THÔNG TIN TÀI LIỆU
✣❸■ ❍➴❈ ❚❍⑩■ ◆●❯❨➊◆
❚❘×❮◆● ✣❸■ ❍➴❈ ❑❍❖❆ ❍➴❈
❚❘❺◆ ❱❿◆ ❚❰■
P❍×❒◆● ❚❘➐◆❍ ❱⑨ ❇❻❚
P❍×❒◆● ❚❘➐◆❍ ▲❆P▲❆❈❊
❈❤✉②➯♥ ♥❣➔♥❤✿ ❚❖⑩◆ Ù◆● ❉Ö◆●
▼➣ sè✿ ✻✵✳ ✹✻✳ ✵✶✳ ✶✷
▲❯❾◆ ❱❿◆ ❚❍❸❈ ❙➒ ❚❖⑩◆ ❍➴❈
❍÷î♥❣ ❞➝♥ ❦❤♦❛ ❤å❝
P●❙✳ ❚❙ ❍⑨ ❚■➌◆ ◆●❖❸◆
❚❤→✐ ◆❣✉②➯♥ ✲ ✷✵✶✹
▼ö❝ ❧ö❝
▼ð ✤➛✉
✶
✶ ◆❣❤✐➺♠ ❝õ❛ ♣❤÷ì♥❣ tr➻♥❤ ✈➔ ❜➜t ♣❤÷ì♥❣ tr➻♥❤ ▲❛♣❧❛❝❡ ✸
✶✳✶ ❈→❝ ✤à♥❤ ♥❣❤➽❛✳ ❈æ♥❣ t❤ù❝ t➼❝❤ ♣❤➙♥ tø♥❣ ♣❤➛♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
✶✳✶✳✶ ❍➔♠ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛✱ ❤➔♠ ❞÷î✐ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛ ✈➔ ❤➔♠ tr➯♥
✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
✶✳✶✳✷ ❈æ♥❣ t❤ù❝ t➼❝❤ ♣❤➙♥ tø♥❣ ♣❤➛♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
✶✳✷ ✣➥♥❣ t❤ù❝ ✈➔ ❜➜t ✤➥♥❣ t❤ù❝ ✤è✐ ✈î✐ ❣✐→ trà tr✉♥❣ ❜➻♥❤ ✳
✶✳✷✳✶ ❈→❝ ✤↕✐ ❧÷ñ♥❣ tr✉♥❣ ❜➻♥❤ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
✶✳✷✳✷ ✣à♥❤ ❧þ ✈➲ ❣✐→ trà tr✉♥❣ ❜➻♥❤ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
✶✳✸ ◆❣✉②➯♥ ❧þ ❝ü❝ ✤↕✐ ✈➔ ❝ü❝ t✐➸✉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
✶✳✸✳✶ ◆❣✉②➯♥ ❧þ ❝ü❝ ✤↕✐ ♠↕♥❤ ✈➔ ♥❣✉②➯♥ ❧þ ❝ü❝ t✐➸✉
♠↕♥❤ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
✶✳✸✳✷ ❚➼♥❤ ❞✉② ♥❤➜t ♥❣❤✐➺♠ ❝õ❛ ❜➔✐ t♦→♥ ❉✐r✐❝❤❧❡t
❝❤♦ ♣❤÷ì♥❣ tr➻♥❤ ▲❛♣❧❛❝❡ ✈➔ ♣❤÷ì♥❣ tr➻♥❤ P♦✐ss♦♥
✷ ❈→❝ t➼♥❤ ❝❤➜t ❝õ❛ ❤➔♠ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛
✷✳✶ ❇➜t ✤➥♥❣ t❤ù❝ ❍❛r♥❛❝❦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
✷✳✷ ❈æ♥❣ t❤ù❝ ●r❡❡♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
✷✳✷✳✶ ❈æ♥❣ t❤ù❝ ●r❡❡♥ t❤ù ♥❤➜t ✈➔ ❝æ♥❣ t❤ù❝ ●r❡❡♥
t❤ù ❤❛✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
✷✳✷✳✷ ◆❣❤✐➺♠ ❝ì ❜↔♥ ❝õ❛ ♣❤÷ì♥❣ tr➻♥❤ ▲❛♣❧❛❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
✐
✸
✸
✹
✺
✺
✻
✼
✼
✽
✶✶
✶✶
✶✸
✶✸
✶✸
✷✳✸
✷✳✹
✷✳✺
✷✳✻
✷✳✼
✷✳✷✳✸ ❍➔♠ ●r❡❡♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
❍➔♠ ●r❡❡♥ ❝õ❛ ❜➔✐ t♦→♥ ❉✐r✐❝❤❧❡t tr♦♥❣ ❤➻♥❤ ❝➛✉✳ ❈æ♥❣
t❤ù❝ P♦✐ss♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
✷✳✸✳✶ ❍➔♠ ●r❡❡♥ ❝õ❛ ❜➔✐ t♦→♥ ❉✐r✐❝❤❧❡t tr♦♥❣ ❤➻♥❤ ❝➛✉
✷✳✸✳✷ ❈æ♥❣ t❤ù❝ P♦✐ss♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
✣à♥❤ ❧þ ❤ë✐ tö ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
✷✳✹✳✶ ✣✐➲✉ ❦✐➺♥ ❝➛♥ ✈➔ ✤õ ✤➸ ♠ët ❤➔♠ ❧➔ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛ ✳ ✳
✷✳✹✳✷ ❈→❝ ✤à♥❤ ❧þ ❤ë✐ tö ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
✣→♥❤ ❣✐→ ❜➯♥ tr♦♥❣ ♠✐➲♥ ✤è✐ ✈î✐ ❝→❝ ✤↕♦ ❤➔♠ ❝õ❛ ❤➔♠
✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
✷✳✺✳✶ ✣→♥❤ ❣✐→ ❜➯♥ tr♦♥❣ ♠✐➲♥ ✤è✐ ✈î✐ ✤↕♦ ❤➔♠ ❝➜♣ ✶
✷✳✺✳✷ ✣→♥❤ ❣✐→ ❜➯♥ tr♦♥❣ ♠✐➲♥ ✤è✐ ✈î✐ ✤↕♦ ❤➔♠ ❜➜t ❦ý
❇➔✐ t♦→♥ ❉✐r✐❝❤❧❡t✳ P❤÷ì♥❣ ♣❤→♣ ❤➔♠ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛ ❞÷î✐ ✳ ✳
✷✳✻✳✶ ▼ð rë♥❣ ❦❤→✐ ♥✐➺♠ ❤➔♠ ❞÷î✐ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛ ✈➔ ❤➔♠
tr➯♥ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
✷✳✻✳✷ ❈→❝ t➼♥❤ ❝❤➜t ❝õ❛ ❤➔♠ ❞÷î✐ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛ ✈➔ ❤➔♠
tr➯♥ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛ ♠ð rë♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
✷✳✻✳✸ P❤÷ì♥❣ ♣❤→♣ P❡rr♦♥ ✭P❤÷ì♥❣ ♣❤→♣ ❤➔♠ ✤✐➲✉
❤á❛ ❞÷î✐✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
✷✳✻✳✹ ❍➔♠ ❝❤➢♥ t↕✐ ♠ët ✤✐➸♠ tr➯♥ ❜✐➯♥✱ ❦❤→✐ ♥✐➺♠
✤✐➸♠ ❝❤➼♥❤ q✉② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
✷✳✻✳✺ ❚➼♥❤ ❣✐↔✐ ✤÷ñ❝ ❝õ❛ ❜➔✐ t♦→♥ ❉✐r✐❝❤❧❡t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
✷✳✻✳✻ ✣✐➲✉ ❦✐➺♥ ❤➻♥❤ ❝➛✉ ♥❣♦➔✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
❉✉♥❣ ❧÷ñ♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
✶✺
✶✻
✶✻
✶✽
✶✾
✶✾
✷✵
✷✶
✷✶
✷✶
✷✷
✷✸
✷✸
✷✺
✷✻
✷✽
✸✵
✸✵
❑➳t ❧✉➟♥
✸✷
❚➔✐ ❧✐➺✉ t❤❛♠ ❦❤↔♦
✸✸
✐✐
▲í✐ ❝❛♠ ✤♦❛♥
❚æ✐ ①✐♥ ❝❛♠ ✤♦❛♥✱ ▲✉➟♥ ✈➠♥ ♥➔② ❧➔ ❝æ♥❣ tr➻♥❤ ♥❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ù✉ ❝õ❛ tæ✐
❞÷î✐ sü ❤÷î♥❣ ❞➝♥ trü❝ t✐➳♣ ❝õ❛ P●❙✳ ❚❙ ❍➔ ❚✐➳♥ ◆❣♦↕♥✳
❚r♦♥❣ q✉→ tr➻♥❤ ♥❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ù✉ ✤➲ t➔✐ ▲✉➟♥ ✈➠♥✱ tæ✐ ✤➣ ❦➳ t❤ø❛ t❤➔♥❤
q✉↔ ❦❤♦❛ ❤å❝ ❝õ❛ ❝→❝ ♥❤➔ ❚♦→♥ ❤å❝ ✈➔ ❝→❝ ♥❤➔ ❑❤♦❛ ❤å❝ ✈î✐ sü tr➙♥
trå♥❣ ✈➔ ❜✐➳t ì♥✳
❚❤→✐ ◆❣✉②➯♥✱ t❤→♥❣ ✶✵ ♥➠♠ ✷✵✶✹
❚→❝ ❣✐↔
❚r➛♥ ❱➠♥ ❚î✐
✐✐✐
▲í✐ ❝↔♠ ì♥
▲✉➟♥ ✈➠♥ ✤÷ñ❝ ❤♦➔♥ t❤➔♥❤ t↕✐ tr÷í♥❣ ✣↕✐ ❤å❝ ❑❤♦❛ ❤å❝✱ ✣↕✐ ❤å❝
❚❤→✐ ◆❣✉②➯♥ ❞÷î✐ sü ❤÷î♥❣ ❞➝♥ t➟♥ t➻♥❤ ❝õ❛ P●❙✳ ❚❙ ❍➔ ❚✐➳♥ ◆❣♦↕♥✳
❚æ✐ ①✐♥ ❜➔② tä ❧á♥❣ ❜✐➳t ì♥ ❝❤➙♥ t❤➔♥❤ ✈➔ s➙✉ s➢❝ ✈➲ sü t➟♥ t➙♠ ✈➔
♥❤✐➺t t➻♥❤ ❝õ❛ ❚❤➛② tr♦♥❣ s✉èt q✉→ tr➻♥❤ tæ✐ t❤ü❝ ❤✐➺♥ ❧✉➟♥ ✈➠♥✳
❚æ✐ ①✐♥ ❝❤➙♥ t❤➔♥❤ ❝↔♠ ì♥ ❇❛♥ ●✐→♠ ❤✐➺✉✱ ♣❤á♥❣ ✣➔♦ t↕♦ ❑❤♦❛
❤å❝ ✈➔ ◗✉❛♥ ❤➺ q✉è❝ t➳✱ ❑❤♦❛ ❚♦→♥ ✲ ❚✐♥ tr÷í♥❣ ✣↕✐ ❤å❝ ❑❤♦❛ ❤å❝✱
✣↕✐ ❤å❝ ❚❤→✐ ◆❣✉②➯♥ ✈➔ q✉þ t❤➛② ❝æ t❤❛♠ ❣✐❛ ❣✐↔♥❣ ❞↕② ❧î♣ ❝❛♦ ❤å❝
❦❤â❛ ✻ ✭✷✵✶✷ ✲ ✷✵✶✹✮ ✤➣ q✉❛♥ t➙♠✱ ❣✐ó♣ ✤ï ✈➔ ♠❛♥❣ ✤➳♥ ❝❤♦ tæ✐ ♥❤✐➲✉
❦✐➳♥ t❤ù❝ ❜ê ➼❝❤ tr♦♥❣ s✉èt t❤í✐ ❣✐❛♥ ❤å❝ t➟♣ t↕✐ tr÷í♥❣✳
❚æ✐ ❝ô♥❣ ①✐♥ ❣û✐ ❧í✐ ❝↔♠ ì♥ ✤➳♥ ❣✐❛ ✤➻♥❤✱ ❜↕♥ ❜➧ ✈➔ ❝→❝ ✤ç♥❣ ♥❣❤✐➺♣
✤➣ ✤ë♥❣ ✈✐➯♥✱ ❣✐ó♣ ✤ï tr♦♥❣ q✉→ tr➻♥❤ ❤å❝ t➟♣ ❝õ❛ ♠➻♥❤✳
❉♦ t❤í✐ ❣✐❛♥ ✈➔ ❦✐➳♥ t❤ù❝ ❝á♥ ❤↕♥ ❝❤➳ ♥➯♥ ❧✉➟♥ ✈➠♥ ❦❤æ♥❣ tr→♥❤
❦❤ä✐ ♥❤ú♥❣ t❤✐➳✉ sât✳ ❚→❝ ❣✐↔ r➜t ♠♦♥❣ ♥❤➟♥ ✤÷ñ❝ sü ❣â♣ þ ❝õ❛ q✉þ
t❤➛② ❝æ ✈➔ ❜↕♥ ✤å❝ ✤➸ ❧✉➟♥ ✈➠♥ ✤÷ñ❝ ❤♦➔♥ t❤✐➺♥ ❤ì♥✳
❳✐♥ tr➙♥ trå♥❣ ❝↔♠ ì♥✦
❚❤→✐ ◆❣✉②➯♥✱ t❤→♥❣ ✶✵ ♥➠♠ ✷✵✶✹
❚→❝ ❣✐↔
❚r➛♥ ❱➠♥ ❚î✐
✐✈
▼ð ✤➛✉
P❤÷ì♥❣ tr➻♥❤ ▲❛♣❧❛❝❡ ❧➔ ♠ët ♣❤÷ì♥❣ tr➻♥❤ ❝ì ❜↔♥ ✈➔ ❝ê ✤✐➸♥ ❝õ❛
❧þ t❤✉②➳t ♣❤÷ì♥❣ tr➻♥❤ ✤↕♦ ❤➔♠ r✐➯♥❣✳ ✣➙② ❧➔ ✤↕✐ ❞✐➺♥ q✉❛♥ trå♥❣
❝õ❛ ❧î♣ ♣❤÷ì♥❣ tr➻♥❤ ❡❧❧✐♣t✐❝✳ ❱✐➺❝ tê♥❣ q✉❛♥ ❝→❝ t➼♥❤ ❝❤➜t ❝ì ❜↔♥ ❝õ❛
♥❣❤✐➺♠ ♣❤÷ì♥❣ tr➻♥❤ ✈➔ ❜➜t ♣❤÷ì♥❣ tr➻♥❤ ▲❛♣❧❛❝❡ ❧➔ ❝➛♥ t❤✐➳t✳ ✣â ❧➔
❝→❝ ❤➔♠ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛✱ tr➯♥ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛ ✈➔ ❞÷î✐ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛✳ ✣è✐ ✈î✐ ❝→❝ ❤➔♠
♥➔② ❝â r➜t ♥❤✐➲✉ t➼♥❤ ❝❤➜t✱ ✤à♥❤ ❧þ ✤➣ ✤÷ñ❝ ♥❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ù✉✳ ❈❤➥♥❣ ❤↕♥
♥❤÷ ♥❣✉②➯♥ ❧þ ❝ü❝ ✤↕✐✱ ❝→❝ ✤à♥❤ ❧þ ✈➲ ❣✐→ trà tr✉♥❣ ❜➻♥❤✱ ✳✳✳
✣è✐ ✈î✐ ❤➔♠ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛✱ ♥❣❤✐➺♠ s✉② rë♥❣ ❝õ❛ ❜➔✐ t♦→♥ ❜✐➯♥ ❉✐r✐❝❤❧❡t
❧✉æ♥ tç♥ t↕✐✳ ◆❤÷♥❣ ð ❧✉➟♥ ✈➠♥ ♥➔② ♥❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ù✉ ♥❣❤✐➺♠ ❝ê ✤✐➸♥ ❝õ❛
❜➔✐ t♦→♥ ❜✐➯♥ ❉✐r✐❝❤❧❡t✱ ❝ö t❤➸ ①➨t t➼♥❤ ❣✐↔✐ ✤÷ñ❝ ❝õ❛ ❜➔✐ t♦→♥ ❜✐➯♥
❉✐r✐❝❤❧❡t tr♦♥❣ ♠ët ♠✐➲♥ ❜à ❝❤➦♥✱ ♥❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ù✉ ❦❤✐ ♥➔♦ ❜➔✐ t♦→♥ ❉✐r✐❝❤❧❡t
