trong dd dong t\i ket ehuoi eater- natives la mot nhdm dong tit kha dac biet, luon doi hoi cac dong tu: khdng chia khac ciing xuat hien.. Chung ddi hoi cac dong tif di sau chung phai xua
Trang 1DONG TD KET C H U O I T R O N G T I E N G A N H ,
c6 D6\ CHIEU vdi MOT SO NHOM DONG TD
TUONG Q N G TRONG TIENG VIET
Nguyin Thi Hong Hanh
Ban Qiian he Quoc te, DHQG Hd Not
Trong tieng Anh c6 nhieu nhdm dong t\i, vi du nhu dong tiif chuyen dong, dong til tong hdp, dong gidi tif trong dd dong t\i ket ehuoi (eater-
natives) la mot nhdm dong tit kha dac biet, luon doi hoi cac dong tu: khdng chia khac ciing xuat hien
Vi du:
He kept talking (Anh ay tiep tue ndi chuyen.)
I saw John come up the street (Toi nhin thay John di tren pho.)
Trong hai vi du tren, cac dong tijt "kept", "saw", dting d vi tri dau tien trong dong ngii chinh la dong tu: ket chudi Chung ddi hoi cac dong tif di sau chung phai xuat hien d dang thijfe khong chia cua dong tijf:
"talking"- hinh thai -ing (V-ing); "come" - dong tif nguyen dang khong
CO "to"
So' lUdng cae dong t\i ciing xuat hien trong mot ngfl theo kieu nay
la khong cd gidi ban: t a t ca cac dong tir, trif dong i\i diing sau ciing,
deu la dong tuf ket chudi Trong mot dong ngiJ cd the cd hdn hai dong ttt ket ehuoi
Vi du:
He kept on ashing her to help him get it finished
(Anh ay tiep tue de nghi c6 ay giup anh ket thue cong viec.)
*Dong t\X ket ehuoi' va cac dong tii di sau no cd mot moi quan he
cu phap va ngijt nghia kha 'chat che', vi du khong the ndi "He kept to
talk", "I want going to London"
Trang 2Trong bai viet nay, chung toi se tim hieu cac cau true cd ban va ngut nghia cua nhdm dong tu: ket ehuoi, lam cd sd doi chieu mot so' nhdm dong tii tUdng dUdng trong tieng Viet
I TifiU CHI PHAN LOAI D O N G Ttf K^T C H u 6 l
F.R.Palmer trong cud'n "The Grammar English Verb", 1974 da
dua ra hai bo tieu chi de phan loai dong t\i ket ehuoi trong tieng Anh
dUa tren cac cau t n i c ma chung xuat hien:
(i) Thii nhdty c6 4 hinh thai cua dong ti£ c6 thedi sau dong til ket ehuoi:
• Dong tijf nguyen dang khdng cd tieu tuf 'to":
He didn't hear her get up
(Anh khong nghe thay c6 ay thufe day.)
I saw him come out of the house
(Toi nhin thay anh ay ra khdi nha.)
- Dong tix nguyen dang cd ti§u t\i "to":
I didn*t want to look at the time
(Toi khong muon xem dong ho.)
I don't want anyone to touch you (Toi khong mud'n bat cijf ai
cham vao ngudi em.)
- Dong til CO duoi -ing (-ing form):
After a time, she quit talking (Sau mot hoi, c6 ay ngijtng ndi.) She kept talking (Cd ay v i n tiep tue ndi.)
- Dong ttt cd dudi -en (-en form) :
He got short in the riot (Anh ay bi bin trong cuoe noi loan.)
Tuy nhien, chi cd hinh thai thii hai va thii ba la thich hdp doi vdi
phan Idn cac dong tii ket ehuoi
Trang 3(it) ThiJt hai, danh ngit c6 the xuat hien givta dong tii ket chuSi
vd dong tit di sau no, theo trqt tit:
(a) Dong tu: ket ehuoi + (b) ed/khong cd danh ngi3 (vdi chiic nang
bd ngut) + (c) dong tuf khdng chia
John wanted to talk (John mud'n ndi ehuy§n)
a + e (nguyen dang cd tieu ttr "to")
John kept talking (John tiep tue ndi chuyen.)
a + c (V-ing)
John wanted the m a n to talk
a + b + e (nguyen dang cd tieu tif "to") (John mud'n ngUdi dan dng ndi chuyen.)
