EXPLANATORY OR EXAMP\.E ANSWERS AND AUDIO SCRIPTS FOR MODEL TESTSIMODEL TEST 2 587 1IEAlIfIII2 uLOOIRIUT THEATRE HtsllMr" 14 , C "" , the bu ildings in later periods became sources 01 stone Iorother projects and what remains is usually broken and scattered," Choice A is I'IOt correct because other theatres have been identified and many 01 them have been e~cavated , Choice B Is not correct because the archeologists were not the ones who bfoke the stones, Choice 0 Is not correct because con - crete was no t mentlonec:l as construction material during early perk>cls, The word "concre te " In the passage means "true" Of "verifiable' in reference to "evidence,' 15 . B " .• , many pieces are irrevocably lost " Choice A is not correct because drawings are conjec- tural, Choloe C Is not correct because the number of skanes that archeologists have excavated Is not specified, Choice 0 is not correct because e~cavatlons did not begin until the late 1800s, not the earty ,eoos, 16. B In this passage, impoftanlls a synonym fOf "primary." Context comes from the phrase, "most concrete evidence." 17. D tn ttlls passage, exact is a synonym lor "precise." Context comes from the contrast with the word "conjecturar in Ihe same sentence, 18 . A "," the myths on which dramatists drew were known to everyone, Includi ng vase pa inters, who might well depict the same subjects as dramatists," Choice B Is not correct becalJS8 reproduc- tions were not mentioned, Choice C is not correct because the qualifications of scholars were not discussed. ChoIce 0 is not correct because thousands 01 vases have survived, Ig . B In this passage, deblilfJd Is a synonym for "controversial." Context comes from tha phrases 'o asy to mlslntorprot' and "qt.lfXl lk)nablo (l6SIJmptlon " In 1o10r oonlOIl(:(l$ , 20, 0 ", these characters [women) often seem victi ms 01 their own poweriessness." Choice A Is nol correct because many plays leetured strong female characlers, Choice B Is nol correct because some critics have seen these plays [with women as victims] as rationalizations by the male-dominatecl culture and other critics have seen them as an attempt to e~amine \his aspect of the cuHure . Choice C is not correct because plays featured numerous choruses 01 women, 21 , B " ". copies 01 plays had 10 be made by hand, and therelore the possibility oltaxtual errOfS, , . was magnified," Choice A Is not correct because the problem 01 sources was identified lor archeological findings, not wrinen evidence, ChoIces C end 0 ere not mentioned es problems for written evidence, 22. B " . the majority of written references to Greek theatre dete from several hundred years atter the events they report. The wrilers seldom mention their sources of evidence, end thus we do not know what credence to give them [the sources) ." The pronoun ,hem " does not refer \0 Choices A, C, Of D. 23. A "" . historical treatment of Greek theatre Is something like assembling e ]Igsaw puzzle of which many pieces are missing." The reterence to "misSing pieceS " is an analOgy 10 the partial evi- dence lor Greek theatre. Choice B Is not correct because no comparison is mede between writ- ten references end the paintings In paragraph 4 , Choice C Is not correct because the author does no r use words and phrases that sugges\justilication, Choice 0 is not correct because the last sentence is a summary 01 the readi ng passage, not an opening sentence lor a new topic, 24, 0 Because the author refers to the archeological evidence In vase paintings as "controversial." it must be concluded rhat there Is disagreement among scholars, Choice A Is not correct because the oldest surviving manuscripts date from 1500 yAm's aitAr !hAy warA fi rSI perfnrmAd, Choice B Is nol correct because they are easy 10 m isl nterpl'et. ChoIce C Is not correct because the euthor ooes not mention the condItion 01 the vases. 25. C Vocabulary re ference and contrast are two transitional devices that connecr lhe previous and following sentences to the Inseri sentence, The connection is "lhealres . , . have been exca- vated" In lhe previous sentence and -These e~cavations" in \tie inserl sentence as well as the contrast wittl"Nevertheless, they" [the ttleatres or excavations of theatres] In the following sentence. )pynghl mater I 588 ANSWERS AND AUOIO SCRIPTS FOR ACTIVITIES, QUIZZES, AND MODEL TESTS 26 . B, D, C summarize the passage . Choice A is a minor point that supports major point O. Choice E is a minor point that SUpportS major point C. Choice F is reasonable, but it is not mentioned in the pltssage. 