❧➔ ❣✐↔✐ ✤÷ñ❝ tr♦♥❣ ♠✐➲♥ Ω✳ ❈❤➼♥❤ ✈➻ ✈➟②✱ tr♦♥❣ ❧✉➟♥ ✈➠♥ ♥➔② ✤➣ ✤÷❛
✈➔✐ ❦❤→✐ ♥✐➺♠ ✤✐➸♠ ❝❤➼♥❤ q✉② tr➯♥ ❜✐➯♥ ♠➔ ✤÷ñ❝ ✤à♥❤ ♥❣❤➽❛ t❤æ♥❣ q✉❛
❦❤→✐ ♥✐➺♠ ❤➔♠ ❝❤➢♥✳
❑➳t q✉↔ ❝ì ❜↔♥ tr♦♥❣ ❧✉➟♥ ✈➠♥ ♥➔② ❧➔ ✤à♥❤ ❧þ ♥â✐ r➡♥❣ ❜➔✐ t♦→♥
❉✐r✐❝❤❧❡t ❣✐↔✐ ✤÷ñ❝ ❦❤✐ ✈➔ ❝❤➾ ❦❤✐ ♠å✐ ✤✐➸♠ tr➯♥ ❜✐➯♥ ✤➲✉ ❧➔ ✤✐➸♠
❝❤➼♥❤ q✉②✳ P❤➛♥ ❝✉è✐ ❝õ❛ ❧✉➟♥ ✈➠♥ ♥❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ù✉ ❦❤✐ ♥➔♦ ♠ët ✤✐➸♠ ❧➔
❝❤➼♥❤ q✉②✳
▲✉➟♥ ✈➠♥ ❣ç♠ ✷ ❝❤÷ì♥❣✿
❈❤÷ì♥❣ ✶ tr➻♥❤ ❜➔② ❝→❝ ❦❤→✐ ♥✐➺♠✱ t➼♥❤ ❝❤➜t ❝ì ❜↔♥ ✈➲ ♥❣❤✐➺♠ ❝õ❛
♣❤÷ì♥❣ tr➻♥❤ ▲❛♣❧❛❝❡ ✈➔ ❝→❝ ❜➜t ♣❤÷ì♥❣ tr➻♥❤ ▲❛♣❧❛❝❡✳ ✣â ❧➔ ❝→❝ ✤à♥❤
♥❣❤➽❛ ✈➲ ❤➔♠ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛✱ ❤➔♠ ❞÷î✐ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛✱ tr➯♥ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛✱ ❝æ♥❣ t❤ù❝
t➼❝❤ ♣❤➙♥ tø♥❣ ♣❤➛♥✱ ❝→❝ ✤➥♥❣ t❤ù❝ ✈➔ ❜➜t ✤➥♥❣ t❤ù❝ ❣✐→ trà tr✉♥❣
✶
❜➻♥❤✱ ♥❣✉②➯♥ ❧þ ❝ü❝ ✤↕✐ ✈➔ ❝ü❝ t✐➸✉✳
❈❤÷ì♥❣ ✷ ♥❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ù✉ ❝→❝ t➼♥❤ ❝❤➜t ❝ì ❜↔♥ ❝õ❛ ❤➔♠ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛✳ ✣â
❧➔ ❜➜t ✤➥♥❣ t❤ù❝ ❍❛r♥❛❝❦✱ ✤÷❛ ✈➔♦ ❝æ♥❣ t❤ù❝ ●r❡❡♥✱ ❤➔♠ ●r❡❡♥ ✤è✐
✈î✐ ❜➔✐ t♦→♥ ❉✐r✐❝❤❧❡t✱ ♥❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ù✉ ✤à♥❤ ❧þ ❤ë✐ tö ✈➔ ❝→❝ ✤→♥❤ ❣✐→ ❜➯♥
tr♦♥❣ ✤è✐ ✈î✐ ❤➔♠ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛✳ P❤➛♥ ❝✉è✐ ♥❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ù✉ ❜➔✐ t♦→♥ ❉✐r✐❝❤❧❡t
❝❤♦ ❤➔♠ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛ ❜➡♥❣ ♣❤÷ì♥❣ ♣❤→♣ ❤➔♠ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛ ❞÷î✐✳ ❇➡♥❣ ♣❤÷ì♥❣
♣❤→♣ ♥➔② ✤➣ ✤÷❛ ✈➔♦ ❦❤→✐ ♥✐➺♠ ✤✐➸♠ ❝❤➼♥❤ q✉② tr➯♥ ❜✐➯♥✱ ♣❤→t ❜✐➸✉
✈➔ ❝❤ù♥❣ ♠✐♥❤ ✤à♥❤ ❧þ ✈➲ ✤✐➲✉ ❦✐➺♥ ❝➛♥ ✈➔ ✤õ ❝❤♦ t➼♥❤ ❣✐↔✐ ✤÷ñ❝ ❝õ❛
❜➔✐ t♦→♥ ❜✐➯♥ ❉✐r✐❝❤❧❡t✳ ✣÷❛ ✈➔♦ ✤✐➲✉ ❦✐➺♥ ✤õ ❝❤♦ t➼♥❤ ❝❤➼♥❤ q✉②✱ ✤â ❧➔
✤✐➲✉ ❦✐➺♥ ❤➻♥❤ ❝➛✉ ♥❣♦➔✐ ❝õ❛ ♠✐➲♥✳ ✣✐➲✉ ❦✐➺♥ ❝➛♥ ✈➔ ✤õ ❝❤♦ t➼♥❤ ❝❤➼♥❤
q✉② ❝õ❛ ♠ët ✤✐➸♠ tr➯♥ ❜✐➯♥ ✤÷ñ❝ ♣❤→t ❜✐➸✉ t❤æ♥❣ q✉❛ ❦❤→✐ ♥✐➺♠ ❞✉♥❣
❧÷ñ♥❣✳
❚➔✐ ❧✐➺✉ t❤❛♠ ❦❤↔♦ ❝❤➼♥❤ ❝õ❛ ❧✉➟♥ ✈➠♥ ❧➔ ❝❤÷ì♥❣ ✷ ❝õ❛ t➔✐ ❧✐➺✉ ❬✷❪✳
✷
❈❤÷ì♥❣ ✶
◆❣❤✐➺♠ ❝õ❛ ♣❤÷ì♥❣ tr➻♥❤ ✈➔ ❜➜t
♣❤÷ì♥❣ tr➻♥❤ ▲❛♣❧❛❝❡
✶✳✶ ❈→❝ ✤à♥❤ ♥❣❤➽❛✳ ❈æ♥❣ t❤ù❝ t➼❝❤ ♣❤➙♥ tø♥❣
♣❤➛♥
✶✳✶✳✶ ❍➔♠ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛✱ ❤➔♠ ❞÷î✐ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛ ✈➔ ❤➔♠ tr➯♥ ✤✐➲✉
❤á❛
❑þ ❤✐➺✉✿
x = (x1 , x2 , ..., xn ) ∈ Rn ,
x21 + x22 + ... + x2n .
||x|| =
✣à♥❤ ♥❣❤➽❛ ✶✳✶✳✶✳
❈❤♦ Ω ❧➔ ♠ët ♠✐➲♥ tr♦♥❣ Rn ✈➔ ❤➔♠ sè u t❤✉ë❝ C 2(Ω) ✳ ❚♦→♥ tû
▲❛♣❧❛❝❡ t→❝ ✤ë♥❣ ❧➯♥ u✱ ❦➼ ❤✐➺✉ ❧➔ ∆u✱ ✤÷ñ❝ ①→❝ ✤à♥❤ ❜ð✐✿
n
Dj 2 u = divDu,
∆u =
j=1
tr♦♥❣ ✤â✱
Du = (D1 u, D2 u, ..., Dn u)
∂u
Dj u =
✱
∂xj
✸
❧➔ ❣r❛❞✐❡♥t ❝õ❛ u,
✭✶✳✶✮
∂ 2u
∂ 2u
∂ 2u
∆u =
+
+ ... +
= div(Du)✳
∂x1 2 ∂x2 2
∂xn 2
❍➔♠ sè u ✤÷ñ❝ ❣å✐ ❧➔ ❤➔♠ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛ ✭❤➔♠ ❞÷î✐ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛✱ ❤➔♠ tr➯♥
✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛ ✮ tr♦♥❣ Ω ♥➳✉ ♥â t❤ä❛ ♠➣♥✿
∆u(x) = 0 (≥ 0, ≤ 0), ∀x ∈ Ω.
✭✶✳✷✮
❚r♦♥❣ ❝❤÷ì♥❣ ♥➔② ❝❤ó♥❣ t❛ ♣❤→t tr✐➸♥ ♠ët sè t➼♥❤ ❝❤➜t ❝õ❛ ❤➔♠
✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛✱ ❤➔♠ ❞÷î✐ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛ ✈➔ ❤➔♠ tr➯♥ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛ ❞ò♥❣ ✤➸ ♥❣❤✐➯♥
❝ù✉ t➼♥❤ ❣✐↔✐ ✤÷ñ❝ ❝õ❛ ❜➔✐ t♦→♥ ❉✐r✐❝❤❧❡t ❝ê ✤✐➸♥ ❝❤♦ ♣❤÷ì♥❣ tr➻♥❤
▲❛♣❧❛❝❡✱ ∆u = 0✳ P❤÷ì♥❣ tr➻♥❤ ▲❛♣❧❛❝❡ ✈➔ ♣❤÷ì♥❣ tr➻♥❤ ❦❤æ♥❣ t❤✉➛♥
♥❤➜t t÷ì♥❣ ù♥❣ ❝õ❛ ♥â✱ ♣❤÷ì♥❣ tr➻♥❤ P♦✐ss♦♥ −∆u = f ✱ ❧➔ ♠æ ❤➻♥❤
❝ì ❜↔♥ ❝õ❛ ♣❤÷ì♥❣ tr➻♥❤ t✉②➳♥ t➼♥❤ ❡❧✐♣t✐❝✳
✶✳✶✳✷ ❈æ♥❣ t❤ù❝ t➼❝❤ ♣❤➙♥ tø♥❣ ♣❤➛♥
●✐↔ sû Ω
⊂ Rn ❧➔ ♠✐➲♥ ❜à ❝❤➦♥ tr♦♥❣ Rn ✈î✐ ❜✐➯♥ ∂Ω✱ ❦þ ❤✐➺✉
µ = (µ1 , µ2 , ..., µn ) ❧➔ ✈➨❝tì ♣❤→♣ t✉②➳♥ ♥❣♦➔✐ ✤ì♥ ✈à t↕✐ ✤✐➸♠ x ∈ ∂Ω✱
dS ❧➔ ♣❤➛♥ tû ❞✐➺♥ t➼❝❤ ❝õ❛ ∂Ω✳
¯ ✱ t❛ ❝â ❝æ♥❣ t❤ù❝ t➼❝❤ ♣❤➙♥ tø♥❣ ♣❤➛♥✿
❱î✐ u✱v ∈ C 1(Ω) ∩ C 0(Ω)
(Dj u)vdx = −
Ω
u(Dj v)dx +
Ω
uvµj dS.
✭✶✳✸✮
∂Ω
❚ø ❝æ♥❣ t❤ù❝ tr➯♥ t❛ s✉② r❛ ✣à♥❤ ❧þ ♣❤➙♥ ❦➻ s❛✉ ✤➙②✳ ❈❤♦ tr÷í♥❣
¯ ✳ ❑❤✐ ✤â t❛ ❝â
✈➨❝tì ❜➜t ❦➻ w = (w1, w2, ..., wn) tr♦♥❣ C 1(Ω)
divwdx =
Ω
(w, µ)dS,
Ω
n
j
✳
tr♦♥❣ ✤â✱ divw = ∂w
∂x
j
j=1
❚❤➟t ✈➟②✱ →♣ ❞ö♥❣ ❝æ♥❣ t❤ù❝ ✭✶✳✸✮ t❛ ❝â✿
✹
✭✶✳✹✮
n
n
Dj wj dx =
divwdx =
Ω j=1
Ω
(Dj wj ).1.dx
Ω j=1
n
wj .1.µj dS
=
∂Ω j=1
=
∂Ω
¯
C 2 (Ω)
✣➦❝ ❜✐➺t ♥➳✉ u ❧➔ ♠ët ❤➔♠ tr♦♥❣
tr♦♥❣ ✭✶✳✹✮ ❝❤ó♥❣ t❛ ❝â✿
∆udx =
Ω
tr♦♥❣ ✤â
div(Du)dx =
Ω
(w, µ)dS.
❜➡♥❣ ❝→❝❤ ✤➦t w = Du
∂u
dS,
∂µ
Du.µ.dS =
∂Ω
✭✶✳✺✮
∂Ω
n ∂u
∂u
=
µj ✳
∂µ j=1 ∂xj
✶✳✷ ✣➥♥❣ t❤ù❝ ✈➔ ❜➜t ✤➥♥❣ t❤ù❝ ✤è✐ ✈î✐ ❣✐→ trà
tr✉♥❣ ❜➻♥❤
✶✳✷✳✶ ❈→❝ ✤↕✐ ❧÷ñ♥❣ tr✉♥❣ ❜➻♥❤
❑þ ❤✐➺✉ ωn ❧➔ t❤➸ t➼❝❤ ❝õ❛ ❤➻♥❤ ❝➛✉ ✤ì♥ ✈à tr♦♥❣ Rn✳ ❑❤✐ ✤â✿
❚❤➸ t➼❝❤ ❝õ❛ ❤➻♥❤ ❝➛✉ ❜→♥ ❦➼♥❤ R ❧➔ ωnRn✳
❉✐➺♥ t➼❝❤ ❝õ❛ ♠➦t ❝➛✉ ✤ì♥ ✈à ❧➔✿ nωn✳
❉✐➺♥ t➼❝❤ ❝õ❛ ♠➦t ❝➛✉ ❜→♥ ❦➼♥❤ R ❧➔ nωnRn−1✳
✣↕✐ ❧÷ñ♥❣ tr✉♥❣ ❜➻♥❤ ❝õ❛ ❤➔♠ sè u tr➯♥ ♠➦t ❝➛✉ B ❜→♥ ❦➼♥❤ R ❧➔✿
1
nωn Rn−1
udS.
∂B
✣↕✐ ❧÷ñ♥❣ tr✉♥❣ ❜➻♥❤ ❝õ❛ ❤➔♠ sè u tr♦♥❣ ❤➻♥❤ ❝➛✉ B ❜→♥ ❦➼♥❤ R ❧➔✿
1
ωn R n
udx.
B
✺
✶✳✷✳✷ ✣à♥❤ ❧þ ✈➲ ❣✐→ trà tr✉♥❣ ❜➻♥❤
✣à♥❤ ❧þ ✤➛✉ t✐➯♥ ❝õ❛ ❝❤ó♥❣ t❛ ✤â ❧➔ ♠ët ❤➺ q✉↔ ❝õ❛ ✤ç♥❣ ♥❤➜t t❤ù❝
✭✶✳✺✮✱ ❜❛♦ ❣ç♠ ❝→❝ t➼♥❤ ❝❤➜t ♥ê✐ t✐➳♥❣ ✈➲ ❣✐→ trà tr✉♥❣ ❜➻♥❤ ❝õ❛ ❤➔♠
✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛✱ ❤➔♠ ❞÷î✐ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛ ✈➔ ❤➔♠ tr➯♥ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛✳
✣à♥❤ ❧➼ ✶✳✷✳✶✳
●✐↔ sû u ∈ C 2(Ω) t❤ä❛ ♠➣♥ ∆u = 0 (≥ 0, ≤ 0) tr♦♥❣ Ω✳ ❈❤♦ ❤➻♥❤
❝➛✉ ❜➜t ❦ý t➙♠ t↕✐ y ✈➔ ❜→♥ ❦➼♥❤ R✿ B = BR(y) ⊂⊂ Ω✱ ❦❤✐ ✤â t❛ ❝â✿
1
u(y) = (≤, ≥)
udS,
✭✶✳✻✮
nω Rn−1
n
∂B
u(y) = (≤, ≥)
1
ωn R n
✭✶✳✼✮
udx.
B
✣è✐ ✈î✐ ❝→❝ ❤➔♠ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛✱ ✣à♥❤ ❧þ ✶✳✷✳✶ ❦❤➥♥❣ ✤à♥❤ r➡♥❣ ❣✐→ trà ❝õ❛
❤➔♠ t↕✐ t➙♠ ❝õ❛ ❤➻♥❤ ❝➛✉ B ❜➡♥❣ ❣✐→ trà tr✉♥❣ ❜➻♥❤ t➼❝❤ ♣❤➙♥ tr➯♥ ❝↔
♠➦t ❝➛✉ ∂B ✈➔ tr♦♥❣ ❤➻♥❤ ❝➛✉ B ✳ ◆❤ú♥❣ ❦➳t q✉↔ tr➯♥ ❣å✐ ❧➔ ✣à♥❤ ❧þ
❣✐→ trà tr✉♥❣ ❜➻♥❤✱ tr➯♥ t❤ü❝ t➳ ❝❤ó♥❣ ❝ô♥❣ ♠æ t↔ t➼♥❤ ❝❤➜t ✤➦❝ tr÷♥❣
❝õ❛ ❤➔♠ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛ ✭①❡♠ ✣à♥❤ ❧þ ✷✳✹✳✶ ❞÷î✐ ✤➙②✮✳
❈❤ù♥❣ ♠✐♥❤✳
❈❤♦ ρ ∈ (0, R) ✈➔ →♣ ❞ö♥❣ ✤ç♥❣ ♥❤➜t t❤ù❝ ✭✶✳✺✮ ❝❤♦ ❤➻♥❤ ❝➛✉
Bρ = Bρ (y) ❝❤ó♥❣ t❛ t❤✉ ✤÷ñ❝✿
∂u
dS =
∂µ
∆udx = (≥, ≤)0.
Bρ
∂Bρ
❉ò♥❣ ♣❤➨♣ ❜✐➳♥ ✤ê✐ tå❛ ✤ë t❤❡♦ ❜→♥ ❦➼♥❤ ✈➔ ❣â❝
x−y
✈➔ ✈✐➳t u(x) = u(y + rω)✱ ❝❤ó♥❣ t❛ ❝â✿
ω=
r
∂u
dS =
∂µ
∂Bρ
∂u
(y + rω)dS = ρn−1
∂r
∂u
(y + rω)dω
∂r
|ω|=1
∂Bρ
= ρn−1
r = |x − y|✱
∂
∂ρ
u(y + rω)dω = ρn−1
|ω=1|
∂ n−1
ρ
∂ρ
∂Bρ
= (≥, ≤) 0.