John kept the man talking
a + b + e (nguyen dang khong cd tieu ttf "to") John ctJt de ngUdi dan ong ndi chuyen.)
Trong hai vi du dau, chu ngut cua "to talk" va "talking" la "John" Trong hai dong ngut nay khdng cd danh ngii "chen" vao giula dong tiif ket ehuoi - "wanted", "kept" va dong tii khdng chia
Trong hai vi du sau, chu ngu[ cua "to talk" va "talking" khdng phai
la "John" ma la "the man" Trong trudng hdp nay, danh ngd "the man"
da "chen" vao giiia dong tijf ket ehuoi - "wanted", "kept'* va dong i\i
khdng chia - "to talk", "talking"
Theo tac gia, hai bo tieu chi phan loai dong t\i ket ehuoi vrta neu
tren ehi ap dung cho dong ngii phiic (complex phrase) Mot dac diem quan trong phan biet dong ngii ddn va dong ngii phiic chinh la kha nang "chen" vao giiia dong tu: ket chudi va dong ttf di sau nd cua danh nguc (NP) Chi cd dong ngii phijfc mdi cd kha nang nay
Vi du:
John wanted the man to talk
John kept the man talking
Trang 4Trong hai dong ngQ phlie trong hai vi du tren, cd sU xuat hien cua danh ngii "the man" Trong trUdng hdp nay, "the man" la chu ngii cua menh de phu/doan ngii khdng chia, la chu ngii cua h a n h dong "to talk" v^ "talking"
Ngodi ra, dong ngiJt phiic con c6 mot so dac tritng sau day:
(i) Dang phu dinh cd the dUde sxi dung vdi dong ttf ket chudi trong
dong ngii phiic Phu dinh cd the dUde danh dau vdi mdi mot dong tijf xuat hien trong ciing mot dong ngii mot each doc lap
He did not agree to do anything (Anh ay khdng dong y lam bat
cii viec gi.)
He agreed not to do anything (Anh ^'y dong y khong lam bat eti
I don't like children not taught road safety (Toi khdng mud'n tre
em khdng dUde day ve an toan giao thong.)
Nhiing ban che nay thudng vi ly do ngii nghia ehtf khdng phai vi
ly do ngii phap Cae dong ttf 'help' (giup dd), 'fail' (that bai) hoae 'get' (1^'y, nhan) khdng dUde sii dung de d i l n dat cac h a n h dong hoae trang thai phu dinh va thudng khdng diing vdi sU kien khdng ed that
(ii) Doi vdi mot so'cau true cua dong tit ket chudi, ciing c6 the danh dau thdi (tense) d moi mot dong tii (vdi "have")
I prefer to have finished before he comes (Toi mud'n ket thue
cdng viec trude khi anh ay den.)
Trong vi du tren, dong tif ket chudi "prefer" ket hdp vdi "to have finished" - dang thtic hoan t h a n h nguyen dang
Trong vi du dUdi day "prefer" lai ket hdp vdi to finish - dong ttf
Trang 5nguyen dang cd tieu ttf to
I prefer to finish before he comes
Su khac nhau giiia hai cau tren chinh la sU khae nhau ve thdi
(Hi) Hdu nhu khong c6 gidi han ndo trong viec diing dang thiCc bi dong doi vdi cac menh de phu
He saw them eat (Anh ay nhin thay ho an.)
He saw them eaten (Anh ay nhin thay ehiing dang bi an
thit)
He had them beat the carpet (Anh ay yeu cau ho dap saeh
^ tham.)
He had them beaten (Anh ^y sai ngUdi dap saeh tham.)
Trong mot so' trUdng hdp ca mot cau ddy du trong dd cd dong ttf ket chudi ciing cd the chuyen sang dang thtfc bi dong
John seems to have seen Mary (John cd ve nhU da gap Mary)
Mary seems to have been seen by John (Mary cd ve nhU da dUde John tiep.)
