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Lesson 1: Vietnamese Alphabet

I Aims of lesson:

After the lesson you will learn:

1 The Vietnamese alphabet system and its pronunciation

2 Learn more detail vowels, consonants, diphthongs, etc

3 Tones

II Content:

1 Vietnamese alphabet system

There are 29 letters in the Vietnamese alphabet system which consists of 12 vowels and

17 consonants See the list below:

Table 1

2 Vowels

As mentioned above, there are 12 vowels in the Vietnamese alphabet system They are including:

Table 2

How to pronoun these vowels is to follow the below

Table 3

Front Central Back

Upper mid ê [e]

â [ə] / ơ [əː]

ô [o]

Front, central, and low vowels (i, ê, e, ư, â, ơ, ă, a) are unrounded, whereas the back

vowels (u, ô, o) are rounded The vowels â [ə] and ă [a] are pronounced very short, much shorter than the other vowels Thus, ơ and â are basically pronounced the same except that ơ [əː] is long while â [ə] is short — the same applies to the low vowels long a [aː] and short ă [a]

- Now turn back to the list, (table 2) listen and repeat

* Diphthongs and Tripthongs

In addition to single vowels (or monophthongs), Vietnamese has diphthongs and

triphthongs The diphthongs consist of a main vowel component followed by a shorter semivowel offglide to either a high front position [ɪ], a high back position [ʊ], or a central position [ə] See the table below:

Table 4

Vowel

nucleus Diphthong with front

offglide

Diphthong with back offglide

Diphthong with centering offglide

Tripthong with front offglide

Tripthong with back offglide

-ư ưi [ɨɪ] ưu [ɨʊ] ưa~ươ [ɨə] ươi [ɨəɪ] ươu [ɨəʊ]

~

~

-The centering diphthongs are formed with only the three high vowels (i, ư, u) as the main vowel They are generally spelled as ia, ưa, ua when they end a word and are spelled iê,

ươ, uô, respectively, when they are followed by a consonant There are also restrictions

on the high offglides: the high front offglide cannot occur after a front vowel (i, ê, e) nucleus and the high back offglide cannot occur after a back vowel (u, ô, o) nucleus.

The correspondence between the orthography and pronunciation is complicated For

example, the offglide [ɪ] is usually written as i however, it may also be represented with

y In addition, in the diphthongs [aɪ] and [aːɪ] the letters y and i also indicate the

pronunciation of the main vowel: ay = ă + [ɪ], ai = a + [ɪ] Thus, tay "hand" is [taɪ] while tai "ear" is [taːɪ] Similarly, u and o indicate different pronunciations of the main vowel: au = ă + [ʊ], ao = a + [ʊ].

The four triphthongs are formed by adding front and back offglides to the centering diphthongs Similarly to the restrictions involving diphthongs, a triphthong with front nucleus cannot have a front offglide (after the centering glide) and a triphthong with a back nucleus cannot have a back offglide

With regards to the front and back offglides [ɪ, ʊ], many phonological descriptions

analyze these as consonant glides /j, w/ Thus, a word such as đâu "where" [ɗəʊ] would

be /ɗəw/

It is difficult to pronoun these sounds, you must listen and repeat carefully (table 4), then

pronoun these words (Practice and then click the sounds to check whether you do it right

or not)

3 Consonant

The consonants that occur in Vietnamese are listed below in the Vietnamese orthography with the phonetic pronunciation to the right

Table 5

Labial Alveolar Retroflex palatal Velar Glottal Stop voiceless p[p] t [t] tr [ʈʂ~ʈ] ch [c~tɕ] c/k [k]

aspirated th [tʰ]

voiced b [ɓ] đ [ɗ] d [ɟ]

Fricative

Approximant u/o [w] l [l] y/i [j]

Some consonant sounds are written with only one letter (like "p"), other consonant sounds are written with a two-letter disgrah (like "ph"), and others are written with more than one letter or digraph (the velar stop is written variously as "c", "k", or "q")

The tables below show detail and it may help you easier to understand

* There are 17 single consonants as listed below:

Table 6

Consonants Sound Phoneme English equivalent sounds

m /m/ meet, mouse

* There are 11 consonants clusters:

Table 7

Consonants

Sound Phoneme English equivalent sounds

ph /f/ fine

* There are 8 final consonants:

Table 8

Consonants

Sound Phoneme English equivalent sounds

Now click the sounds again, listen and repeat carefully

It is necessray to make a difference between these two sounds:

+) K vs Kh

“K” & “kh” are two of the consonant symbols in the Vietnamese language “K” is produced fortis and unaspirated It is similar to the “c” in cat In Vietnamese language it

is similar to “c” and “q” Perhaps one of the most common words beginning with “k” is

“kem” which means “ice cream” and “kẹo” which means “candy” 'Kh' is produced lenis

voiceless dorsorelar spirant The most common 'kh' word is “không” which means “no”

or “not” though there are less common meanings as well “Khỏe” which means “strong” and “healthy” is another common word To place “khỏe không” after a personal referent

is to enquire as to another's health - literally: “you well no?” as in “bạn khỏe không?” Also in these times of fast food, the ubiquitous french fry is known as “khoai tây chiên” meaning “potato fry”

+) Ng and Ngh

The sound that ng and ngh make in Vietnamese is by far the hardest sound for Westerners

to make Ng and ngh simply make the last sound in "king" or "running” (as long as you don't make the hard /g/ sound at the end) The problem arises when ng or ngh come at the beginning of a word, as the common family name Nguyễn clearly demonstrates Here, the

speaker has to isolate the /ŋ/ sound, which even many Western dictionaries don't

recognize in their pronunciation guides (Those that do tend to represent it as /ng/.) This lesson will help you to at least pronounce the /ŋ/ sound well enough for a native listener

One thing you have to take a notice of is the combination of these above consonants Ng/ ngh with vowels See below for detail:

1 Ngh can only combine with the vowels which are started with i, e, ê

2 Ng can combine with vowels started with a, o, ơ, ô, u, ư

Besides, Vietnamese has another pair of sound (g/ gh) which are all pronouned as /g/, for

these consonants, there is also rule in combining with vowels

- gh can only combine with vowel started with e, ê, i

-g can go with vowel started with a, o, ơ, ô, u, ư

* g can also go with i but in this case it will be pronoun as /j/, e.g cái gì.

3 Tones

Vietnamese is a tonal language, It means that different voice inflections on any word will change the meaning of that word For example, if you say ban with a rising tone, it means

"sell," but if you say it with a falling tone, it means "table." Tone is the central part of a word

There are five tones in Vietnamese, plus a mid-level non-tone Press each symbol button below to hear what each tone sounds like, and the name of the tone Then press the word buttons to hear how one word can be pronounced with all six tones Underneath is the

English translation of each word

tones Symbol Sample word & meaning

Midrange voice goes flat and level Ngang

“three”

“grandmother”

Start in a low tone, go down and

Start high, bring voice down, cut off,

Bring voice down and cut off

Hình minh họa

It is time to practice Now listen and repeat carefully

3 Be bé bè bẻ bẽ bẹ

* How to type Vietnamese on computer:

To use Vietnamese on your computer, you need to download Unikey and then choose vietnamese You also need to follow this rule:

Letters

Tones

ă = a w

â = a a

đ = d d

ê = e e

ô = o o

ơ = o w

ư = u w

Huyền = F Sắc = S Hỏi = R Ngã = X Nặng = J

- The rest is to follow the normal rule

Example:

Tiếng Việt = t i e e n g s v i e e t j

4 Further practice

Exercise 1: Listen and repeat with vowels

ai ua ia oai iêu oe

Exercise 2: Practice with consonants Listen and repeat.

xôn xao ngô nghê lưu luyến nu na nu nống róc rách khuya khoắt

chan chát khoai lang lắp ráp thỉnh thoảng ngoan ngoãn trung thực

Exercise 3: Matching the consonants with vowels and then pronoun

Ngh

Ng

G

Exercise 4: Practice with tones, listen and repeat.

1

5

6

9

10