✻
udS
❉♦ ✤â✱ ✈î✐ ρ ∈ (0, R) ❜➜t ❦ý t❛ ❝â✿
ρ1−n
udS = (≤, ≥) R1−n
udS.
∂BR
∂Bρ
▼➦t ❦❤→❝✱ t❛ ❝â✿
lim ρ1−n
ρ→0
udS = nωn u(y),
∂Bρ
tr♦♥❣ ✤â ωn ❧➔ ❞✐➺♥ t➼❝❤ ♠➦t ❝õ❛ ♠➦t ❝➛✉ ✤ì♥ ✈à✳
❚ø ✤â s✉② r❛ ❝æ♥❣ t❤ù❝ ✭✶✳✻✮✳
✣➸ ♥❤➟♥ ✤÷ñ❝ ❜➜t ✤➥♥❣ t❤ù❝ ❣✐→ trà tr✉♥❣ ❜➻♥❤ tr♦♥❣ ❤➻♥❤ ❝➛✉ t❤➻
t❛ ✈✐➳t ❧↕✐ ✭✶✳✻✮ ❞÷î✐ ❞↕♥❣ s❛✉✿
nωn ρn−1 u(y) = (≤, ≥)
udS, ρ ≤ R,
∂Bρ
✈➔ ❧➜② t➼❝❤ ♣❤➙♥ ❤❛✐ ✈➳ ✤è✐ ✈î✐ ρ tø ✵ ✤➳♥ ❘✳ ❚ø ✤â ❝æ♥❣ t❤ù❝ ✭✶✳✼✮
✤÷ñ❝ s✉② r❛ ♥❣❛② ❧➟♣ tù❝✳
✶✳✸ ◆❣✉②➯♥ ❧þ ❝ü❝ ✤↕✐ ✈➔ ❝ü❝ t✐➸✉
✶✳✸✳✶ ◆❣✉②➯♥ ❧þ ❝ü❝ ✤↕✐ ♠↕♥❤ ✈➔ ♥❣✉②➯♥ ❧þ ❝ü❝ t✐➸✉ ♠↕♥❤
❚ø ✣à♥❤ ❧þ ✶✳✷✳✶ t❛ s✉② r❛ ✤÷ñ❝ ♥❣✉②➯♥ ❧þ ❝ü❝ ✤↕✐ ♠↕♥❤ ❝❤♦ ❤➔♠
❞÷î✐ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛ ✈➔ ♥❣✉②➯♥ ❧þ ❝ü❝ t✐➸✉ ♠↕♥❤ ❝❤♦ ❤➔♠ tr➯♥ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛✳
✣à♥❤ ❧➼ ✶✳✸✳✶✳
❈❤♦ ∆u ≥ 0 (≤ 0) tr♦♥❣ Ω ✈➔ ❣✐↔ sû r➡♥❣ tç♥ t↕✐ ♠ët ✤✐➸♠ y ∈ Ω
♠➔ u(y) = sup u (inf
u) t❤➻ ❤➔♠ u ❧➔ ❤➡♥❣ sè✳ ❉♦ ✤â ♠ët ❤➔♠ ✤✐➲✉
Ω
Ω
❤á❛ ❦❤æ♥❣ t❤➸ ♥❤➟♥ ❣✐→ trà ❝ü❝ ✤↕✐ ❤♦➦❝ ❝ü❝ t✐➸✉ tr♦♥❣ ♠✐➲♥ Ω trø ❦❤✐
♥â ❧➔ ❤➡♥❣ sè✳
✼
❈❤ù♥❣ ♠✐♥❤✳
❈❤♦ ∆u ≥ 0 tr♦♥❣ Ω✱ M = sup u ✈➔ ✤➦t
Ω
ΩM = {x ∈ Ω | u(x) = M }.
❚❤❡♦ ❣✐↔ t❤✐➳t ΩM ❦❤→❝ ré♥❣✳ ❍ì♥ ♥ú❛ u ❧➔ ❧✐➯♥ tö❝ tr➯♥ ΩM ♠➔
❧➔ t➟♣ ✤â♥❣ t÷ì♥❣ ✤è✐ tr➯♥ Ω✳
❈❤♦ z ❧➔ ✤✐➸♠ ❜➜t ❦ý tr♦♥❣ ΩM ✈➔ →♣ ❞ö♥❣ ❜➜t ✤➥♥❣ t❤ù❝ ❣✐→ trà
tr✉♥❣ ❜➻♥❤ ✭✶✳✼✮ ❝❤♦ ❤➔♠ ❞÷î✐ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛ u − M tr♦♥❣ ♠ët ❤➻♥❤ ❝➛✉
B = BR (z) ⊂⊂ Ω✳ ❉♦ ✤â ❝❤ó♥❣ t❛ t❤✉ ✤÷ñ❝✿
0 = u(z) − M ≤
1
ωn R n
(u − M )dx ≤ 0,
B
s✉② r❛ u = M tr♦♥❣ BR(z)✳ ❉♦ ✤â ΩM ♠ð t÷ì♥❣ ✤è✐ tr♦♥❣ Ω✳ ❚ø ✤â
ΩM = Ω✱ ✈➻ ✈➟② u ❧➔ ❤➔♠ ❤➡♥❣ tr➯♥ Ω✳
❑➳t q✉↔ ❝❤♦ ❝→❝ ❤➔♠ tr➯♥ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛ ❝â ✤÷ñ❝ ❜➡♥❣ ❝→❝❤ t❤❛② t❤➳ u
❜ð✐ −u✳
✣à♥❤ ❧➼ ✶✳✸✳✷✳
¯ ✈î✐ ∆u ≥ 0 (≤ 0) tr➯♥ Ω✱ ✈î✐ Ω ❧➔ ❜à ❝❤➦♥✱
❈❤♦ u ∈ C 2(Ω) ∩ C 0(Ω)
❦❤✐ ✤â
sup u = sup u (inf u = inf u).
✭✶✳✽✮
Ω
∂Ω
Ω
∂Ω
❉♦ ✤â ❝❤♦ ❤➔♠ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛ u✱ t❛ ❝â✿
inf u ≤ u(x) ≤ sup u, x ∈ Ω.
∂Ω
∂Ω
❚➼♥❤ ❞✉② ♥❤➜t ♥❣❤✐➺♠ ❝❤♦ ❜➔✐ t♦→♥ ❉✐r✐❝❤❧❡t ❝ê ✤✐➸♥ ❝❤♦ ♣❤÷ì♥❣
tr➻♥❤ ▲❛♣❧❛❝❡ ✈➔ ♣❤÷ì♥❣ tr➻♥❤ P♦✐ss♦♥ tr♦♥❣ ♠✐➲♥ ❜à ❝❤➦♥ ✤÷ñ❝ s✉②
r❛ tø ✣à♥❤ ❧þ ✶✳✸✳✷ tr♦♥❣ ♠ö❝ ❞÷î✐ ✤➙②✳
✶✳✸✳✷ ❚➼♥❤ ❞✉② ♥❤➜t ♥❣❤✐➺♠ ❝õ❛ ❜➔✐ t♦→♥ ❉✐r✐❝❤❧❡t ❝❤♦
♣❤÷ì♥❣ tr➻♥❤ ▲❛♣❧❛❝❡ ✈➔ ♣❤÷ì♥❣ tr➻♥❤ P♦✐ss♦♥
❆✳ ❇➔✐ t♦→♥ ❉✐r✐❝❤❧❡t ❝❤♦ ♣❤÷ì♥❣ tr➻♥❤ ▲❛♣❧❛❝❡✿
✽
❈❤♦ Ω ❧➔ ♠✐➲♥ ❜à ❝❤➦♥ tr➯♥ Rn✱ ❦❤✐ ✤â ❜➔✐ t♦→♥ ❉✐r✐❝❤❧❡t ❝❤♦ ♣❤÷ì♥❣
tr➻♥❤ ▲❛♣❧❛❝❡ ❧➔✿ t➻♠ ♠ët ❤➔♠ u : Ω → R t❤ä❛ ♠➣♥
¯
u ∈ C 2 (Ω) ∩ C(Ω),
✈➔
tr♦♥❣ Ω
,
u = ϕ, tr➯♥ ∂Ω
tr♦♥❣ ✤â ϕ ∈ C(∂Ω) ❧➔ ❤➔♠ ❝❤♦ tr÷î❝✳
❇✳ ❇➔✐ t♦→♥ ❉✐r✐❝❤❧❡t ❝❤♦ ♣❤÷ì♥❣ tr➻♥❤ P♦✐ss♦♥✿
❈❤♦ Ω ❧➔ ♠✐➲♥ ❜à ❝❤➦♥ tr➯♥ Rn✱ ❦❤✐ ✤â ❜➔✐ t♦→♥ ❉✐r✐❝❤❧❡t ❝❤♦ ♣❤÷ì♥❣
tr➻♥❤ P♦✐ss♦♥ ❧➔✿ t➻♠ ♠ët ❤➔♠ u : Ω → R t❤ä❛ ♠➣♥
∆u = 0,
¯
u ∈ C 2 (Ω) ∩ C(Ω),
✈➔
tr♦♥❣ Ω
,
u = ϕ, tr➯♥ ∂Ω
tr♦♥❣ ✤â f ∈ C(Ω) ✈➔ ϕ ∈ C(∂Ω) ❧➔ ❤➔♠ ❝❤♦ tr÷î❝✳
−∆u = f,
✣à♥❤ ❧➼ ✶✳✸✳✸✳
¯ t❤ä❛ ♠➣♥ ∆u = ∆v tr♦♥❣ Ω✱ u = v tr➯♥
❈❤♦ u, v ∈ C 2(Ω) ∩ C 0(Ω)
∂Ω t❤➻ u = v tr♦♥❣ Ω✳
❈❤ù♥❣ ♠✐♥❤✳
✣➦t w = u − v✳ ❚❛ ❝â✿ ∆w = 0 tr➯♥ Ω ♥❣❤➽❛ ❧➔ w ❧➔ ❤➔♠ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛
✈➔ w = 0 tr♦♥❣ ∂Ω ✭❞♦ u = v tr➯♥ ∂Ω✮✳ ❉♦
0 = inf w ≤ w(x) ≤ sup w = 0, x ∈ Ω, ✭✣à♥❤
∂Ω
∂Ω
❧þ ✶✳✸✳✷✮.
❙✉② r❛ w = 0 tr♦♥❣ Ω ❤❛② u = v tr♦♥❣ Ω✳
❈❤ó þ r➡♥❣ ❜➡♥❣ ✣à♥❤ ❧þ ✶✳✸✳✷✱ ❝❤ó♥❣ t❛ ❝â ♥➳✉ u ✈➔ v ❧➔ ❝→❝ ❤➔♠
✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛ ✈➔ ❤➔♠ ❞÷î✐ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛ t÷ì♥❣ ù♥❣✱ u = v tr➯♥ ❜✐➯♥ ∂Ω✱ ❦❤✐
✤â v ≤ u tr♦♥❣ Ω✳ ❚➼♥❤ ❝❤➜t ♥➔② ❣✐↔✐ t❤➼❝❤ t↕✐ s❛♦ v ✤÷ñ❝ ❣å✐ ❧➔ ❤➔♠
❞÷î✐ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛✳ ◆❤➟♥ ①➨t t÷ì♥❣ ù♥❣ ❝ô♥❣ ✤ó♥❣ ❝❤♦ ❤➔♠ tr➯♥ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛✱
✾
♥❣❤➽❛ ❧➔ u ❧➔ ❤➔♠ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛✱ v ❧➔ ❤➔♠ tr➯♥ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛✱ u = v tr➯♥ ∂Ω t❤➻
u ≤ v tr♦♥❣ Ω✳ ❙❛✉ ✤➙②✱ ❝❤ó♥❣ t❛ sû ❞ö♥❣ t➼♥❤ ❝❤➜t ❤➔♠ ❞÷î✐ ✤✐➲✉
❤á❛ ✈➔ ❤➔♠ tr➯♥ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛ ✤➸ ♠ð rë♥❣ ♥❤ú♥❣ ✤à♥❤ ♥❣❤➽❛ ✤è✐ ✈î✐ ❝→❝
❧î♣ ❤➔♠ rë♥❣ ❤ì♥✳
✶✵
❈❤÷ì♥❣ ✷
❈→❝ t➼♥❤ ❝❤➜t ❝õ❛ ❤➔♠ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛
✷✳✶ ❇➜t ✤➥♥❣ t❤ù❝ ❍❛r♥❛❝❦
❍➺ q✉↔ t✐➳♣ t❤❡♦ ❝õ❛ ✣à♥❤ ❧þ ✶✳✷✳✶ s➩ ❧➔ ❜➜t ✤➥♥❣ t❤ù❝ ❍❛r♥❛❝❦ ❝❤♦
❤➔♠ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛✳
✣à♥❤ ❧➼ ✷✳✶✳✶✳
❈❤♦ u ❧➔ ♠ët ❤➔♠ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛ ❦❤æ♥❣ ➙♠ tr♦♥❣ Ω✱ ✈➔ ❝❤♦ ❜➜t ❦ý ♠✐➲♥
❝♦♥ Ω ⊂⊂ Ω ❜à ❝❤➦♥✱ ❦❤✐ ✤â tç♥ t↕✐ ♠ët ❤➡♥❣ sè C ❝❤➾ ♣❤ö t❤✉ë❝ ✈➔♦
n✱ Ω ✈➔ Ω s❛♦ ❝❤♦✿
sup u ≤ C inf u.
✭✷✳✶✮
Ω
Ω
❈❤ù♥❣ ♠✐♥❤✳
❈❤♦ y ∈ Ω✱ B4R(y) ⊂ Ω✳ ❱î✐ ❤❛✐ ✤✐➸♠ ❜➜t ❦ý x1, x2 ∈ B4R(y)✱ →♣
❞ö♥❣ ❝æ♥❣ t❤ù❝ ✭✶✳✼✮ t❛ ❝â✿
u(x1 ) =
1
ωn R n
udx
BR (x1 )
≤
1
ωn R n
udx,
B2R (y)
✈➔
✶✶
u(x2 ) =
1
ωn (3R)n
udx
B3R (x2 )
≥
1
ωn (3R)n
udx.
B2R (y)
❉♦ ✤â ❝❤ó♥❣ t❛ ❝â ✤÷ñ❝✿
sup u ≤ 3n . inf u.
BR (y)
BR (y)
❇➙② ❣✐í ❝❤♦ Ω
⊂⊂ Ω
✭✷✳✷✮
✈➔ ❝❤å♥ x1, x2 ∈ Ω¯ ✤➸
u(x1 ) = sup u,
Ω
✈➔
u(x2 ) = inf u.
Ω
❈❤♦ Γ ⊂ Ω¯ ❧➔ ♠ët ❝✉♥❣ ✤â♥❣ x1 ✈➔ x2 ✈➔ ❝❤å♥ R ✤➸
4R ≤ dist(Γ, ∂Ω).
❚❤❡♦ ✤à♥❤ ❧þ ❍❡✐♥❡✲❇♦r❡❧✱ Γ ❝â t❤➸ ✤÷ñ❝ ❜❛♦ ♣❤õ ❜ð✐ sè ❤ú✉ ❤↕♥
N ✭❝❤➾ ♣❤ö t❤✉ë❝ tr♦♥❣ Ω ✈➔ Ω✮ ❝→❝ ❤➻♥❤ ❝➛✉ ❜→♥ ❦➼♥❤ R✳
⑩♣ ❞ö♥❣ ❣✐↔ t❤✐➳t ✭✷✳✷✮ tr➯♥ ♠é✐ ❤➻♥❤ ❝➛✉ ✈➔ ❦➳t ❤ñ♣ ❝→❝ ❦➳t q✉↔
❝õ❛ ❜➜t ✤➥♥❣ t❤ù❝✱ ❝❤ó♥❣ t❛ ❝â✿
u(x1 ) ≤ 3nN u(x2 ).