27 . A The author men tions geothermal power In t904 In Italy, and then lists a number 01 countries wortdwide that are using geothermal energy. Choice B is not correct because only successful produclion is mentioned . Choices CandO are discussed later in the passage. 28. D " . at the global level, geothefmaI eoefgy supplies less than 0.15% of the Iotal energy supply." Choice A Is not correct because geothermal energy was used as early as 1904. Choice B is not correct because RuSSia , tceLancI , Me:dco , and the United Stales are in the N orthem Hemi- sphere. Choice C Is not correct because several advantages 01 using geothermal power are noted , but the comparative cost was not mentioned. 29 . C In th is passage neat1y Is a synonym for "approaching." Contaxt comes from 100 number after "" w.«1. 30, B "Some 40 mUIiOn people today receive lhelr electricity lrom geothermal energy at a cos t com - petitive with that (the cost] 01 othe r energy sources." The pronoon "thaI" does no l refer 10 Choices A, C, or O. 31. D ", . . considered a nonreoowable energy source wheo rates 01 extraction 81e greater than rates 01 nat\lral replenistYnent." C hoices A, B, and C are true , but !hey do not explain the term-non - reoewabl& ." 32. A High hBBt Is thtJ source 01 most 01 the geothermal energy paraphrases ", . , most geothermal energy production involves the tapping 01 high heat sources ,' and low ht!ar groundwater Is al so used sometimes paraphrases "people are also USing the k)w-temperallJre geothermal enefQY 01 groundwater in some applications." 33 . B ", . , areas 01 high heatllow are associated with plate tectonic boundaries." ChoIce A is not co r- rect because geolhermaJ healllow Is very low compared with solar heal Choice C Is not cor- red because , In some areas , hea t llow Is sufficiently high , Choice 0 is not correct because geothermal energy is very practical atong plate boundaries. 34. A In this passage , large is a synonym lor "considerable." Contexl comes lrom the cootrast wilh the phrase "not be as extensive" In the first part of the same sentence. 35. B " .,. geothermal energy does not produce the atmospheric pol lu tants essocia~ed with burning rossil fuels." Choice A Is oot COllect because !he pollution caused by geothefmal etM!f9Y was Introduced belore the discussion on atmospheric pollution. Choice C is not co rrect because envilOflmental problems caused by geothermal eoergy are mentioned . Choic:e 0 is not c:orre<;I because the author points ouI the problem 01 pollution, but does 001 suggest thallhe use of raw materials sod chemicaJs be discoo ti nued . 36 . A Choice B Is mentioned in paragraph 6, sentence 4, Choices C and 0 are mentlooed in para- graph 6, sentences 5 and 6. 37 . C " ,., known geothermal resources could produce . 10% 01 the elect icily •.• lor the west- ern stales . . . . Geohydro thermal resources not ye l discovered could ., . provide [the] equjy- alent (of] the etecticity produced trom water power today." Choice A is not correct because the euthor points out the disadvantageS but argues in f avor 01 uSing geolhermaJ energy. Choice B Is not correct because the author does flo! meotlon e ~ pIoration as a prerequisile to further pro- ductioo. Choice 0 Is 001 correct because the author cites the potential lor geothermal energy 10 equaf the production 01 water power , nolto replace water power. righted aler EXPLANATORY OR EXAMPlE ANSWERS ANO AUOIO SCRIPTS FOR MODEL TEST~DEL TEST 2 589 38 . C Vocabulary reference Is a transitional device that connects the Insert sentence with the previ- ou s sentence. "One sucf"1 region" Is a phrase in the insert sentence that refers to "Oceanic ridge systems" in the previous sentence. 39 . Fo ssillvels : C, H, I Geothermal energy: B, D, Eo F Not used: A, G 40 . D In th is passage, particular Is a synonym IOf "distinctive." 4t . C " . . . Stone Age hunter-gathefers were atlfacted by these animal poputatiOns (large ani mals): Choice A is not mentioned. Choice B Is not correct because the tools W8f8 made from the ani- mal s, not traded with other \OOes . Choice 0 Is not COllect because the dogs accornpanled them. 42 . B In this passage, the phrase JoiIl6d by ls a synonym for ' Accompanied by ." ConteKl comes from the word part. "companV.' 