phat tri~n ben viing ve van hoa cho cac tQc ngum qua trinh hQi nh~p NQi dung nghien cUu 4.1 Xay dl!llg cac khai ni~m va chi bao ve phat tri~n ben viing van haa tQc ngum Vi~t Nam 4.2 11m hi~u nhting d~c di~m co ban ve van hoa truyen thong cua mQt so tQc ngum vung Dong Bac 4.3 Phan tich qua trlnh hQi nh~p cua cac tQc ngum vung Dong Bac, chu trQng hQi nh~p kinh te, xii hQi va van hoa k~ tu D6i mai den 4.4 Danh gia muc dQ ben viing ve van hoa cua cac tQc nguai vung Dong Bac tren co sa cac tieu chi dii xay dl!ng 4.5 Xem xet tac dQng cua hQi nh~p den s\! ren vting cua van hoa tQc ngum vung Dong Bac qua chieu huang, phuong thuc va h~ qua cua cac tac dQng 4.6 Xay dl!llg khuyen nghi ve chinh sach va thl!c hi~n chinh sach d~ dam bao vi~c phat tri~n ben vung van hoa cua cac tQc nguai vung Dong Bac Phuong phap nghien cUu D~ th\!c hi~n de tai nay, chung toi sir dl;lng phuong phap chuyen gia, phuong phap dien da dan tQc hQc (quan sat tham d\!, phong van sau, thao lu~n nhom, dieu tra bang phieu hoi), phan tich soli~u (SPSS ) V6i vi~c ap dl;lng cac phuong phap tren, nghien cUu vua mang tinh dinh tinh va dinh luqng Ph;;tm vi nghien cUu Don vi duQ'c nghien CUutren th\!c dia la cQng dong lang bani t6 dan Qua trinh hQi nh~p cua cac tQc ngum vung Dong Bac duQ'c xac dinh tu tien hanh cong cUQcD6i mai (1986) den Do kha nang tai chinh co ht;tn nen nghien CUu chi duQ'c tien hanh tt;ti tinh la Lt;tng Son - nm co khu Vl!c cira khau, rat phat tri~n ve kinh te bien m~u, va Thai Nguyen - dnh khu Vl!ctrung tam cua vling Dong Bac, co sl! phat tri~n mt;tnh ve cong nghi~p va thi hoa dan tQc duQ'c nghien cUu la Tay, Nung, Dao, San DIu va Kinh song khu vl!c ven thi va ca nm xa thi Gi6i thi~u cac di~m nghien cuu a a a 7.1 Tt;li tlnh Lfmg Sun 7.1.1 Than po Ce;ti (dan l(jc Tay) Thon PO Ct;ti la mQt cac thon cua xii Gia Cat (huy~n Caa L(>c,tinh L~ng San), g6m 94 hQ Trong trQt la thu nh~p chinh cua dong bao Chan nuoi day rat phat tri~n Ngoai ra, mQt so hQ co them thu nh~p tu cac hOt;ttdQng phi nong nghi~p: khai thac g6, thQ'mQc, thQ'xay, lam thue, kinh doanh nho a Vai sl! da dl:mg v~ nguon song, dai song cua ngum dan dia phuang cang duqc cai thi¢n So hQ kha chiem khoang 40%, hQ ngheo - tren 20%, l~i la cac hQ trung blnh To~m thon co xe cong nong, khoang 20 may cay nhc>,7 may xay xat, 2/3 so hQ co xe may, 80% so hQ co xe d~p, da so cac hQ d~u co ti vi Chinh sl! phat tri~n cua kinh te hQ cling phan nao tac dQng den sl! da d~ng van hoa hi¢n cua ngum dan dia phuang 1.2 Than San Hfmg (dan f(JcNimg) Thon San H6ng cling thu