Day la cac dong ttf 'bo nghia cho chu ngii' Trong dang thiie bi dong, chung gidng cac trd dong ttf hdn la cac dong ttf chinh va ve mat ngii nghia chung ed mot so' dac trUng ctia dong ttf tinh thai - dUdng nhu, dang xay r a v.v Nhu vay ed the thay la khdng cd sU phan biet rd rang giiia cac trd dong ttf chinh cap (primary auxiliaries), cac dong ttf tinh thai (modals) va dong ttf ket chudi
Cd the nhan thay s^c thai nghia khac nhau giiia hai c^'u tnic bi dong sau day:
He saw them punished (Anh ay nhin thay ho bi trtfng phat)
He saw them to be punished (Anh ay nhin thay ho s^p hi trtfng phat)
Theo chung toi, sU khac biet chti yeu giiia hai cau true bi dong tren chinh la ve thdi gian
Trang 6Hinh thai qua khii phan til la dang hi dong ctia dong ttf nguyen
dang cd tieu ttf 'to' Tuy nhien, ciing cd the cd dang nguyen the d dang
bi dong vdi it khac biet ve nghia:
I want the carpet beaten
(Toi mud'n tarn tham dUde dap saeh bui)
I want the carpet to be beaten
Tuy nhien, each ndi bi dong khdng thUe hien dUde ddi vdi mot so'
dong txX, n h a t la vdi dang dong ttf dudi -ing khi ed danh nguf chen d
giiia:
He kept them working (Anh bat chung lam viec.)
They kept them being taught (-)
I want them working (Toi mud'n ho lam viec.)
I want them being taught (-)
TrUdng hdp ngoai le nay chu yeu mang tinh ngii nghia (NgUdi ta thudng 'keeps' (khien, b^t) hoae 'wants' (mud'n) ngUdi khac h a n h
dong) Mac dti v^y cd the cd each ndi bi dong trong cau "I want them
being taught" (cau sai) hkng each s i dung dong ttf nguyen dang cd tieu
ttf 'to' thay vi stf dung dong ttf dang -ing:
I want them to be taught (Toi mud'n ho dUde day dd.)
(iv) Dong tit ket chudi c6 the xuat hien trong 4 cau trdc cO ban sau day:
Trang 7danh ngii d^u tien (NPl, vdi chijfc nang chu ngut) hay triing vdi danh ngii thuf hai NP2 (vdi chiic nang bo ngii);
- dau [ ] chi sU phu thude
a NPl V [(NPl) V]
I hope to go to China for this summer holiday
N P l V /(NPl)V A A/ (Toi hy vong di Trung Qud'c vao ky nghi he nay)
She began to read a novel
N P l V /(NPl)V NP2/
(Cd ay bat dau doc mot quyen tieu thuyet)
Trong hai vi du tren, danh ngii d phan phu (ehu ngii cua menh de phu) triing vdi danh ngii d^u tien ("I", "she") cua cau
b.NPl VINP2V]
I want him to go to China for this summer holiday
N P l V /NP2 V A A/ (Tdi mud'n anh §'y di Trung Qud'c vao ky nghi hd nay.)
/ wanted her to play ^/lepmno, (Tdi mud'n cd ay chdi piano)
/ advised him to study Russian
N P l V NP2 /(NP2)V NP3/
(Tdi khuyen anh ay hoe tieng Nga)
Trang 8It made me think (Dieu đ khien tdi nghị)
N P l V NP2 /(NP2)V
Khac vdi ếu true (a), trong cau true nay danh ngO (NP2) chen vao giiia dong ttf k^'t chudi ("persuade", "advised") va dong ttf di sau ("to gó*, "to study") khdng triing vdi danh ngii N P l Trong trUdng hdp nay, NP2 ("him") vtfa la bo ngii cua menh de chinh (bo ngii cua "persuade"
va "advised"), vtfa la chu ngii cua menh de phu (chii ngii cua "to go" va
"to study")
d.NPl V NP2 [(NPl) V]
I promised him to go to Chinạ
N P l V NP2 /(NPl)V A
(Tdi hiia vdi anh ta la toi se di Trung Qud'c)
Trong cau true nay danh ngii lam chu ngii cua menh de phu trung vdi ehu ngii cua menh de chinh (chti ngii cua "promised" triing vdi chu ngii cua "to go" Vdi y nghia nay, dong ttf "promise" la dong ttf duy nh^'t khdng can den gidi ttf trUdc danh ngtị
IỊ PHAN LOAI DONG itT K^T CHu6l