43 . B "Because modem Asian populations include all three blood types, however, the migrations must have begun belore the evolution 01 type B, which [evolution) genetiCists believe occurred: The proooun "which" does not refer to Choices A, C, or D. 44. D " the migrations must have begun before the evolution ollype B: Choice A is not COf rect because the lime frame was the same as the settlement 01 Scandinavia. bulthe origin of the migration was not Scandinavian. Choice B Is not COfrect because almost no Native Americans have type B. Choice C is not COllect because the blood typing was done with Native Americans and Asians, not Scandinavians. 45. D " . . . gl aCial melting created an Ice-Iree COfridor along the eastem Iront range 01 the RocI<y Mountains. Soon hunters . had reached the Great Plains." Choices A and C are not COllect because the corridor was lce-lree. Choice B Is nol correct because the hunters were looking I Of big game, but the game did not leave a migration path. 46. B "The most spectacular find, at Monte Verde in southern Chile, produced striking evidence 01 tool making, house building . . • before the highway had beeo cleared of iCe." Choice A is not correct because archeologists believe that migration In boats may have occurred, but no boats were lound. Choice C Is not correct because the Iootprints lound there were human , not Ihose 9' large animals. Choice 0 Is not correcl because no conclusions were made about the Intelli- gence 01 the early humans . 47. A In \his passage, In rile ellai s a synonym lor "Evenlllally .' ConteKl comes from the phrase "The flnal migration" in the following sentence. 48. A Beringia was uncJer water paraphrases "Ber1ngla had been submerged" and the last people paraphrases "The flnal mlgrallon." 49. D Choice A Is menliooed in paragraph 6, sentence 3. Choices B and C are mentioned in para- graph 6, sentence S. Ctloice D is not true because the Yuptiks settled the coast of Alaska, not !he Great Plai ns . SO . D " . the most compelfing support [for migration] . . . comeslrom genetic research." Choice A Is not correct because Ofaltraditlons Include a long Journey 'rom a distant place to a new home - tand. ChoIce B Is not correct because the author ptesents the evidence without commenting 00 the authent iC ity. Choice C Is not correct because the author states that the Asian migration hypothesis is supported by most 01 the scientific evidence. 51 . C Chronological order and place relereoce are transillonal devices that connect the insert sen- tence with the previous sentence. The date, t3,OOO e.c. E.ln t he ptevious paragraph Is a date that ()fecedes tt , OOO to t 2, OOO years okI ln the Insert sentence. In addition, Washington State, Calilornia, and Peru in the losen sentence refer to the Pacific coast 01 North and South Amer- Ica in the ()fevious sentence. 52. E, D, C summarize the passage. ChoiCe A is a concluding point that is not developed with examples and details. Choice B is a minor point thSt supports majOr point E. Choice F Is a minor point that supports ma JOf point O. )pynghted maken 11 ~ ~ EXPLANATORY OR EXAMPLE ANSWERS AND AUDIO SCRIPTS FOR MODEL TESTSMODEL TEST 2 591 , listening o Model Test 2, Ustenlng Section , CD 3, Track 7 LIs,W., 1 ""ES$DII'S OFFICE " Aud io Converaa11on Narrator: Student: Professor: Student: Professor: Student: Professor: Student: Professor: Student: LiS ten to par1 01 a conversation between a sl\.lclent and a professor. Prolessor James . Do you have a minute? Sure. Come on In. What can r do l or you? Well, I did pretty well on the midlerm . You sure did. One 01 the best grades, as I reca ll . Okay. Rre away. It's question 7 . . . the one on biotic provinces and biomes. Oh, thai 0116 . Urn, qlJite a f ew people missed it. I was thinking that we should go over It again in class. &Jt anyway, let's look at your answOf. bOiiiilili* "' . So an II n i~1. lor 8l1.11mfllo't. II mllmmlll . . . II ~y have a genetic anceslor In common with anothOf mammal. But a biome Is a similar environment. an ecosySIem really, like a desert or a tropical rainforest. So , in Ihe case 01 a biome. well, the similar climate causes the plants and animals to evolve . • • to adapt to the cllmete, aod Ihet's why they look alike. 1 031 Professor: 1 04 1 Student: Professor: Student Prolessor: Student: Well. Ihat be a situation where a similar environment ••• a habitat ••• II may cause plants and animals to evolve In OrdOf to adapt to the conditions. So a species thai Isn1 really related can evoi'lle with slmllar characteristics because . . . 