❉♦ ✤â ❣✐↔ t❤✐➳t ✭✷✳✶✮ ✤÷ñ❝ ❝❤ù♥❣ ♠✐♥❤ ✈î✐ C = 3nN ✳
❈❤ó þ r➡♥❣ ❤➡♥❣ sè C tr➯♥ ✭✷✳✶✮ ❧➔ ❤➡♥❣ sè ❦❤æ♥❣ ✤ê✐ ✤è✐ ✈î✐ ❝→❝
♣❤➨♣ ❜✐➳♥ ✤ê✐ ✤ç♥❣ ❞↕♥❣ ✈➔ ❜✐➳♥ ✤ê✐ trü❝ ❣✐❛♦✳
✶✷
✷✳✷ ❈æ♥❣ t❤ù❝ ●r❡❡♥
✷✳✷✳✶ ❈æ♥❣ t❤ù❝ ●r❡❡♥ t❤ù ♥❤➜t ✈➔ ❝æ♥❣ t❤ù❝ ●r❡❡♥ t❤ù
❤❛✐
◆❤÷ ♠ët sü ♠ð ✤➛✉ ✤➸ ①➨t sü tç♥ t↕✐✱ ❜➙② ❣✐í ❝❤ó♥❣ t❛ s✉② r❛ ♠ët
✈➔✐ ❤➺ q✉↔ ①❛ ❤ì♥ ❝õ❛ ✤à♥❤ ❧þ ♣❤➙♥ ❦➻✱ ✤â ❧➔ ❝æ♥❣ t❤ù❝ ●r❡❡♥✳
❈❤♦ Ω ❧➔ ♠ët ♠✐➲♥ ♠➔ ð ✤â ✤à♥❤ ❧þ ♣❤➙♥ ❦➻ ❝â t❤➸ →♣ ❞ö♥❣✱ ❣✐↔
¯ ✳ ❈❤ó♥❣ t❛ ❝❤å♥ w = vDu tr♦♥❣ ❝æ♥❣
sû u ✈➔ v ❧➔ ❤➔♠ sè tr➯♥ C 2(Ω)
t❤ù❝ ✭✶✳✹✮ ✤➸ ❝â ✤÷ñ❝ ❝æ♥❣ t❤ù❝ ●r❡❡♥ t❤ù ♥❤➜t✿
v(y)∆u(y)dy +
Ω
v(y)
Du(y)Dv(y)dy =
Ω
∂u(y)
dSy ,
∂µy
✭✷✳✸✮
∂Ω
tr♦♥❣ ✤â µy ❧➔ ✈❡❝tì ♣❤→♣ t✉②➳♥ ♥❣♦➔✐ ✤ì♥ ✈à t↕✐ y ∈ ∂Ω✳
✣ê✐ ❝❤é u ✈➔ v tr♦♥❣ ✭✷✳✸✮ ✈➔ t❤ü❝ ❤✐➺♥ ♣❤➨♣ trø ❝❤ó♥❣ t❛ ✤÷ñ❝
❝æ♥❣ t❤ù❝ ●r❡❡♥ t❤ù ❤❛✐✿
v(y)∆u(y) − u(y)∆v(y) dy =
Ω
v(y)
∂u(y)
∂v(y)
− u(y)
dSy .
∂µy
∂µy
∂Ω
✭✷✳✹✮
✷✳✷✳✷ ◆❣❤✐➺♠ ❝ì ❜↔♥ ❝õ❛ ♣❤÷ì♥❣ tr➻♥❤ ▲❛♣❧❛❝❡
P❤÷ì♥❣ tr➻♥❤ ▲❛♣❧❛❝❡ ❝â r2−n ❧➔ ♥❣❤✐➺♠ ✈î✐ n > 2 ✈➔ logr ✈î✐
n = 2✱ tr♦♥❣ ✤â r ❧➔ ❦❤♦↔♥❣ ❝→❝❤ tø ✤✐➸♠ x ✤➳♥ ✤✐➸♠ y ✳ ❚✐➳♣ tö❝ tø
✭✷✳✹✮ ❝❤ó♥❣ t❛ ❝è ✤à♥❤ ✤✐➸♠ x tr♦♥❣ Ω ✈➔ ✤÷❛ ✈➔♦ ❤➔♠ sè s❛✉✿
Γ(x − y) = Γ(|x − y|) =
1
|x − y|2−n , n > 2,
n(2 − n)ωn
1 log|x − y|,
2π
✭✷✳✺✮
n = 2.
❑❤✐ ✤â✱ Γ(x − y) ①→❝ ✤à♥❤ ♥❤÷ tr➯♥ ❣å✐ ❧➔ ♥❣❤✐➺♠ ❝ì ❜↔♥ ❝õ❛
♣❤÷ì♥❣ tr➻♥❤ ▲❛♣❧❛❝❡✳ ❍➔♠ Γ(x − y) ①→❝ ✤à♥❤ ✈î✐ ♠å✐ x = y✳
✶✸
❇➡♥❣ ❝→❝❤ t➼♥❤ t♦→♥ ✤ì♥ ❣✐↔♥ t❛ ❝â✿ ✈î✐ Dj = ∂y∂
Di Γ(x − y) =
Dij Γ(x − y) =
j
1
(xi − yi )|x − y|−n ,
nωn
1
|x − y|2 δij − n(xi − yi )(xj − yj ) |x − y|−n−2 .
nωn
✭✷✳✻✮
❘ã r➔♥❣ Γ ❧➔ ❤➔♠ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛ ✈î✐ x = y✳
❈❤ó♥❣ t❛ ❝â ❝→❝ ÷î❝ ❧÷ñ♥❣ s❛✉ ✤è✐ ✈î✐ ✤↕♦ ❤➔♠✿
|Di Γ(x − y)| ≤
1
|x − y|1−n ,
nωn
|Dij Γ(x − y)| ≤
✭✷✳✼✮
1
|x − y|−n .
ωn
✣➦❝ ❜✐➺t ❦❤✐ x = y✱ ❝❤ó♥❣ t❛ ❦❤æ♥❣ t❤➸ ❞ò♥❣ Γ tr♦♥❣ ✈✐➺❝ ✤➦t
v(y) = Γ(x − y) ✈➔♦ ✤ç♥❣ ♥❤➜t t❤ù❝ ●r❡❡♥ t❤ù ❤❛✐ ✭✷✳✹✮✳ ▼ët ❝→❝❤ ✤➸
✈÷ñt q✉❛ ✈➜♥ ✤➲ ♥➔② ❧➔ t❤❛② Ω ❜➡♥❣ Ω\B¯ρ✱ tr♦♥❣ ✤â Bρ = Bρ(x) ✈î✐
ρ ✤õ ♥❤ä✳ ❙❛✉ ✤â ❝❤ó♥❣ t❛ ❝â t❤➸ ❦➳t ❧✉➟♥ tø ✭✷✳✹✮ r➡♥❣✿
Γ∆udy =
(Γ
∂u
∂Γ
− u )dS +
∂µ
∂µ
∂Ω
Ω\Bρ
(Γ
∂u
∂Γ
− u )dS.
∂µ
∂µ
∂Bρ
❱î✐
Γ
∂Bρ
∂u
dS = Γ(ρ)
∂µ
∂u
dS
∂µ
∂Bρ
≤ nωn ρn−1 Γ(ρ) sup |Du| → 0,
Bρ
✈➔
✶✹
❦❤✐ ρ → 0,
✭✷✳✽✮
u
∂Γ
dS = −Γ (ρ)
∂µ
udS,
∂Bρ
∂Bρ
✭❈❤ó þ r➡♥❣ µ ❧➔ ✈➨❝tì ♣❤→♣ t✉②➳♥ ♥❣♦➔✐ ✤ì♥ ✈à ❝õ❛ Ω − Bρ✮
−1
=
udS → −u(x), ✈î✐ ρ → 0.
nω ρn−1
n
∂Bρ
❉♦ ✤â✱ ❝❤♦ ρ t✐➳♥ ✤➳♥ ✵ ð ❝æ♥❣ t❤ù❝ ✭✷✳✽✮ ❝❤ó♥❣ t❛ ❝â ❝æ♥❣ t❤ù❝
●r❡❡♥✿
u(y)
u(x) =
∂Γ
∂u(y)
(x − y)−Γ(x − y)
dSy
∂µy
∂µy
✭✷✳✾✮
∂Ω
Γ(x − y)∆u(y)dy, (x ∈ Ω).
+
Ω
◆➳✉ u ❧➔ ❤➔♠ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛ t❤➻ ❝❤ó♥❣ t❛ ♥❤➟♥ ✤÷ñ❝ ❝æ♥❣ t❤ù❝ ❜✐➸✉ ❞✐➵♥
s❛✉ ✤➙② t❤æ♥❣ q✉❛ ♥❣❤✐➺♠ ❝ì ❜↔♥ Γ(x − y)
u(x) =
u(y)
∂Γ
∂u(y)
(x − y) − Γ(x − y)
dSy , (x ∈ Ω).
∂µy
∂µy
✭✷✳✶✵✮
∂Ω
✷✳✷✳✸ ❍➔♠ ●r❡❡♥
¯ ∩ C 2 (Ω) t❤ä❛ ♠➣♥ ∆h(y) = 0
❇➙② ❣✐í t❛ ❣✐↔ sû r➡♥❣ h(y) ∈ C 1(Ω)
tr♦♥❣ Ω✳ ❑❤✐ ✤â✱ tø ❝æ♥❣ t❤ù❝ ●r❡❡♥ t❤ù ❤❛✐ t❛ ❝â✿
−
u(y)
∂u(y)
∂h(y)
− h(y)
dSy =
∂µy
∂µy
h(y)∆u(y)dy.
✭✷✳✶✶✮
Ω
∂Ω
✣➦t G(x, y) = Γ(x − y) + h(y)✱ tø ✭✷✳✾✮ ✈➔ ✭✷✳✶✶✮ ❝❤ó♥❣ t❛ ❝â ✤÷ñ❝
♠ët ❝æ♥❣ t❤ù❝ tê♥❣ q✉→t ❤ì♥ ✈➲ ❝æ♥❣ t❤ù❝ ✤↕✐ ❞✐➺♥ ●r❡❡♥
u(x) =
u(y)
∂G(x, y)
∂u(y)
− G(x, y)
dSy +
∂µy
∂µy
G(x, y)∆u(y)dy.
Ω
∂Ω
✶✺
✭✷✳✶✷✮
◆➳✉ ❝❤å♥ G(x, y) = 0 ❦❤✐ y ∈ ∂Ω ❝❤ó♥❣ t❛ ❝â ❝æ♥❣ t❤ù❝ ❜✐➸✉ ❞✐➵♥
s❛✉ ✤è✐ ✈î✐ ❤➔♠ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛
u(y)
u(x) =
∂G(x, y)
dSy .
∂µy
✭✷✳✶✸✮
∂Ω
❍➔♠ G(x, y) ✤÷ñ❝ ❣å✐ ❧➔ ❤➔♠ ●r❡❡♥ ❝õ❛ ❜➔✐ t♦→♥ ❉✐r✐❝❤❧❡t tr➯♥
♠✐➲♥ Ω✱ ✤æ✐ ❦❤✐ ❝á♥ ✤÷ñ❝ ❣å✐ ❧➔ ❤➔♠ ●r❡❡♥ ❧♦↕✐ ♠ët tr➯♥ Ω✳ ❈æ♥❣
t❤ù❝ ✭✷✳✶✸✮ ❝❤♦ ♣❤➨♣ t➻♠ ♥❣❤✐➺♠ ❝õ❛ ❜➔✐ t♦→♥ ❉✐r✐❝❤❧❡t ❝❤♦ ❤➔♠ ✤✐➲✉
❤á❛ ❦❤✐ ❜✐➳t ❣✐→ trà ❝õ❛ ♥â tr➯♥ ❜✐➯♥✳
✷✳✸ ❍➔♠ ●r❡❡♥ ❝õ❛ ❜➔✐ t♦→♥ ❉✐r✐❝❤❧❡t tr♦♥❣ ❤➻♥❤
❝➛✉✳ ❈æ♥❣ t❤ù❝ P♦✐ss♦♥
✷✳✸✳✶ ❍➔♠ ●r❡❡♥ ❝õ❛ ❜➔✐ t♦→♥ ❉✐r✐❝❤❧❡t tr♦♥❣ ❤➻♥❤ ❝➛✉
❑❤✐ ♠✐➲♥ Ω ❧➔ ❤➻♥❤ ❝➛✉✱ ❤➔♠ ●r❡❡♥ ❝â t❤➸ ①→❝ ✤à♥❤ ✤÷ñ❝ ♠ët ❝→❝❤
rã r➔♥❣ t❤❡♦ ♣❤÷ì♥❣ ♣❤→♣ ♣❤↔♥ ①↕ ✈➔ ❞➝♥ ✤➳♥ t➼❝❤ ♣❤➙♥ P♦✐ss♦♥ ♥ê✐
t✐➳♥❣ ✤↕✐ ❞✐➺♥ ❝❤♦ ❤➔♠ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛ tr➯♥ ♠ët ❤➻♥❤ ❝➛✉✳
✣à♥❤ ♥❣❤➽❛ ✷✳✸✳✶✳
●✐↔ sû BR = BR(0) ✈➔ x ∈ BR✱ x = 0✱ t❛ ❣å✐
x¯ =
R2
x,
|x|2
✭✷✳✶✹✮
❧➔ ✤✐➸♠ ✤è✐ ♥❣➝✉ ❝õ❛ x q✉❛ ∂BR✳ ⑩♥❤ ①↕ x → x¯ ✤÷ñ❝ ❣å✐ ❧➔ ♠ët ♣❤➨♣
♥❣❤à❝❤ ✤↔♦ q✉❛ ♠➦t ❝➛✉ ∂BR✳
❑þ ❤✐➺✉ ♣❤➛♥ tû ♥❣❤à❝❤ ✤↔♦ ❝õ❛ ✤✐➸♠ ✤➸ ❜ò ❝❤♦ ✤õ BR❀ ◆➳✉ x = 0✱
❧➜② x¯ = ∞✳ ❙❛✉ ✤â✱ ❞➵ ❞➔♥❣ ①→❝ ✤à♥❤ ✤÷ñ❝ r➡♥❣ ❤➔♠ ●r❡❡♥ ❝❤♦ BR
✶✻
✤÷ñ❝ ✈✐➳t ❜ð✐✿
G(x, y) =
|x|
Γ(|x
−
y|)
−
Γ
|x − y¯| ,
R
Γ(|x|) − Γ(R),
=Γ
y=0
y=0
|x|2 + |y|2 − 2xy − Γ
(
|x||y| 2
) + R2 − 2xy ,
R
✭✷✳✶✺✮
✈î✐ ♠å✐ x, y ∈ BR, x = y✳
❍➔♠ ●r❡❡♥ ①→❝ ✤à♥❤ ❜ð✐ ✭✷✳✶✺✮ ❝â t➼♥❤ ❝❤➜t
¯R .
G(x, y) = G(y, x), G(x, y) ≤ 0, ✈î✐ x, y ∈ B
✭✷✳✶✻✮
❍ì♥ ♥ú❛✱ ❜➡♥❣ ❝→❝❤ t➼♥❤ t♦→♥ trü❝ t✐➳♣ t↕✐ x ∈ ∂BR ✤↕♦ ❤➔♠ t❤æ♥❣
t❤÷í♥❣ ❝õ❛ ❤➔♠ G ✤÷ñ❝ ✈✐➳t ❜ð✐✿
∂G
∂G
R2 − |y|2
=
=
|x − y|−n ≥ 0.
∂µ
∂|x|
nωn R
¯R ) ❧➔ ❤➔♠ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛✱ ❝❤ó♥❣
u ∈ C 2 (BR ) ∩ C 1 (B
❚ø ✤â ♥➳✉
✭✷✳✶✸✮ t➼❝❤ ♣❤➙♥ P♦✐ss♦♥✿
R2 − |y|2
u(y) =
nωn R
udsx
.
|x − y|n
✭✷✳✶✼✮
t❛ ❝â ❜ð✐
✭✷✳✶✽✮
∂BR
❱➳ ♣❤↔✐ ❝õ❛ ❝æ♥❣ t❤ù❝ ✭✷✳✶✽✮ ✤÷ñ❝ ❣å✐ ❧➔ t➼❝❤ ♣❤➙♥ P♦✐ss♦♥ ❝õ❛ ❤➔♠
u✳ ▼ë✐ ❧➟♣ ❧✉➟♥ ✤ì♥ ❣✐↔♥ ❝❤♦ t❤➜② r➡♥❣ ❝æ♥❣ t❤ù❝ t➼❝❤ ♣❤➙♥ P♦✐ss♦♥
t✐➳♣ tö❝ ✤ó♥❣ ✈î✐ u ∈ C 2(BR) ∩ C 0(B¯R)✳
❈❤ó þ r➡♥❣ ❜➡♥❣ ❝→❝❤ ❝❤♦ y = 0✱ ❝❤ó♥❣ t❛ ❧↕✐ ❝â ❝æ♥❣ t❤ù❝ ❝→❝
✤à♥❤ ❧þ ✈➲ ❣✐→ trà tr✉♥❣ ❜➻♥❤ ❝❤♦ ❝→❝ ❤➔♠ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛✳ ❚r♦♥❣ t❤ü❝ t➳ t➜t
❝↔ ❝→❝ ✤à♥❤ ❧þ tr÷î❝ ❝õ❛ ❝❤÷ì♥❣ ♥➔② ❝â t❤➸ ✤÷ñ❝ s✉② r❛ ❧➔ ❤➺ q✉↔ ❝õ❛
✭✷✳✶✸✮ ✈î✐ Ω = BR(0)✳
❚❤✐➳t ❧➟♣ sü tç♥ t↕✐ ❝õ❛ ❜➔✐ t♦→♥ ❉✐r✐❝❤❧❡t ❝ê ✤✐➸♥ tr➯♥ ❤➻♥❤ ❝➛✉
❝❤ó♥❣ t❛ ❝➛♥ ❦➳t q✉↔ ♥❣÷ñ❝ ❧↕✐ ❝õ❛ ❝æ♥❣ t❤ù❝ ✭✷✳✶✽✮✱ ✈➔ ❜➙② ❣✐í ❝❤ó♥❣
t❛ ❝❤ù♥❣ ♠✐♥❤ ✤✐➲✉ ♥➔②✳
✶✼
✷✳✸✳✷ ❈æ♥❣ t❤ù❝ P♦✐ss♦♥
✣à♥❤ ❧➼ ✷✳✸✳✶✳
❈❤♦ B = BR(0) ✈➔ ϕ ❧➔ ♠ët ❤➔♠ ❧✐➯♥ tö❝ tr➯♥ ∂B ✳ ❑❤✐ ✤â ❤➔♠ u
✤÷ñ❝ ①→❝ ✤à♥❤ ❜ð✐ ❝æ♥❣ t❤ù❝ s❛✉
u(x) =
ϕ(y)dy
R2 − |x|2
,x ∈ B
nωn R ∂B |x − y|n
ϕ(x),
✭✷✳✶✾✮
x ∈ ∂B
¯ t❤ä❛ ♠➣♥ ∆u = 0 tr➯♥ B ✈➔ ✈î✐ ♠å✐ x0 ∈ ∂Ω
s➩ t❤✉ë❝ C 2(B) ∩ C 0(B)
t❤➻ u(x) → u(x0) ❦❤✐ x → x0✳
❈❤ù♥❣ ♠✐♥❤✳
❘ã r➔♥❣ u t❤ä❛ ♠➣♥ ✭✷✳✶✾✮ ❧➔ ❤➔♠ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛ tr➯♥ B ✳
❚❤➟t ✈➟②✱ ❞♦ ❤➔♠ G ✈➔ ∂G
❧➔ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛ tr➯♥ x✱ ❤♦➦❝ ♥â ❝â t❤➸ ①→❝
∂µ
✤à♥❤ ❜ð✐ t➼♥❤ t♦→♥ trü❝ t✐➳♣✳ ❚❤✐➳t ❧➟♣ sü ❧✐➯♥ tö❝ ❝õ❛ u tr➯♥ ∂B ✱❝❤ó♥❣
t❛ sû ❞ö♥❣ ❝æ♥❣ t❤ù❝ P♦✐ss♦♥ ✭✷✳✶✽✮ ❝❤♦ tr÷í♥❣ ❤ñ♣ ✤➦❝ ❜✐➺t u = 1 ✤➸
✤÷ñ❝ ✤ç♥❣ ♥❤➜t t❤ù❝✿
K(x, y)dsy = 1,
✈î✐ ♠å✐ x ∈ B,
✭✷✳✷✵✮
∂B
tr♦♥❣ ✤â K ❧➔ ❤↕t ♥❤➙♥ P♦✐ss♦♥✱
K(x, y) =
R2 − |x|2
, x ∈ B, y ∈ ∂B.