Dua vao cac eiiu true ed ban eung vdi cae hinh thai khdng chia cua dong ttf ciing xu^'t hien, cae dong ttf ket chudi cd the dUde chia t h a n h cac nhdm nhd sau daỵ Tuy nhien, sU phan chia nay ciing mang tinh
vd doan va đn gian boa bdi vi cd kha nhieu dong ttf nlim d r a n h gidi giOa cac nhdm khac nhaụ
1 N h o m d o n g tii ttftfng l a i
Nhdm dong ttf tUdng lai md ta h a n h dong, dU dinh cho tUdng lai, hoae da dUde len k e b o a e h Nhdm dong ttf nay cd the x u a t hien trong
ca bd'n cau true neu tren va dUdc phan biet ve h i n h thiic hkng k h a
nang ket hdp vdi cac t r a n g ngii chi thdi gian tUdng lai trong menh
de phụ
Trang 9Co the chia nhom dong tit nay thdnh cac tieu loai ngit nghia sau:
a Cac dong ttf mang y nghia thuyet phue ehi xuat hien trong cau tnic N P l V NP2 [(NP2) V], trong dd ludn ed ngUdi dUdeA)i thuyet phue
thue hien hanh dong, vi du nhU persuade, advise, challange, force, teach, assist, bring, direct, invite, lead, remind, request, tempt, expect
I persuade the doctor to examine the boy
N P l V NP2 /(NP2)V NP3/
(Tdi thuyet phue bac si kham benh cho cau be)
b Cac dong ttf mang y nghia ra lenh, bat buoc chi xuat hien trong hai cau true:
- N P 1 V N P 2 [(NP2) V];
- N P l V [NP2 V]
trong dd mot ngUdi nao dd nhan lenh, hoae mot h a n h dong cd the dUdc
ra lenh thUe hien ma khdng n h i c den ngUdi nh^n lenh dd, vi du nhU order, cause, enable, permit, allow
My papa has ordered me to return to you these presents
N P l V NP2 /(NP2)V A NP3/ (Bd' tdi lenh cho tdi phai tra lai anh nhiing mdn qua nay.)
Cac dong ttf nhU expect, mean, intend xuat hien trong cac cau
(Tdi trong ddi se nhin thay mot eon ma d trong phdng.)
/ expect the doctor to examine John
N P l V NP2 /(NP2)V NP3
(Tdi trong ddi bac si se kham cho John.)
Trang 10c Cac dong ttf mang y nghia yeu cau xuat hien trong cac eifu true:
- N P 1 V N P 2 [(NP2)V]; va
- N P l V [(NPl) V],
trong dd ngUdi ndi cd the yeu cau mot ai dd thUe hien mot h a n h dong
hoae yeu cau dd lam viec dd, vi du nhu ask, aim, choose, require, beg, dare
anybody dared to hate her
N P l V /(NPl)V/ NP2
( cd ai dam ghet cd ay.)
/ asked John to meet Mary
N P l V NP2 /(NP2)V NP3
(Tdi da yeu cfiu John gap Mary.)
- Cac dong ttf chi xuat hien vdi cau true : N P l V [(NPl) V], vi du
nhu decide, decline, determine, elect, fear, hesitate, hope, long, look, lust, prepare, refuse, swear
She determined to render her position
N P l V /(NPl)V/ NP3
(Cd ay quyet dinh ttf bd vi tri cua minh.)
/ hope to come soon (Tdi hy vong den sdm.)
N P l V /(NPl)V/ A
- Dong ttf ehi xuat hien trong hai c^'u true:
-NP1V[(NP1)V];
- NP1VNP2 [(NPl)V]
vi du nhu dong tii ''promise"
I promised to go (Tdi hiia se di.)
N P l V /(NPl)V/
/ promised John to go (Tdi htfa vdi John la tdi se di.)
N P l V NP2 /(NPl)V/
Trang 11- Cac dong ttf chi xuat hien vdi cau true:
(Tdi dong y vdi John tdi se chuan bi bai phat bieu.)
- ''Need" ed the xuat hien vdi dong ttf nguyen dang mang y nghia
chu dong va vdi dong ttf dudi -ing nhUng mang y nghia bi dong Vdi hai
y nghia khac nhau thi se cd hai cau tnic khac nhau:
The boy needed to wash (Cau be can t i m )
N P l V /(NPl)V/
The boy needed washing (Cku be cSn dUde tam)
N P l V A^(NPl)/
(The boy needed to be washed)
Nhiing dong tii thude nhdm nay bao gom: advise, recommend
I wound't advise taking the car
N P l Aux V /(NP)V NP2
(Tdi se khdng khuyen mua chiee xe dd.)