1\ can look like a species in another. geographic region because 01 adaptation . and Ihat would be convergent evolution? Righi again. So temperature aod ra infall, proximity 10 waler, latitude aod longitude all combine to determine the climate. aod if we know the climate 01 an area. Ihen we can actually predict whal kind 01 tile will Inhabit It. Okay. And I realty did know that. I Just dldn' pol it doWn . To leU the !ruth. I dldn1 see!he second part. Not IJntii you pointed it out to me. ngll maler ~M ANSWERS AND AUDIO SCRIPTS FOR ACTIVITIES, QU IZZES, AND MODEL TESTS Student t : Professor: Studenl l : You said that the Polish Ballet was the first ballet. but I thought that the book said the first ballet was 0u600 Louise's 8811e/. Prolessor: Good question. Well, I said the Polish Ballerwas the firsl use 01 the te nn ballet lor a dance performance, but Oueen Louise's Ballet is generally conSidered the first modem ballel. As you' l t I I ~ correct 1 can only assume that other activities were going on simuRaneously, like a banquet and conversation. Don' you think? Anyway, what makes Queen Louise's Ballet so unique, besides the length, and w hy It's the tirst modern ballet, Is that It w as connected by a SIOfy line or, In technical tenns, uh, if s called dramsticcotl(l· sJon . Each SOBne was related to the tales 01 Circe, a Greek enchanlress, who used her powers 10 battle with man and the gods. The triumph 01 good, portrayed by Jupiter, over evil, portrayed by Circe, was told In a •.• let's call it a unified production. Audio •• What is the diSC\lsSion mainly about? Ans_r C A1t 01 the other choices are mentioned In relationship to the main topic: the develop' ment 01 the ballet. AudiO 7. Usten again to part 01 the lecture and then ans wer the following question. Repl.y "So 111 have !hem for you next time. Okay then. Lef's begin our discussion of the ballel. . Audio Why does the profesSOf say this: Replay "Okay then." Answ.r • To end his explanation and begin the lecture. Professors olten u se the word "Okay" as a tranSition !rom classroom management activities before the class to the beginning of their lectures. Audio S. According to lhe prolessof. what does the lerm balle nimean ? Ana_r C A dance done In ligures Audio 9. How did the ea rly choreographers ac:commodate the abilities 01 amateur performers? Ana_r • The steps were quite simple. Audio 10. Why does the professor mention thai he checked several referen ces about the length of Ouoon L ou ise's Balle/? Ana_r C He wesn' sore lhat it was accurata. Audio 11 . Whet can be inf9l1"ed ebout the profassor? Ana_r • He encou ra ges the students 10 participate. )pyrigh! mal.1r EXPLANATOAY OA EXAMPLE ANSWERS AND AUDIO SCRIPTS FOA MODEL TESTSIMOOEL TEST 2 ~ LIs,E ' 3 "L ws ra euss n Audio Di K u sslon NarralOr: Listen to part 01 a disctlssion in a linguistics class. Professor: What comes 10 mind Whe n I say the word grammat? Studenl t : lnars easy. English class and lots 01 rules . Student 2: Memorizing parts of speech li ke nouns and verbs. Student 3: Diagramming senlences. Professor : WaH , yes, thai's lairty typical . "'''' ., The first grammar Is relerred \0 as a menIal grammar. And thars what a speaker 01 a tangu&98 knows , o llen implicitly, about !he grammar 01 thai language. Th is has also been called linguisric ct:J('(J{J9- lance aod from that term competence grammar has become popular. 1 like to think 01 it, 01 mental Of competence grllfMlar, I mean ••. I like \0 think 01 it as an incredibly comple:ll: system that allows a speaker to produce language that other speakefS can undefstand. It Includes the sounds, the vocabu- Iafy. !he order 01 words in sentences and even the approprialeness oIa topic or a word in a particu- lar social situatioo. And what"s so amaxing Is that most 01 us carry this know1edge around in our heads and use it withoul much rellection. lures competence grammar I t something thai "sou nds odd" in a language. ~.,l '. I. '1. ;'.1 .J.'_ !, ! •• t ' . ,.ili~.J ' •. J' ~0!!!!~JR.j!!!!lrJ[ 1_"!l.!!