nωn R|x − y|n
✭✷✳✷✶✮
❉➽ ♥❤✐➯♥ t➼❝❤ ♣❤➙♥ tr➯♥ ✭✷✳✷✵✮ ❝â t❤➸ ✤→♥❤ ❣✐→ trü❝ t✐➳♣ ♥❤÷♥❣ ♥â
❧➔ ♠ët t➼♥❤ t♦→♥ ♣❤ù❝ t↕♣✳
❇➙② ❣✐í ❝❤ó♥❣ t❛ ❝❤♦ x0 ∈ ∂B ✈➔ ❧➔ ♠ët sè ❞÷ì♥❣ tò② þ✱ ❝❤å♥
δ > 0 ✤➸ |ϕ(x) − ϕ(x0 )| < ♥➳✉ |x − x0 | < δ ✈➔ ❝❤♦ |ϕ| ≤ M tr♦♥❣
✶✽
∂B ✳
❑❤✐ ✤â ♥➳✉ |x − x0| < 2δ ✱ t❤❡♦ ✭✷✳✶✾✮ ✈➔ ✭✷✳✷✵✮ ❝❤ó♥❣ t❛ ❝â✿
K(x, y)(ϕ(y) − ϕ(x0 ))dsy
|u(x) − u(x0 )| =
∂B
K(x, y)|ϕ(y) − ϕ(x0 )|dsy
≤
|y−x0 |≤δ
K(x, y)|ϕ(y) − ϕ(x0 )|dsy
+
≤ +
|y−x0 |>δ
2M (R2 − |x|2 )Rn−2
(δ/2)n
.
◆➳✉ ❜➙② ❣✐í |x − x0| ❧➔ ✤õ ♥❤ä✱ rã r➔♥❣ ❧➔ |u(x) − u(x0)| < 2 ✈➔
¯ ❧➔ ✤✐➲✉ ❝➛♥ t➻♠✳
❞♦ ✤â u ❧➔ ❤➔♠ ❧✐➯♥ tö❝ t↕✐ x0✳ ❉♦ ✤â u ∈ C 0(B)
❈❤ó þ r➡♥❣ ✤è✐ sè tr÷î❝ ✤â ❧➔ ✤à❛ ♣❤÷ì♥❣✱ ❝â ♥❣❤➽❛ ❧➔ ♥➳✉ ϕ ❝❤➾
❣✐î✐ ❤↕♥ ✈➔ ❦❤↔ t➼❝❤ tr➯♥ ∂B ✈➔ ❧✐➯♥ tö❝ t↕✐ x0 t❤➻
u(x) → u(x0 ) ❦❤✐ x → x0 .
✷✳✹ ✣à♥❤ ❧þ ❤ë✐ tö
✷✳✹✳✶ ✣✐➲✉ ❦✐➺♥ ❝➛♥ ✈➔ ✤õ ✤➸ ♠ët ❤➔♠ ❧➔ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛
❇➙② ❣✐í ❝❤ó♥❣ t❛ ①❡♠ ①➨t ♠ët sè ❤➺ q✉↔ trü❝ t✐➳♣ ❝õ❛ ❝æ♥❣ t❤ù❝
t➼❝❤ ♣❤➙♥ P♦✐ss♦♥✳ ❚✉② ♥❤✐➯♥ ❜❛ ✤à♥❤ ❧þ ❞÷î✐ ✤➙② s➩ ❦❤æ♥❣ ✤÷ñ❝ ②➯✉
❝➛✉ ❝❤♦ sü ♣❤→t tr✐➸♥ s❛✉✳ ✣➛✉ t✐➯♥ ❝❤ó♥❣ t❛ ❝â t❤➸ t❤➜② ❤➔♠ ✤✐➲✉
❤á❛ ✤÷ñ❝ ✤➦❝ tr÷♥❣ ❜ð✐ ❣✐→ ❣✐→ trà tr✉♥❣ ❜➻♥❤ ❝õ❛ ♥â✳
✣à♥❤ ❧➼ ✷✳✹✳✶✳
▼ët ❤➔♠ u tr➯♥ C 0(Ω) ❧➔ ❤➔♠ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛ ♥➳✉ ✈➔ ❝❤➾ ♥➳✉ tr♦♥❣ ♠å✐
❤➻♥❤ ❝➛✉ B ⊂ BR(y) ⊂⊂ Ω ♥â t❤ä❛ ♠➣♥ ❝æ♥❣ t❤ù❝ ❣✐→ trà tr✉♥❣ ❜➻♥❤✿
u(y) =
1
nωn Rn−1
uds.
∂B
✶✾
✭✷✳✷✷✮
❈❤ù♥❣ ♠✐♥❤✳
❚❤❡♦ ✣à♥❤ ❧þ ✷✳✸✳✶✱ tç♥ t↕✐ ♠ët ❤➔♠ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛ h tr➯♥ ❜➜t ❦ý ❤➻♥❤
❝➛✉ B ⊂⊂ Ω✱ ♥❤÷ ✈➟② h = u tr♦♥❣ ∂B ✳
❳➨t ❤✐➺✉ w = u − h✱ s❛✉ ✤â s➩ ✤÷ñ❝ ♠ët ❤➔♠ ✤→♣ ù♥❣ ✤÷ñ❝ ❝→❝ ❣✐→
trà tr✉♥❣ ❜➻♥❤ tr♦♥❣ ❜➜t ❦ý ❤➻♥❤ ❝➛✉ tr➯♥ B ✳ ❉♦ ✤â ♥❣✉②➯♥ ❧þ ❝ü❝ ✤↕✐
✈➔ ❦➳t q✉↔ ❞✉② ♥❤➜t ❝õ❛ ✣à♥❤ ❧þ ✶✳✸✳✶✱ ✶✳✸✳✷ ✈➔ ✶✳✸✳✸ →♣ ❞ö♥❣ ✈î✐ w✱
tø ❜➜t ✤➥♥❣ t❤ù❝ ❣✐→ trà tr✉♥❣ ❜➻♥❤ ✤➣ ❝❤➾ r❛ t➼♥❤ ❝❤➜t ❝õ❛ ❤➔♠ ✤✐➲✉
❤á❛ ✤÷ñ❝ sû ❞ö♥❣ tr➯♥ ♣❤➨♣ ❧➜② ✤↕♦ ❤➔♠ ❝õ❛ ❝❤ó♥❣✳
❉♦ ✤â w = 0 tr➯♥ B ✈➔ ❞♦ ✤â ❤➔♠ u ♣❤↔✐ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛ tr➯♥ Ω✳
✷✳✹✳✷ ❈→❝ ✤à♥❤ ❧þ ❤ë✐ tö
✣à♥❤ ❧➼ ✷✳✹✳✷✳
●✐î✐ ❤↕♥ ❝õ❛ ❞➣② ❤ë✐ tö ✤➲✉ ❝→❝ ❤➔♠ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛ ❧➔ ❤➔♠ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛✳
❚❤❡♦ ✣à♥❤ ❧þ ✷✳✹✳✷✱ ♥➳✉ {un} ❧➔ ❞➣② ❝õ❛ ❤➔♠ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛ tr➯♥ ♠✐➲♥
❜à ❝❤➦♥ Ω✱ ✈î✐ ❣✐→ trà {ϕn} ❝â ❣✐î✐ ❤↕♥ ❧✐➯♥ tö❝ ♠➔ ❤ë✐ tö ✤➲✉ tr♦♥❣
∂Ω ✤➳♥ ❤➔♠ ϕ✱ s❛✉ ✤â ❞➣② {un } ❤ë✐ tö ✤➲✉ ✭ t❤❡♦ ♥❣✉②➯♥ ❧þ ❝ü❝ ✤↕✐✮
✤➳♥ ❤➔♠ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛ ❝â ❣✐î✐ ❤↕♥ ❧➔ ❣✐→ trà ϕ tr♦♥❣ ∂Ω✳ ❚❤❡♦ ❜➜t ✤➥♥❣
t❤ù❝ ❣✐→ trà tr✉♥❣ ❜➻♥❤ ❝õ❛ ❍❛r♥❛❝❦✱ ✣à♥❤ ❧þ ✷✳✶✳✶✱ ❝❤ó♥❣ t❛ ❝ô♥❣ ❝â
t❤➸ s✉② r❛ ✣à♥❤ ❧þ ✷✳✹✳✷✱ ✤à♥❤ ❧þ ❤ë✐ tö ❍❛r♥❛❝❦✳
✣à♥❤ ❧➼ ✷✳✹✳✸✳
❈❤♦ ❞➣② {un} ❧➔ ❞➣② ✤ì♥ ✤✐➺✉ t➠♥❣ ❝→❝ ❤➔♠ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛ tr➯♥ ♠ët ♠✐➲♥
Ω ✈➔ ❣✐↔ sû t↕✐ ♠ët ✤✐➸♠ y ∈ Ω✱ ❞➣② {un (y)} ❧➔ ❜à ❝❤➦♥✳ ❑❤✐ ✤â ❞➣②
❤ë✐ tö ✤➲✉ tr➯♥ ♠✐➲♥ ❝♦♥ ❜➜t ❦ý ❜à ❝❤➦♥ Ω ⊂⊂ Ω ✤➳♥ ♠ët ❤➔♠ ✤✐➲✉
❤á❛✳
❈❤ù♥❣ ♠✐♥❤✳
❉➣② {un(y)} ❤ë✐ tö✳ ❚❤➟t ✈➟②✱ ❝❤♦ tò② þ > 0✱ tç♥ t↕✐ ♠ët sè N
s❛♦ ❝❤♦
0 ≤ um (y) − un (y) < ✈î✐ ♠å✐ N < n ≤ m.
◆❤÷♥❣ ❦❤✐ ✤â t❤❡♦ ✣à♥❤ ❧þ ✷✳✶✳✶✱ ❝❤ó♥❣ t❛ ❝â✿
sup |um (x) − un (x)| < C. ,
✷✵
✈î✐ ❤➡♥❣ sè C ♣❤ö t❤✉ë❝ tr♦♥❣ Ω ✈➔ Ω✳
❉♦ ✤â {un} ❤ë✐ tö ✤➲✉ ✈➔ t❤❡♦ ✣à♥❤ ❧þ ✷✳✹✳✷✱ ❣✐î✐ ❤↕♥ ❝õ❛ ❤➔♠ ❧➔
✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛✳
✷✳✺ ✣→♥❤ ❣✐→ ❜➯♥ tr♦♥❣ ♠✐➲♥ ✤è✐ ✈î✐ ❝→❝ ✤↕♦ ❤➔♠
❝õ❛ ❤➔♠ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛
✷✳✺✳✶ ✣→♥❤ ❣✐→ ❜➯♥ tr♦♥❣ ♠✐➲♥ ✤è✐ ✈î✐ ✤↕♦ ❤➔♠ ❝➜♣ ✶
❇➡♥❣ ❝→❝❤ ❧➜② ✤↕♦ ❤➔♠ trü❝ t✐➳♣ ❝õ❛ t➼❝❤ ♣❤➙♥ P♦✐ss♦♥ ❝â t❤➸ t❤✉
✤÷ñ❝ ÷î❝ t➼♥❤ ❜➯♥ tr♦♥❣ ❝õ❛ ❝→❝ ❞➝♥ s✉➜t ❝❤♦ ❤➔♠ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛✳ ◆❣♦➔✐ r❛
❝→❝ ÷î❝ t➼♥❤ ♥❤÷ ✈➟② ❝ô♥❣ t❤❡♦ ✤à♥❤ ❧þ ❣✐→ trà tr✉♥❣ ❜➻♥❤✳
❈❤♦ u ❧➔ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛ tr➯♥ Ω ✈➔ B = BR(y) ⊂⊂ Ω✳ ●r❛❞✐❡♥ ❝õ❛ ❤➔♠
u✱ Du ❝ô♥❣ ❧➔ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛ tr➯♥ Ω t❤❡♦ ✤à♥❤ ❧þ ❣✐→ trà tr✉♥❣ ❜➻♥❤ ✈➔ ✤à♥❤
❧þ ♣❤➙♥ ❦ý ♠➔✿
Du(y) =
1
ωn R n
Dudx =
1
ωn R n
B
|Du(y)| ≤
uvds,
B
n
sup |u|,
R ∂B
✈➔ ❞♦ ✤â t❛ ♥❤➟♥ ✤÷ñ❝ ❝æ♥❣ t❤ù❝ s❛✉ ✤➙② ✤→♥❤ ❣✐→ ❜➯♥ tr♦♥❣ ♠✐➲♥ ✤è✐
✈î✐ ✤↕♦ ❤➔♠ ❝➜♣ ♠ët
|Du(y)| ≤
n
sup |u|,
dy Ω
✭✷✳✷✸✮
tr♦♥❣ ✤â dy = dist(y, ∂Ω)✳ ❇➡♥❣ ❝→❝❤ ❧➜② t➼❝❤ ♣❤➙♥ ❧✐➯♥ t✐➳♣ t÷ì♥❣
ù♥❣ ❝õ❛ ÷î❝ t➼♥❤ ✭✷✳✷✸✮ tr➯♥ ❝→❝ ❤➻♥❤ ❝➛✉ ❧ç♥❣ ♥❤❛✉✱ ❝→❝❤ ✤➲✉ ♥❤❛✉
❝❤ó♥❣ t❛ ✤÷ñ❝ ❝→❝ ÷î❝ t➼♥❤ ❝❤♦ ❝→❝ ❞➝♥ s✉➜t ❜➟❝ ❝❛♦✳
✷✳✺✳✷ ✣→♥❤ ❣✐→ ❜➯♥ tr♦♥❣ ♠✐➲♥ ✤è✐ ✈î✐ ✤↕♦ ❤➔♠ ❜➜t ❦ý
✣à♥❤ ❧➼ ✷✳✺✳✶✳
✷✶
❈❤♦ u ❧➔ ❤➔♠ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛ tr♦♥❣ Ω ✈➔ ❝❤♦ Ω ❧➔ t➟♣ ❝♦♥ ❝♦♠♣❛❝t ❜➜t
❦ý ❝õ❛ Ω✳ ❑❤✐ ✤â ❝❤♦ ♠ët ❝❤➾ sè α ❜➜t ❦ý ❝❤ó♥❣ t❛ ❝â
sup |Dα u| ≤
Ω
n|α|
d
|α|
sup |u|,
Ω
✭✷✳✷✹✮
tr♦♥❣ ✤â d = dist(Ω , ∂Ω)✱
α = (α1 , α2 , ..., αn )✱ αj ∈ N✱
Dα = D1α1 D2α2 ...Dnαn ✱
|α| = α1 + α2 + ... + αn ✳
▼ët ❤➺ q✉↔ trü❝ t✐➳♣ ❝õ❛ r➔♥❣ ❜✉ë❝ ✭✷✳✷✹✮ ❧➔ sü ❧✐➯♥ tö❝ ✤➲✉ tr➯♥
♠✐➲♥ ❝♦♥ ❝õ❛ ❝→❝ ❞➝♥ s✉➜t ❜➜t ❦ý ❜à ❝❤➦♥ ❝õ❛ ❤➔♠ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛✳ ❉♦ ✤â
t❤❡♦ ✤à♥❤ ❧þ ❆r③❡❧❛✱ ❝❤ó♥❣ t❛ t❤➜② ❝→❝ ❤➔♠ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛ ❜à ❝❤➦♥ ❤➻♥❤
t❤➔♥❤ ♠ët ❤å✳
✣à♥❤ ❧➼ ✷✳✺✳✷✳
▼ët ❞➣② ❜➜t ❦ý ❝õ❛ ❝→❝ ❤➔♠ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛ tr♦♥❣ ♠ët ♠✐➲♥ Ω ❝❤ù❛ ♠ët
❞➣② ❝♦♥ ❤ë✐ tö ✤➲✉ tr♦♥❣ ♠✐➲♥ ❝♦♥ ❝♦♠♣❛❝t ❝õ❛ Ω ✤➳♥ ♠ët ❤➔♠ ✤✐➲✉
❤á❛✳
✣à♥❤ ❧þ ✷✳✺✳✷ ✤÷ñ❝ s✉② r❛ trü❝ t✐➳♣ tø ✣à♥❤ ❧þ ✷✳✹✳✷✱ ✤à♥❤ ❧þ ❤ë✐ tö✳
✷✳✻ ❇➔✐ t♦→♥ ❉✐r✐❝❤❧❡t✳ P❤÷ì♥❣ ♣❤→♣ ❤➔♠ ✤✐➲✉
❤á❛ ❞÷î✐
❚❛ ①➨t ❜➔✐ t♦→♥ ❉✐r✐❝❤❧❡t ❝❤♦ ♣❤÷ì♥❣ tr➻♥❤ ▲❛♣❧❛❝❡✿ ❈❤♦ Ω ❧➔ ♠✐➲♥
❜à ❝❤➦♥ tr➯♥ Rn✱t➻♠ ♠ët ❤➔♠ u : Ω → R t❤ä❛ ♠➣♥
¯
u ∈ C 2 (Ω) ∩ C(Ω),
✈➔
tr♦♥❣ Ω
u = ϕ, tr➯♥ ∂Ω
tr♦♥❣ ✤â ϕ ∈ C(∂Ω) ❧➔ ❤➔♠ ❝❤♦ tr÷î❝✳
∆u = 0,
✷✷
,
✷✳✻✳✶ ▼ð rë♥❣ ❦❤→✐ ♥✐➺♠ ❤➔♠ ❞÷î✐ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛ ✈➔ ❤➔♠ tr➯♥
✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛
❇➙② ❣✐í✱ ❝❤ó♥❣ t❛ ✤➦t r❛ ♠ët ✈➜♥ ✤➲ ❧➔ ✤➸ t✐➳♣ ❝➟♥ ✈î✐ ❝➙✉ ❤ä✐ sü tç♥