/ wouldn't advise you to take the car (nt)
N P l Aux V NP2 /(NP2)V NP3
(Tdi se khdng khuyen anh mua chiee xe dd.)
Dong t\i "advise" ket hdp vdi hinh thai -ing khi bo ngii chi ngUdi
khdng dUde de c^p den NgUdc lai, nd ket hdp vdi dong ttf nguyen dang
ed "to" khi de cap den bo ngii ehi ngUdi ("you")
Trang 122 N h o m d o n g tijf c h i n g u y e n n h a n
Nhdm dong ttf chi nguyen nhan cd the xu^'t hien vdi dong ttf nguyen dang khdng ed tieu ttf "to" hoae ed "to" Dong ttf thude nhdm nay gom ed: have, help, let, make
Trong nhdm nay ed dong tii cd the xuat hien trong hai cau true: NPlV[(NPl)V];va
N P 1 V N P 2 [(NP2)V], -' ' •
nhUng ed dong ttf ehi xu§.'t hien vdi cau true: N P l V NP2 /(NP2)V/
Let me buy you a drink
- "Help": xuat hien trong cau true : N P l V [(NPl) V] vdi dong ttf
nguyen dang khdng cd tieu ttf "to"; va N P l V NP2 [(NP2) V] vdi dong ttf nguyen dang khdng cd tieu tijf "to" v^ dong tii nguyen dang cd tieu tii "to"
You can help push the car
N P l Aux V (NPl)V NP2 '" " ' ' ^ ' * (Anh cd the giup d^y xe d to.) ' '" '• '"'"
He helped them build f/ic/lousc V ' ^''^^^'' '*
- "Make": xuat hien trong cau true N P l V NP2 [(NP2) V] vdi dong
tif nguyen dang khdng ed tieu tijf "to"; vdi dong ttf nguyen dang cd tieu ttf "to" khi menh de chinh d dang hi dong
^ - He made the boy finish his work
''^•'' ->JPl' V NP2 /(NP2)V/ NP3 ' "• ';
"" (Anh ay b^t cau be lam xong bai tap.)
Trang 13The boy was made to finish his work
N P l V NP2
(Cau be bi bdt buoc phai lam xong bai tap.)
- "Let": xuat hien trong ca'u true N P l V NP2 [(NP2) V], cd danh
ngti "chen" vao giiia nd va dong ttf di sau va ket hdp vdi dong ttf nguyen dang khdng cd tieu tii "to"
/ will let them stay a while
N P l Ax V NP2 /(NP2)V/ A
(Tdi se cho phep ho d lai mot lue.)
- "Have" xuat hidn trong cau true : N P l V [NP2 V] vdi dong tif
nguyen dang khdng cd tieu ttf "to"; vdi dang thtfe -ing (-ing form) va
dang thxic qua khtf phan ttf Trong cau true n^y menh de chinh khdng
dUde phep chuyen sang dang bi dong
He had them come early,
N P l V NP2 /(NP2)V/ A
(Anh ay hit buoc ho den sdm.)
He had them all singing (Anh ay yeu c^u t a t ca deu hat.)
N P l V NP2 V
Cd the thay, ve mat ngii nghia bd'n dong ttf "have" (khien, buoc),
"make" (b4t), "help" (giup, giup dd), "let" (de) ed nhieu diem chung va deu dien ta y nghia 'tUdng lai' ("help" cd le khdng rd l i m )
3 N h o m d o n g tit tvicing t h u a t
Nhdm dong ttf tUdng thuiit ed the ket hdp vdi danh ngii lam bo ngii/menh de bd ngii va hau het deu xu^'t hien vdi ca menh de chinh
va menh de phu khi doi thanh dang bi dong Trong thuc te, the bi dong
dUde stf dung thdng dung hdn Dong tijf thude nhdm nay gom cd:
belie-ve, think, consider, admit, deny, remember,
Trong nhdm dong ttf nay, mot so' dong ttf nhU believe, think, sider, declare, discover ehi xuat hien vdi cau true: N P l V NP2[(NP2)
con-V], ket hdp vdi danh ngti, vdi dong ttf nguyen dang cd "to", dang thtic qua khtf phan ttf (-en form)