-!!J!l1'l we (WI but even language learners who'Ve achieved a hlgh level 01 competence in a second language win be able \0 give sim ilar intuitive responses even ilthey can' elCpiain the rules. So thaI's mental grammar Of oompetence grammar. OI<ay then, that brings us 10 the second type 01 grammar. and th is Is what linguists are most con- cerned about This Is descriptive gr.ammar , wnlch Is a description 01 whalthe speallers know i nlu ltively about a language. Ungulsts try \0 discover the undertying rules 01 mental Of competence grammar and describe lhem objectively. So descriptive grammar is a model 01 competeoce grammar, and as socfl . it has to be based on the best effort 01 a ling Uis:t~ . ~ '"" ~~~i~~~iii to ~ ~ i' ''' i' ~' = ~~ ' ~ "" ~ ' ~ _ ~~ d~' ~ ' agreemenl from Because no 1 tter descriplive grammar is 10 I generarlZations about a langllage thai accurately fellec1lhe mental rules that speakers have in their heads. But , getting back \0 what most people think of as grammar-the grammar that we may have learned in school. That's very different from either competence grammar or descriptive grammar because the rules aren1 meant to describe language at aN . They're meant to prescribe and ItJdge language as good Of bad . And this kind 01 grammar Is called, not surprisingly, presctiptive grammar because 01 its judg- mental perspectiY9. Again, to contrast prescriptive grammar with descriptive grammar , just think of descriptive generalizations as accepting the language that a speaker uses In an effort to describe it and recognizing thatlhere may be several dialects that are used by various groups or speallers aod thai any one speaker will probably choose 10 use ditlerent language depeoding on the formality, lor e:ll:8ITIpIe , or the situation. On the other hand , prescrlpliw rules are rigid and subject \0 enrorcement. PrescriptiYists EXPlANATORY OR EXAMPlE ANSWERS ANO AUOIO SCRIPTS FOR MODEL TESTSlMOOEl T ES T 2 597 Audio 1 5. Replay Audio Repl ay , • Audio 16. Answer A Audio 17. Anlwer 0 Usten again 10 part of the lecture and then answer the foilowing question. "But how did prescriptive rules gel 10 be accepted, at least in the schools ? And probably eveo more Important, why are so many 01 these ruies disregarded even by welJ-educated speakers in normal situations ?" ' DId you say c6sregard&d'l" Why does !he student say thiS : "Old you say 6sr&garded'l" Sne is confirming thai she has understood. Her tone is confl.lsed. nol challenging . Accofd ing 10 the professor, why wer e Latin rules used tor English grammar? Latin was a wrinen language with rules that did not change . Why does the professor diScuss the flJle to avoid endi ng II sentence with a preposition? II demonstrates the problem In using Latin rules lor Eng lish. lislE Q" uCDuEtE CAMlvs H Audio ConverNtlon Narrator: Man: Woman : Man: Woman : Man: Woman : Man: Woman : Man: Woman : Man : Woman : Man: Woman : Man: Woman : Man , Woman : M., ,, Woman : Man: listen to part of a conversation on campus between two students. I didn~ see you at the International Talent Show. No time for that kind of thing . You mean you don~ belong to the ISA? The ISA? International Student Association. on , no. I don' belong to any dubs . But this Isn~ like a regular dub . -~? Well . we have a house. You know , the brick house on Iratemity row and You live there , right? Yeah . I moved in last year. h's really inexpensive becalJS8 we take ca re althe house ourselves and we cook our own meals . That sounds li ke it would take a lot 01 time. Not really. There'. a lisl 01 cho r es posted every week. and you can choose someth ing you ~ke to do, so I usually put my name down for yard wor1I. . I like being outside so it·s hrllor me . But you have 10 cook 1 00 , righl ? Okay, it's Uke this: twenty of us tive lhere so every night two 01 the guys cook and two 01 the guys clean up , so you only have to cook about once II week and ctean up once . What about breakfast and lunch? on , wei!. you'fe on your own lor that. but the dinners are just fantastic. It 's like ea ti ng in II differllnt ethnic restaurant 8V9fY night. You know, because the guys are lrom different countries . That sounds good . , because iI's to live In the house to belong to the ctub. No , no . There are about a hundred members In the International Stu6ent Association. Only guys live In !he house , but there are II lot ot women in the association. . , . "misSing pieceS " is an analOgy 10 the partial evi- dence lor Greek theatre. Choice B Is not correct because no comparison is mede between writ- ten references end the paintings In paragraph. ANO AUOIO SCRIPTS FOR MODEL TEST~ DEL TEST 2 589 38 . C Vocabulary reference Is a transitional device that connects the Insert sentence with the previ- ou s sentence. "One sucf"1. ~ EXPLANATORY OR EXAMPLE ANSWERS AND AUDIO SCRIPTS FOR MODEL TESTSMODEL TEST 2 591 , listening o Model Test 2, Ustenlng Section , CD 3, Track 7 LIs,W., 1 ""ES$DII'S