t↕✐ ♥❣❤✐➺♠ ❣➛♥ ✤ó♥❣ ❝õ❛ ❜➔✐ t♦→♥ ❉✐r✐❝❤❧❡t ❝ê ✤✐➸♥ tr➯♥ ♠✐➲♥ tò② þ ❜à
❝❤➦♥✳ ✣➸ ❣✐↔✐ ✈➜♥ ✤➲ tr➯♥ ❝❤ó♥❣ t❛ sû ❞ö♥❣ ♣❤÷ì♥❣ ♣❤→♣ P❡rr♦♥ ❝õ❛
❝→❝ ❤➔♠ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛ ❞÷î✐ [P E] ♠➔ ❝❤õ ②➳✉ ❞ü❛ tr➯♥ ♥❣✉②➯♥ ❧þ ❝ü❝ ✤↕✐
✈➔ ❦❤↔ ♥➠♥❣ ❣✐↔✐ ✤÷ñ❝ ❝õ❛ ❜➔✐ t♦→♥ ❉✐r✐❝❤❧❡t tr➯♥ ❤➻♥❤ ❝➛✉✳ P❤÷ì♥❣
♣❤→♣ ♥➔② ❝â ♠ët sè ✤➦❝ ✤✐➸♠ ❤➜♣ ❞➝♥ ❧➔ ✤ì♥ ❣✐↔♥✱ ♣❤➙♥ t➼❝❤ ❝→❝ ✈➜♥
✤➲ tç♥ t↕✐ ❜➯♥ tr♦♥❣ ❝õ❛ ❝→❝❤ ①û ❧þ ✤✐➸♠ ❜✐➯♥ ❝õ❛ ❝→❝ ♥❣❤✐➺♠ ✈➔ ❝â
t❤➸ ❞➵ ❞➔♥❣ ♠ð rë♥❣ ✤➳♥ ❧î♣ t❤ù ❤❛✐ ❝õ❛ ♣❤÷ì♥❣ tr➻♥❤ ❊❧✐♣t✐❝✳
❈â ❝→❝❤ t✐➳♣ ❝➟♥ ❦❤→❝ ❝ô♥❣ ✤÷ñ❝ ❜✐➳t ✤➳♥ ✈➲ ✤à♥❤ ❧þ sü tç♥ t↕✐
♥❣❤✐➺♠ ❣➛♥ ✤ó♥❣ ♥❤÷ ♣❤÷ì♥❣ ♣❤→♣ ❝õ❛ ♣❤÷ì♥❣ tr➻♥❤ t➼❝❤ ♣❤➙♥✱ ✈➼
❞ö ♥❤÷ tr♦♥❣ ❝→❝ ❝✉è♥ s→❝❤ [KE2] [GU ]✱ ✈➔ ♣❤÷ì♥❣ ♣❤→♣ ❜✐➳♥ ♣❤➙♥
❤♦➦❝ ♣❤➨♣ ①➜♣ ①➾ ❝õ❛ ❦❤æ♥❣ ❣✐❛♥ ❍✐❧❜❡rt✳
✣à♥❤ ♥❣❤➽❛ C 0(Ω) ❤➔♠ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛ ❞÷î✐ ✈➔ ❤➔♠ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛ tr➯♥ ✤÷ñ❝
❦❤→✐ q✉→t ♥❤÷ s❛✉✳
✣à♥❤ ♥❣❤➽❛ ✷✳✻✳✶✳
▼ët ❤➔♠ u tr➯♥ C 0(Ω) ✤÷ñ❝ ❣å✐ ❧➔ ❤➔♠ ❞÷î✐ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛ ✭❤➔♠ tr➯♥
✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛✮ tr➯♥ Ω ♥➳✉ ✈î✐ ♠å✐ ❤➻♥❤ ❝➛✉ B ⊂⊂ Ω ✈➔ ♠å✐ ❤➔♠ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛
h tr➯♥ B t❤ä❛ ♠➣♥ u ≤ (≥) h tr➯♥ ∂B ✱ ❝❤ó♥❣ t❛ ❝â u ≤ (≥) h tr♦♥❣
B✳
❈→❝ t➼♥❤ ❝❤➜t ❝õ❛ C 0(Ω) ❝→❝ ❤➔♠ ❞÷î✐ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛ ❞➵ ❞➔♥❣ ✤÷ñ❝ t❤✐➳t
❧➟♣✳
✷✳✻✳✷ ❈→❝ t➼♥❤ ❝❤➜t ❝õ❛ ❤➔♠ ❞÷î✐ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛ ✈➔ ❤➔♠ tr➯♥ ✤✐➲✉
❤á❛ ♠ð rë♥❣
❆✳❚➼♥❤ ❝❤➜t ✶✿
◆➳✉ u ❧➔ ❤➔♠ ❞÷î✐ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛ tr➯♥ ♠ët ♠✐➲♥ Ω✱ t❤➻ ♥â t❤ä❛ ♠➣♥
♥❣✉②➯♥ ❧þ ❝ü❝ ✤↕✐ tr➯♥ Ω❀ ✈➔ ♥➳✉ v ❧➔ tr➯♥ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛ tr➯♥ ♠✐➲♥ ❜à ❝❤➦♥
Ω ✈î✐ v ≥ u tr♦♥❣ ∂Ω✱ t❤➻ ❤♦➦❝ ❧➔ v > u ❦❤➢♣ Ω ❤♦➦❝ v ≡ u✳
✷✸
✣➸ ❝❤ù♥❣ ♠✐♥❤ sü ❦❤➥♥❣ ✤à♥❤ tr➯♥✱ ❣✐↔ sû ♥❣÷ñ❝ ❧↕✐✱ t↕✐ ♠é✐ ✤✐➸♠
x0 ∈ Ω ❝❤ó♥❣ t❛ ❝â✿
(u − v)(x0 ) = sup(u − v) = M ≥ 0.
Ω
❱➔ ❝❤ó♥❣ t❛ ❝â t❤➸ ❣✐↔ t❤✐➳t ❝â ❤➻♥❤ ❝➛✉ B = B(x0) ❦➼♥ s❛♦ ❝❤♦
u − v = M tr➯♥ ∂B.
❈❤♦ u¯✱ v¯ ❧➔ ❝→❝ ❤➔♠ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛ ✈➔ ❧➛♥ ❧÷ñt ❜➡♥❣ u✱ v tr➯♥ ∂B ✭✣à♥❤
❧þ ✷✳✸✳✶✮✱ t❛ t❤➜② r➡♥❣✿
M ≥ sup(¯
u − v¯) ≥ (¯
u − v¯)(x0 ) ≥ (u − v)(x0 ) = M.
∂B
❱➔ ❞♦ ✤â ✤➥♥❣ t❤ù❝ ①↔② r❛ ❦❤➢♣ ♥ì✐✳ ❚❤❡♦ ♥❣✉②➯♥ ❧þ ❝ü❝ ✤↕✐ ✤è✐
✈î✐ ❝→❝ ❤➔♠ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛ ✭✣à♥❤ ❧þ ✶✳✸✳✶✮ t❛ ❝â u¯ − v¯ = M tr♦♥❣ B ✈➔ ❞♦
✤â u − v ≡ M tr♦♥❣ ∂B ✱ ✤✐➲✉ ♥➔② ♠➙✉ t❤✉➝♥ ✈î✐ ❝→❝❤ ❝❤å♥ ❝õ❛ B ✳
❇✳❚➼♥❤ ❝❤➜t ✷✿
❈❤♦ u ❧➔ ❤➔♠ ❞÷î✐ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛ tr➯♥ Ω ✈➔ B ❧➔ ❤➻♥❤ ❝➛✉ ❝❤ù❛ trå♥
tr♦♥❣ Ω✳ ❑þ ❤✐➺✉ u¯ ❧➔ ❤➔♠ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛ tr➯♥ B ✭✤➣ ❝❤♦ ❜ð✐ t➼❝❤ ♣❤➙♥
P♦✐ss♦♥ ❝õ❛ u tr➯♥ ∂B ✮ t❤ä❛ ♠➣♥ u¯ = u tr➯♥ ∂B ✳
❈❤ó♥❣ t❛ ✤à♥❤ ♥❣❤➽❛ tr♦♥❣ Ω ❤➔♠ ♥➙♥❣ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛ ❝õ❛ u ✭tr➯♥ B ✮
❜➡♥❣✿
u¯(x), x ∈ B,
U (x) =
✭✷✳✷✺✮
u(x), x ∈ Ω − B.
❑❤✐ ✤â ❤➔♠ U ❝ô♥❣ ❧➔ ❤➔♠ ❞÷î✐ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛ tr♦♥❣ Ω✳
❳➨t ♠ët ❤➻♥❤ ❝➛✉ tò② þ B ⊂⊂ Ω ✈➔ ❝❤♦ h ❧➔ ❤➔♠ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛ tr♦♥❣
B t❤ä❛ ♠➣♥ h ≥ U tr➯♥ ∂B ✳ ❚ø u ≤ U tr♦♥❣ B ❝❤ó♥❣ t❛ ❝â u ≤ h
tr♦♥❣ B ✈➔ ❞♦ ✤â U ≤ h tr♦♥❣ B − B ✳ ❈ô♥❣ tø U ❧➔ ❤➔♠ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛
tr♦♥❣ B ✱ ❝❤ó♥❣ t❛ ❝â t❤❡♦ ♥❣✉②➯♥ ❧þ ❝ü❝ ✤↕✐ U ≤ h tr♦♥❣ B ∩ B ✳ ❉♦
✤â U ≤ h tr♦♥❣ B ✈➔ U ❧➔ ❤➔♠ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛ ❞÷î✐ tr♦♥❣ Ω✳
❈✳❚➼♥❤ ❝❤➜t ✸✿
❈❤♦ ❝→❝ ❤➔♠ u1, u2, ..., uN ❧➔ ❝→❝ ❤➔♠ ❞÷î✐ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛ tr♦♥❣ Ω✳ ❚❤➻
❤➔♠ u(x) = max{u1(x), ..., uN (x)} ❝ô♥❣ ❧➔ ❤➔♠ ❞÷î✐ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛ tr♦♥❣
Ω✳ ✣➙② ❧➔ ♠ët ❤➺ q✉↔ ❝õ❛ ✤à♥❤ ♥❣❤➽❛ ❤➔♠ ❞÷î✐ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛✳
✷✹
❚÷ì♥❣ ù♥❣ ❦➳t q✉↔ ❝❤♦ ❤➔♠ tr➯♥ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛ ❝â ✤÷ñ❝ ❜➡♥❣ ❝→❝❤ t❤❛②
u ❜ð✐ −u tr♦♥❣ ❝→❝ t➼♥❤ ❝❤➜t ✭✶✮✱ ✭✷✮ ✈➔ ✭✸✮✳
✷✳✻✳✸ P❤÷ì♥❣ ♣❤→♣ P❡rr♦♥ ✭P❤÷ì♥❣ ♣❤→♣ ❤➔♠ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛
❞÷î✐✮
❇➙② ❣✐í ❝❤♦ Ω ❧➔ ❜à ❝❤➦♥ ✈➔ ϕ ❧➔ ❤➔♠ ❜à ❝❤➦♥ tr➯♥ ∂Ω✳ ▼ët ❤➔♠
¯ ✤÷ñ❝ ❣å✐ ❧➔ ❤➔♠ ❞÷î✐ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛ ✤è✐ ✈î✐ ϕ ♥➳✉
❞÷î✐ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛ u ∈ C0(Ω)
¯
♥â t❤ä❛ ♠➣♥ u ≤ ϕ tr➯♥ ∂Ω✳ ❚÷ì♥❣ tü ❤➔♠ tr➯♥ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛ ❝õ❛ C0(Ω)
✤÷ñ❝ ❣å✐ ❧➔ ❤➔♠ tr➯♥ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛ ✤è✐ ✈î✐ ϕ ♥➳✉ ♥â t❤ä❛ ♠➣♥ u ≥ ϕ tr➯♥
∂Ω✳ ❚❤❡♦ ♥❣✉②➯♥ ❧þ ❝ü❝ ✤↕✐ ♠å✐ ❤➔♠ ❞÷î✐ ✤➲✉ ♥❤ä ❤ì♥ ❤♦➦❝ ❜➡♥❣ ♠å✐
❤➔♠ tr➯♥✳ ✣➦❝ ❜✐➺t✱ ❤➔♠ ❤➡♥❣ ≤ inf
ϕ (≥ sup ϕ) ❧➔ ♥❤ú♥❣ ❤➔♠ ❞÷î✐
∂Ω
∂Ω
✭❤➔♠ tr➯♥✮✳ ❑þ ❤✐➺✉ Sϕ ❧➔ t➟♣ ❤ñ♣ ❝→❝ ❤➔♠ ❞÷î✐ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛ ✤è✐ ✈î✐ ϕ✳
❈ì sð ❝õ❛ ❦➳t q✉↔ ❝õ❛ ♣❤÷ì♥❣ ♣❤→♣ P❡rr♦♥ ❝❤ù❛ tr♦♥❣ ✤à♥❤ ❧þ s❛✉✿
✣à♥❤ ❧➼ ✷✳✻✳✶✳
❍➔♠ sè
u(x) = sup v(x),
v∈Sϕ
❧➔ ❤➔♠ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛ tr♦♥❣ Ω✳
❈❤ù♥❣ ♠✐♥❤✳
❚❤❡♦ ♥❣✉②➯♥ ❧þ ❝ü❝ ✤↕✐ ❜➜t ❦➻ ❤➔♠ v ∈ Sϕ ✤➲✉ t❤ä❛ ♠➣♥
v ≤ sup ϕ,
❞♦ ✤â u ❧➔ ①→❝ ✤à♥❤✳
❈❤♦ y ❧➔ ✤✐➸♠ tò② þ ❝è ✤à♥❤ ❝õ❛ Ω✳ ❚❤❡♦ ✤à♥❤ ♥❣❤➽❛ ❝õ❛ ❤➔♠ u✱
tç♥ t↕✐ ♠ët ❞➣② {vn} ⊂ Sϕ s❛♦ ❝❤♦
vn (y) → u(y).
❇➡♥❣ ❝→❝❤ t❤❛② t❤➳ vn ❜➡♥❣ max(vn, inf ϕ)✱ ❝❤ó♥❣ t❛ ❝â t❤➸ ❣✐↔ sû
r➡♥❣ ❞➣② {vn} ❧➔ ❜à ❝❤➦♥✳
❇➙② ❣✐í ❝❤å♥ R s❛♦ ❝❤♦ ❤➻♥❤ ❝➛✉ B = BR(y) ⊂⊂ Ω ✈➔ ①→❝ ✤à♥❤ Vn
tø ❤➔♠ ♥➙♥❣ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛ ❝õ❛ vn tr♦♥❣ B t❤❡♦ ✭✷✳✷✺✮✳ ❑❤✐ ✤â Vn ∈ Sϕ✱
✷✺
✈➔ t❤❡♦ ✣à♥❤ ❧þ ✷✳✺✳✷ ❞➣② {Vn} ❝❤ù❛ ❞➣② ❝♦♥ {Vn } ❤ë✐
tö ✤➲✉ tr➯♥ ♠å✐ ❤➻♥❤ ❝➛✉ Bρ(y) ✈î✐ ρ < R ✤➳♥ ♠ët ❤➔♠ v ❧➔ ❤➔♠ ✤✐➲✉
❤á❛ tr♦♥❣ B ✳
❘ã r➔♥❣ v ≤ u tr♦♥❣ B ✈➔ v(y) = u(y)✳ ❈❤ó♥❣ t❛ ❦❤➥♥❣ ✤à♥❤ r➡♥❣
tr➯♥ t❤ü❝ t➳ u = v tr♦♥❣ B ✳
●✐↔ sû v(z) < u(z) t↕✐ ♠ët sè z ∈ B ✳ ❑❤✐ ✤â tç♥ t↕✐ ♠ët ❤➔♠
u¯ ∈ Sϕ s❛♦ ❝❤♦
Vn (y) → u(y)
k
v(z) < u¯(z).
❳→❝ ✤à♥❤ wk = max(¯u, Vn ) ✈➔ ❝ô♥❣ ❣✐è♥❣ ❤➔♠ ♥➙♥❣ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛
Wk ♥❤÷ tr♦♥❣ ✭✷✳✷✺✮✱ ❝❤ó♥❣ t❛ t❤✉ ✤÷ñ❝ ♠ët ❞➣② ❝♦♥ ❝õ❛ ❞➣② {Wk }
❤ë✐ tö ✤➳♥ ♠ët ❤➔♠ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛ w t❤ä❛ ♠➣♥ v ≤ w ≤ u tr♦♥❣ B ✈➔
v(y) = w(y) = u(y)✳ ◆❤÷♥❣ t❤❡♦ ♥❣✉②➯♥ ❧þ ❝ü❝ ✤↕✐ ❝❤ó♥❣ t❛ ❝â v = u
tr♦♥❣ B ✳ ✣✐➲✉ ♥➔② ♠➙✉ t❤✉➝♥ ✈î✐ sü ①→❝ ✤à♥❤ ❝õ❛ u¯ ✈➔ ❞♦ ✤â u ❧➔ ❤➔♠
✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛ tr♦♥❣ Ω✳
❈→❝ ❦➳t q✉↔ ✤➣ ✤÷ñ❝ tr➻♥❤ ❜➔② ð tr➯♥ ❝õ❛ ♠ët ❤➔♠ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛ ❧➔
t➼♥❤ ❝❤➜t ♥❣❤✐➺♠ ✭✤÷ñ❝ ❣å✐ ❧➔ ♥❣❤✐➺♠ P❡rr♦♥✮ ❝õ❛ ❜➔✐ t♦→♥ ❉✐r✐❝❤❧❡t
❝ê ✤✐➸♥✿ ∆u = 0✱ u = ϕ tr♦♥❣ ∂Ω✳ ❚❤➟t ✈➟②✱ ♥➳✉ ❜➔✐ t♦→♥ ❉✐r✐❝❤❧❡t
❣✐↔✐ ✤÷ñ❝✱ ❧í✐ ❣✐↔✐ ❝õ❛ ♥â ❧➔ ✤ç♥❣ ♥❤➜t ✈î✐ ❧í✐ ❣✐↔✐ P❡rr♦♥✳ ●✐↔ sû ❝❤♦
w ❧➔ ♥❣❤✐➺♠✳ ❘ã r➔♥❣ w ∈ Sϕ ✈➔ t❤❡♦ ♥❣✉②➯♥ ❧þ ❝ü❝ ✤↕✐ t❤➻ w ≥ u ✈î✐
♠å✐ u ∈ Sϕ✳
❈❤ó♥❣ t❛ ❝❤ó þ r➡♥❣ ❝→❝❤ ❝❤ù♥❣ ♠✐♥❤ ❝õ❛ ✣à♥❤ ❧þ ✷✳✻✳✶ ❝â t❤➸ ❞ü❛
tr➯♥ ✤à♥❤ ❧þ ❤ë✐ tö ❍❛r♥❛❝❦✱ ✣à♥❤ ❧þ ✷✳✹✳✸✱ t❤❛② ❝❤♦ ✤à♥❤ ❧þ ❝♦♠♣❛❝t✱
✣à♥❤ ❧þ ✷✳✺✳✶ ✭①❡♠ ❜➔✐ t♦→♥ ✷✳✶✵✮✳
k
✷✳✻✳✹ ❍➔♠ ❝❤➢♥ t↕✐ ♠ët ✤✐➸♠ tr➯♥ ❜✐➯♥✱ ❦❤→✐ ♥✐➺♠ ✤✐➸♠
❝❤➼♥❤ q✉②
❚r♦♥❣ ♣❤÷ì♥❣ ♣❤→♣ P❡rr♦♥ ♥❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ù✉ ❝→❝❤ ①û ❧þ ❜✐➯♥ ❝õ❛ ♥❣❤✐➺♠
t❤ü❝ ❝❤➜t ✤÷ñ❝ t→❝❤ tø sü tç♥ t↕✐ ♥❣❤✐➺♠ ❝õ❛ ❜➔✐ t♦→♥✳ ❚✐➳♣ tö❝ ❣✐↔
t❤✐➳t ❝õ❛ ❣✐→ trà ❜✐➯♥ ❧➔ sü ❧✐➯♥ t❤æ♥❣ ✤➳♥ þ ♥❣❤➽❛ ❤➻♥❤ ❤å❝ ❝õ❛ ❜✐➯♥
t❤æ♥❣ q✉❛ ❦❤→✐ ♥✐➺♠ ❝õ❛ ❤➔♠ ❝❤➢♥✳
✷✻
✣à♥❤ ♥❣❤➽❛ ✷✳✻✳✷✳
¯ ✱
❈❤♦ ξ ❧➔ ♠ët ✤✐➸♠ ❝õ❛ ∂Ω✳ ❑❤✐ ✤â ❝❤♦ ♠ët ❤➔♠ w t❤✉ë❝ C 0(Ω)
w = wξ ✤÷ñ❝ ❣å✐ ❧➔ ❤➔♠ ❝❤➢♥ t↕✐ ξ t÷ì♥❣ ✤è✐ ✤➳♥ Ω ♥➳✉✿
✭✐✮ w ❧➔ tr➯♥ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛ tr♦♥❣ Ω✱
¯ ✱ w(ξ) = 0✳
✭✐✐✮ w > 0 tr♦♥❣ Ω\ξ
▼ët ✤à♥❤ ♥❣❤➽❛ tê♥❣ q✉→t ❤ì♥ ✈➲ ❤➔♠ ❝❤➢♥ ❝❤➾ ②➯✉ ❝➛✉ ❤➔♠ tr➯♥
✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛ w ❧✐➯♥ tö❝ ✈➔ ♠❛♥❣ ❞➜✉ ❞÷ì♥❣ tr➯♥ Ω✱ ✈➔ w(x) → 0 ✈î✐
x → ξ ✳ ▼ët ✤➦❝ ✤✐➸♠ q✉❛♥ trå♥❣ ❝õ❛ ❦❤→✐ ♥✐➺♠ ❤➔♠ ❝❤➢♥ ❧➔ ♠ët t➼♥❤
❝❤➜t ✤à❛ ♣❤÷ì♥❣ tr➯♥ ❜✐➯♥ ❝õ❛ ∂Ω✳ ❈ö t❤➸ ❧➔✱ t❛ ✤à♥❤ ♥❣❤➽❛ w ❧➔ ♠ët
❤➔♠ ❝❤➢♥ ✤à❛ ♣❤÷ì♥❣ t↕✐ ξ ∈ ∂Ω ♥➳✉ ❝â ♠ët sè N ❝õ❛ ξ s❛♦ ❝❤♦ w
t❤ä❛ ♠➣♥ ✤à♥❤ ♥❣❤➽❛ ð tr➯♥ tr♦♥❣ Ω ∩ N ✳ ❑❤✐ ✤â ♠ët ❤➔♠ ❝❤➢♥ t↕✐ ξ
t÷ì♥❣ ✤è✐ ✤➳♥ Ω ✤÷ñ❝ ✤à♥❤ ♥❣❤➽❛ ♥❤÷ s❛✉✿
✣à♥❤ ♥❣❤➽❛ ✷✳✻✳✸✳
❈❤♦ B ❧➔ ♠ët ❤➻♥❤ ❝➛✉ t❤ä❛ ♠➣♥ ξ ∈ B ⊂⊂ N ✈➔ m = Ninf
w > 0✳
−B
❍➔♠
w(x)
¯
=
min(m, w(x)),
m,
¯ ∩ B,
x∈Ω
¯ − B.
x∈Ω
❧➔ ♠ët ❤➔♠ ❝❤➢♥ t↕✐ ξ t÷ì♥❣ ✤è✐ ✤➳♥ Ω✱ t❤❡♦ ❝→❝ t➼♥❤ ❝❤➜t ✭✐✮ ✈➔ ✭✐✐✮✳
❚❤➟t ✈➟②✱ w¯ ❧➔ ❧✐➯♥ tö❝ tr♦♥❣ Ω¯ ✈➔ ❧➔ ❤➔♠ tr➯♥ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛ tr♦♥❣ Ω
t❤❡♦ t➼♥❤ ❝❤➜t ✸ ❝õ❛ ❝→❝ ❤➔♠ tr➯♥ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛❀ t➼♥❤ ❝❤➜t ✭✐✐✮ ✤÷ñ❝ s✉②
trü❝ t✐➳♣✳
✣à♥❤ ♥❣❤➽❛ ✷✳✻✳✹✳
✣✐➸♠ ❜✐➯♥ ✤÷ñ❝ ❣å✐ ❧➔ ✤✐➸♠ ❝❤➼♥❤ q✉② ✭✤è✐ ✈î✐ t♦→♥ tû ▲❛♣❧❛❝❡✮
♥➳✉ tç♥ t↕✐ ♠ët ❤➔♠ ❝❤➢♥ t↕✐ ✤✐➸♠ ✤â✳
❑➳t ❤ñ♣ ❣✐ú❛ ❤➔♠ ❝❤➢♥ ✈➔ ❝→❝❤ ①û ❧þ ✤✐➸♠ ❜✐➯♥ ❝õ❛ ❧í✐ ❣✐↔✐ ❝❤ù❛
tr♦♥❣ ❝→❝ ✤à♥❤ ❧þ s❛✉✳
✷✼
✣à♥❤ ❧➼ ✷✳✻✳✷✳
❈❤♦ u ❧➔ ❤➔♠ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛ ✤➣ ✤÷ñ❝ ✤à♥❤ ♥❣❤➽❛ tr➯♥ Ω t❤❡♦ ♣❤÷ì♥❣ ♣❤→♣
P❡rr♦♥ ✭✣à♥❤ ❧þ ✷✳✻✳✶✮✳ ◆➳✉ ξ ❧➔ ♠ët ✤✐➸♠ ❜✐➯♥ ❝❤➼♥❤ q✉② ❝õ❛ Ω ✈➔ ϕ
❧➔ ❧✐➯♥ tö❝ t↕✐ ξ ✱ ❦❤✐ ✤â✿
u(x) → ϕ(ξ) ✈î✐ x → ξ.
❈❤ù♥❣ ♠✐♥❤✳
❈❤å♥ > 0 ✈➔ ❝❤♦ M = sup |ϕ|✳ ❚ø ξ ❧➔ ♠ët ✤✐➸♠ ❜✐➯♥ ❝❤➼♥❤ q✉②✱
tç♥ t↕✐ ♠ët ❤➔♠ ❝❤➢♥ w t↕✐ ξ ✈➔ ❞♦ t➼♥❤ ❧✐➯♥ tö❝ ❝õ❛ ϕ✱ tç♥ t↕✐ ❝→❝
❤➡♥❣ sè δ ✈➔ k s❛♦ ❝❤♦
|ϕ(x) − ϕ(ξ)| < ♥➳✉ |x − ξ| < δ,
✈➔
k.w(x) ≥ 2M ♥➳✉ |x − ξ| ≥ δ.
❈→❝ ❤➔♠ ϕ(ξ) + + kw✱ ϕ(ξ) − − kw t÷ì♥❣ ù♥❣ ❧➔ ❤➔♠ tr➯♥ ✈➔
❤➔♠ ❞÷î✐ t÷ì♥❣ ✤è✐ ✤➳♥ ϕ✳ ◆❤÷ ✈➟② tø ✤à♥❤ ♥❣❤➽❛ ❝õ❛ ❤➔♠ u ✈➔ t❤ü❝
t➳ ❧➔ ♠å✐ ❤➔♠ tr➯♥ trë✐ ❤ì♥ ♠å✐ ❤➔♠ ❞÷î✐✱ tr♦♥❣ Ω ❝❤ó♥❣ t❛ ❝â✿
ϕ(ξ) − − kw(x) ≤ u(x) ≤ ϕ(ξ) + + kw(x),
❤♦➦❝
|u(x) − ϕ(ξ)| ≤ + kw(x).
❚ø
x → ξ✳
w(x) → 0
✈î✐
x → ξ✱
❝❤ó♥❣ t❛ t❤✉ ✤÷ñ❝
u(x) → ϕ(ξ)
✈î✐
✣✐➲✉ ♥➔② ❞➝♥ ♥❣❛② ❧➟♣ tù❝ ✤➳♥ ✤✐➲✉ ❦✐➺♥ ❝➛♥ ✈➔ ✤õ ✤➸ ❜➔✐ t♦→♥
❉✐r✐❝❤❧❡t ❧➔ ❣✐↔✐ ✤÷ñ❝✳
✷✳✻✳✺ ❚➼♥❤ ❣✐↔✐ ✤÷ñ❝ ❝õ❛ ❜➔✐ t♦→♥ ❉✐r✐❝❤❧❡t
✣à♥❤ ❧➼ ✷✳✻✳✸✳
❇➔✐ t♦→♥ ❉✐r✐❝❤❧❡t ❝ê ✤✐➸♥ tr♦♥❣ ♠✐➲♥ ❜à ❝❤➦♥ ❧➔ ❣✐↔✐ ✤÷ñ❝ ✈î✐ ❤➔♠
❝❤♦ tr÷î❝ tr➯♥ ❜✐➯♥ tò② þ ❧✐➯♥ tö❝ ♥➳✉ ✈➔ ❝❤➾ ♥➳✉ ❝→❝ ✤✐➸♠ ❜✐➯♥ ✤➲✉ ❧➔
❝❤➼♥❤ q✉②✳
✷✽
❈❤ù♥❣ ♠✐♥❤✳
◆➳✉ ❝→❝ ❣✐→ trà ❝õ❛ ϕ tr➯♥ ❜✐➯♥ ❧➔ ❧✐➯♥ tö❝ ✈➔ ❜✐➯♥ ∂Ω ❜❛♦ ❣ç♠ ❝→❝
✤✐➸♠ ❝❤➼♥❤ q✉②✱ t❤❡♦ ✣à♥❤ ❧þ ✷✳✻✳✷ ❤➔♠ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛ ❝❤♦ ❜ð✐ ♣❤÷ì♥❣ ♣❤→♣
P❡rr♦♥ ❧➔ ❣✐↔✐ ✤÷ñ❝ ✤è✐ ✈î✐ ❜➔✐ t♦→♥ ❉✐r✐❝❤❧❡t✳
◆❣÷ñ❝ ❧↕✐✱ ❣✐↔ sû r➡♥❣ ❜➔✐ t♦→♥ ❉✐r✐❝❤❧❡t ❧➔ ❣✐↔✐ ✤÷ñ❝ ✈î✐ ♠å✐ ❜✐➯♥
❧✐➯♥ tö❝✳ ❈❤♦ ξ ∈ ∂Ω✳ ❑❤✐ ✤â ❤➔♠ ϕ(x) = |x − ξ| ❧➔ ❧✐➯♥ tö❝ tr➯♥ ∂Ω
✈➔ ❤➔♠ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛ ❣✐↔✐ ❜➔✐ t♦→♥ ❉✐r✐❝❤❧❡t tr♦♥❣ Ω ✈î✐ ❣✐→ trà ❝õ❛ ♥â tr➯♥
❜✐➯♥ ❧➔ ϕ ❤✐➸♥ ♥❤✐➯♥ ❧➔ ❜à ❝❤➦♥ t↕✐ ξ ✳
❉♦ ✤â ξ ❧➔ ❝❤➼♥❤ q✉②✱ ❤❛② ♠å✐ ✤✐➸♠ ❝õ❛ ∂Ω ✤➲✉ ❧➔ ❝❤➼♥❤ q✉②✳
❚rð ❧↕✐ ❝➙✉ ❤ä✐ q✉❛♥ trå♥❣✿ ◆❤ú♥❣ ♠✐➲♥ ♥➔♦ ❝â ❜✐➯♥ ❧➔ ❝→❝ ✤✐➸♠
❝❤➼♥❤ q✉②❄ ◆â ♠ð r❛ ✤✐➲✉ ❦✐➺♥ ✤õ tê♥❣ q✉→t ❝â t❤➸ ✤÷ñ❝ ❜➢t ✤➛✉ tø
t➼♥❤ ❝❤➜t ❤➻♥❤ ❤å❝ ✤à❛ ♣❤÷ì♥❣ ❝õ❛ ❜✐➯♥✳
❈❤ó♥❣ t❛ ♥❤➢❝ ❧↕✐ ♠ët sè ✤✐➲✉ ❦✐➺♥ s❛✉✳
◆➳✉ n = 2✱ ①➨t ♠ët ✤✐➸♠ ❜✐➯♥ z0 ❝õ❛ ♠ët ♠✐➲♥ ❜à ❝❤➦♥ Ω ✈➔ ✤➦t
❣è❝ t↕✐ z0 ✈î✐ tå❛ ✤ë ❝ü❝ r✱ θ ✳
●✐↔ sû ❝â ♠ët ❧➙♥ ❝➟♥ N ❝õ❛ z0 s❛♦ ❝❤♦ ♠ët ♥❤→♥❤ ❞✉② ♥❤➜t ❝õ❛
θ ❝â ❣✐→ trà ✤÷ñ❝ ①→❝ ✤à♥❤ tr➯♥ Ω ∩ N ✱ ❤♦➦❝ tr➯♥ ♠ët t❤➔♥❤ ♣❤➛♥ ❝õ❛
Ω ∩ N ❝â z0 tr➯♥ ❜✐➯♥ ❝õ❛ ♥â✳ ❚❛ t❤➜② r➡♥❣✿
w = −Re
logr
1
=− 2
,
logz
log r + θ2
❧➔ ♠ët ❤➔♠ ❝❤➢♥ ❝ö❝ ❜ë ✭ ❝❤➢♥ ②➳✉✮ t↕✐ z0✳ ❉♦ ✤â z0 ❧➔ ✤✐➸♠ ❝❤➼♥❤
q✉②✳
✣➦❝ ❜✐➺t✱ z0 ❧➔ ✤✐➸♠ ❜✐➯♥ ❝❤➼♥❤ q✉② ♥➳✉ ♥â ❧➔ ✤✐➸♠ ❦➳t t❤ó❝ ❝õ❛
♠ët ❝✉♥❣ ✤ì♥ ♥➡♠ ð ♣❤➼❛ ♥❣♦➔✐ ❝õ❛ Ω✳ ❉♦ ✤â ❜➔✐ t♦→♥ ❉✐r✐❝❤❧❡t tr➯♥
♠➦t ♣❤➥♥❣ ❧➔ ❧✉æ♥ ❧✉æ♥ ❣✐↔✐ ✤÷ñ❝ ✤è✐ ✈î✐ ❜✐➯♥ ❝â ❣✐→ trà ❧✐➯♥ tö❝ tr➯♥
♠ët ♠✐➲♥ ✭♠✐➲♥ ❜à ❝❤➦♥✮ ❝â ❝→❝ ✤✐➸♠ ❜✐➯♥ t❤✉ ✤÷ñ❝ tø ❜➯♥ ♥❣♦➔✐ ❝õ❛
❝✉♥❣ ✤ì♥✳
❚ê♥❣ q✉→t ❤ì♥✱ ❣✐è♥❣ ♥❤÷ ❤➔♠ ❝❤➢♥ r➡♥❣ ❜➔✐ t♦→♥ ❣✐→ trà ❜✐➯♥ ❧➔
❣✐↔✐ ✤÷ñ❝ ♥➳✉ ♠å✐ t❤➔♥❤ ♣❤➛♥ ❝õ❛ ♠✐➲♥ ❜❛♦ ❣ç♠ ♥❤✐➲✉ ❤ì♥ ♠ët ✤✐➸♠✳
❱➼ ❞ö ✈➲ ❝→❝ ♠✐➲♥ ♥❤÷ ✈➟② ❧➔ ❝→❝ ♠✐➲♥ ❜à ❝❤➦♥ ❜ð✐ ♠ët sè ❤ú✉ ❤↕♥
❝→❝ ✤÷í♥❣ ❝♦♥❣ ❦❤➨♣ ❦➼♥✳ ▼ët ✈➼ ❞ö ❦❤→❝ ❧➔ ♥❤→t ❝➢t ✤ì♥ ✈à ❝ò♥❣ ♠ët
✷✾
✈á♥❣ ❝✉♥❣❀ tr♦♥❣ tr÷í♥❣ ❤ñ♣ ♥➔② ❣✐→ trà ❜✐➯♥ ❝â t❤➸ ❧➔ ❣✐❛♦ tr➯♥ ❝→❝
❝↕♥❤ ✤è✐ ❞✐➺♥ ❝õ❛ ♥❤→t ❝➢t✳
✣è✐ ✈î✐ sè ❝❤✐➲✉ ❝❛♦ ❤ì♥ t❤ü❝ ❝❤➜t ❧➔ ❦❤→❝ ♥❤❛✉ ✤→♥❣ ❦➸ ✈➔ ❜➔✐
t♦→♥ ❉✐r✐❝❤❧❡t ❦❤æ♥❣ t❤➸ ❣✐↔✐ ✤÷ñ❝ tr➯♥ tê♥❣ q✉→t t÷ì♥❣ ù♥❣✳ ❉♦ ✤â✱
♠ët ✈➼ ❞ö ❞♦ ▲❡❜❡s❣✉❡ tr➻♥❤ ❜➔② ❝❤♦ t❤➜② ♠ët ♠➦t ❦➼♥ tr♦♥❣ ❜❛ ❝❤✐➲✉
✈î✐ ♠ët ✤➾♥❤ ❝â ✤✐➸♠ ❧ò✐ ❤÷î♥❣ ✈➔♦ tr♦♥❣ ❝â ♠ët ✤✐➸♠ ❦❤æ♥❣ ❝❤➼♥❤
q✉② t↕✐ ✤➛✉ ❝õ❛ ✤✐➸♠ ❧ò✐ ✤â✳
✷✳✻✳✻ ✣✐➲✉ ❦✐➺♥ ❤➻♥❤ ❝➛✉ ♥❣♦➔✐
▼ët ✤✐➲✉ ❦✐➺♥ ✤õ ✤ì♥ ❣✐↔♥ ❝❤♦ t➼♥❤ ❝❤➼♥❤ q✉② ❝õ❛ ✤✐➸♠ ξ ∈ ∂Ω ❧➔
✤✐➲✉ ❦✐➺♥ ❤➻♥❤ ❝➛✉ ♥❣♦➔✐❀ tù❝ ❧➔✱ tç♥ t↕✐ ♠ët ❤➻♥❤ ❝➛✉ ♥❣♦➔✐ B = BR(y)
t❤ä❛ ♠➣♥ B¯ ∩ Ω¯ = ξ ✳ ◆➳✉ ✤✐➲✉ ❦✐➺♥ ♥❤÷ ✈➟② ✤÷ñ❝ t❤ä❛ ♠➣♥✱ t❤➻ ❤➔♠
w ✤÷ñ❝ ①→❝ ✤à♥❤ ❜ð✐
R2−n − |x − y|2−n , n ≥ 3,
w(x) =
log |x − y|
, n = 2,
R
✭✷✳✷✻✮
❧➔ ♠ët ❤➔♠ ❝❤➢❝ ❝❤➢♥ t↕✐ ξ ✳ ❉♦ ✤â ❝→❝ ✤✐➸♠ ❜✐➯♥ ❝õ❛ ♠ët ♠✐➲♥ t❤✉ë❝
❧î♣ C 2 ✤➲✉ ❧➔ ❝→❝ ✤✐➸♠ ❝❤➼♥❤ q✉② ✭①❡♠ ♠ö❝ ✷✳✽ tr♦♥❣ ❬✷❪✮✳
✷✳✼ ❉✉♥❣ ❧÷ñ♥❣
✣✐➲✉ ❦✐➺♥ ❝❤♦ t➼♥❤ ❝❤➼♥❤ q✉② ❝õ❛ ♠ët ✤✐➸♠ ❜✐➯♥ ❝â t❤➸ ♠æ t↔ q✉❛
❦❤→✐ ♥✐➺♠ ❞✉♥❣ ❧÷ñ♥❣ ❝õ❛ ♠✐➲♥✳ ❈→❝ ❦❤→✐ ♥✐➺♠ ✈➟t ❧þ ❝õ❛ ❞✉♥❣ ❧÷ñ♥❣
❝✉♥❣ ❝➜♣ ♠ët t➼♥❤ ❝❤➜t ✤➦❝ tr÷♥❣ ❝õ❛ ✤✐➸♠ ❜✐➯♥✳ ❈❤♦ Ω ❧➔ ♠ët ♠✐➲♥
❜à ❝❤➦♥ tr♦♥❣ Rn(n ≥ 3) ✈î✐ ❜✐➯♥ ∂Ω✱ ✈➔ ❝❤♦ u ❧➔ ❤➔♠ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛ ①→❝
✤à♥❤ tr➯♥ ♣❤➛♥ ❜ò ❝õ❛ Ω¯ ✈➔ t❤ä❛ ♠➣♥ ❝→❝ ✤✐➲✉ ❦✐➺♥ ❜✐➯♥ u = 1 tr➯♥
∂Ω ✈➔ u = 0 t↕✐ ✈æ ❝ü❝✳ ✣↕✐ ❧÷ñ♥❣
|Du|2 dx,
cap Ω =
Rn −Ω
✸✵
✭✷✳✷✼✮
✤÷ñ❝ ✤à♥❤ ♥❣❤➽❛ ❧➔ ❞✉♥❣ ❧÷ñ♥❣ ❝õ❛ Ω✳ ❚r♦♥❣ t➽♥❤ ✤✐➺♥ ❤å❝✱ cap Ω ❧➔
✤✐➺♥ t➼❝❤ tr♦♥❣ ✈➟t ❞➝♥ ∂Ω ✤÷ñ❝ ❤➻♥❤ t❤➔♥❤ ❦❤✐ ♥â ❝â ✤✐➺♥ t❤➳ ❜➡♥❣
✶ s♦ ✈î✐ ð ♥❣♦➔✐ ✈æ ❝ü❝✳
✣➦❝ ❜✐➺t✱ ❝❤ó♥❣ ❝â ✤➦❝ t➼♥❤ ❜✐➳♥ ♣❤➙♥
cap Ω = inf
v∈K
|Dv|2 ,
✭✷✳✷✽✮
tr♦♥❣ ✤â✱
tr♦♥❣ Ω},
✈î✐ C01(Rn) ❧➔ tê♥❣ ❤ñ♣ ❝→❝ ❤➔♠ ❦❤↔ ✈✐ ❧✐➯♥ tö❝ tr♦♥❣ Rn ✈➔ ❜➡♥❣
❦❤æ♥❣ ð ♥❣♦➔✐ ♠ët ❤➻♥❤ ❝➛✉ ♥➔♦ ✤â✳
✣➸ ❦✐➸♠ tr❛ t➼♥❤ ❝❤➼♥❤ q✉② ❝õ❛ ♠ët ✤✐➸♠ x0 ∈ ∂Ω✱ ①➨t ❜➜t ❦ý
λ ∈ (0, 1)✱ λ ❝è ✤à♥❤ ✈➔ ✤➦t
K = {v ∈ C01 (Rn ) | v = 1
Cj = cap{x ∈
/ Ω | |x − x0 | ≤ λj }.
❚✐➯✉ ❝❤✉➞♥ ❲✐❡♥❡r ♥â✐ r➡♥❣ x0 ❧➔ ✤✐➸♠ ❜✐➯♥ ❝❤➼♥❤ q✉② ❝õ❛ ∂Ω ♥➳✉
✈➔ ❝❤➾ ♥➳✉ ❝❤✉é✐
∞
Cj /λj(n−2) ,
✭✷✳✷✾✮
i=0
♣❤➙♥ ❦ý ✭①❡♠ ♠ö❝ ✷✳✾ ❝õ❛ ❬✷❪✮✳
✸✶
❑➳t ❧✉➟♥
◆ë✐ ❞✉♥❣ ❝❤➼♥❤ ✤÷ñ❝ tr➻♥❤ ❜➔② tr♦♥❣ ❧✉➟♥ ✈➠♥ ❜❛♦ ❣ç♠✿
✲ ❚r➻♥❤ ❜➔② ❦❤→✐ ♥✐➺♠ ♣❤÷ì♥❣ tr➻♥❤ ✈➔ ❜➜t ♣❤÷ì♥❣ tr➻♥❤ ▲❛♣❧❛❝❡✱
♥❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ù✉ ❝→❝ ✤➥♥❣ t❤ù❝✱ ❜➜t ✤➥♥❣ t❤ù❝ ✈➲ ❣✐→ trà tr✉♥❣ ❜➻♥❤✱
♥❣✉②➯♥ ❧þ ❝ü❝ ✤↕✐ ✈➔ ❝ü❝ t✐➸✉ ✤è✐ ✈î✐ ❤➔♠ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛✱ tr➯♥ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛
✈➔ ❞÷î✐ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛ ✳
✲ ◆❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ù✉ ❝→❝ t➼♥❤ ❝❤➜t ❝õ❛ ❤➔♠ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛✿ ❜➜t ✤➥♥❣ t❤ù❝ ❍❛r✲
♥❛❝❦✱ ❦❤→✐ ♥✐➺♠ ❤➔♠ ●r❡❡♥ ✤è✐ ✈î✐ ❜➔✐ t♦→♥ ❉✐r✐❝❤❧❡t✱ ✤à♥❤ ❧þ ❤ë✐
tö✱ ❝→❝ ✤→♥❤ ❣✐→ ❜➯♥ tr♦♥❣ ♠✐➲♥ ✤è✐ ✈î✐ ❤➔♠ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛✳
✲ ◆❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ù✉ ❜➔✐ t♦→♥ ❉✐r✐❝❤❧❡t ✤è✐ ✈î✐ ❤➔♠ ✤✐➲✉ ❤á❛✱ tr➻♥❤ ❜➔②
❦❤→✐ ♥✐➺♠ ✤✐➸♠ ❝❤➼♥❤ q✉② tr➯♥ ❜✐➯♥✱ ♣❤→t ❜✐➸✉ ✤✐➲✉ ❦✐➺♥ ❝➛♥ ✈➔
✤õ ❝❤♦ t➼♥❤ ❣✐↔✐ ✤÷ñ❝ ❝õ❛ ❜➔✐ t♦→♥✱ ✤✐➲✉ ❦✐➺♥ ❝➛♥ ✈➔ ✤õ ✤➸ ♠ët
✤✐➸♠ tr➯♥ ❜✐➯♥ ❧➔ ❝❤➼♥❤ q✉②✳
✸✷
❚➔✐ ❧✐➺✉ t❤❛♠ ❦❤↔♦
❚➔✐ ❧✐➺✉ ❚✐➳♥❣ ❱✐➺t
❬✶❪ ❚r➛♥ ✣ù❝ ❱➙♥ ✭✷✵✵✹✮✱ ▲þ t❤✉②➳t ♣❤÷ì♥❣ tr➻♥❤ ✤↕♦ ❤➔♠ r✐➯♥❣✱
◆❤➔ ①✉➜t ❜↔♥ ✣↕✐ ❤å❝ ◗✉è❝ ❣✐❛ ❍➔ ◆ë✐✳
❚➔✐ ❧✐➺✉ ❚✐➳♥❣ ❆♥❤
❬✷❪ ❉✳ ●✐❧❜❛r❣ ❛♥❞ ◆✳ ❚r✉❞✐♥❣❡r ✭✷✵✵✶✮✱ ❊❧❧✐♣t✐❝ ❉✐❢❢❡r❡♥t✐❛❧ ❊q✉❛✲
t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❙❡❝♦♥❞ ❖r❞❡r✱ ❙♣r✐♥❣❡r✲❱❡r❧❛❣✱ ❇❡r❧✐♥ ❍❡✐❞❡❧❜❡r❣ ◆❡✇
❨♦r❦✳
✸✸
❳⑩❈ ◆❍❾◆ ❈❍➓◆❍ ❙Û❆ ▲❯❾◆ ❱❿◆
❳→❝ ♥❤➟♥ ❧✉➟♥ ✈➠♥ t❤↕❝ s➽ ❝õ❛ ❤å❝ ✈✐➯♥ ❝❛♦ ❤å❝ ❚r➛♥ ❱➠♥ ❚î✐✳
❚➯♥ ✤➲ t➔✐ ❧✉➟♥ ✈➠♥
P❤÷ì♥❣ tr➻♥❤ ✈➔ ❜➜t ♣❤÷ì♥❣ tr➻♥❤ ▲❛♣❧❛❝❡
❈❤✉②➯♥ ♥❣➔♥❤✿ ❚♦→♥ ù♥❣ ❞ö♥❣
▼➣ sè✿ ✻✵✳✹✻✳✵✶✳✶✷
❇↔♦ ✈➺ ♥❣➔② ✶✶✳✶✵✳✷✵✶✹
✣➣ ❝❤➾♥❤ sû❛ t❤❡♦ ♥❤÷ ❦➳t ❧✉➟♥ ❝õ❛ ❍ë✐ ✤ç♥❣ ❜↔♦ ✈➺ t↕✐ tr÷í♥❣
✣↕✐ ❤å❝ ❑❤♦❛ ❤å❝ ✲ ✣↕✐ ❤å❝ ❚❤→✐ ◆❣✉②➯♥
●✐→♦ ✈✐➯♥ ❤÷î♥❣ ❞➝♥
P●❙✳ ❚❙✳ ❍➔ ❚✐➳♥ ◆❣♦↕♥
✸✹
... tỡ t ỡ t x dS tỷ t t õ ổ tự t tứ ợ uv C 1() C 0() (Dj u)vdx = u(Dj v)dx + uvàj dS ứ ổ tự tr t s r ỵ s trữớ õ t õ tỡ t w = (w1, w2, , wn) tr C 1() divwdx = (w,
Ngày đăng: 24/10/2015, 11:05
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