3M MORE MOO EL TE S TS !aI Sea-level rise must be expressed as a tIOal of values that are under constant reassessment. [B] The 2001 IPCC forecast lor global mean sea·level rise this century. given regional variations, is fr om 0. 11-0.88 m. !Cl The median value 01 0.48 m is two to lour limes the rate 01 previous increase. These increases would continue beyond 2100 even il greenhouse gas concentrations are stabilized. IDl -+ The SGripps InsUlute of O<;eanography in La Jolla, California, has kepI ocean temperature records since 1916. Significant temperature increases are being recorded to dep,hs of more than 300 m as ocean temperature records are set. Even the warming of the ocean itself will contribute about 25 % of sea· level rise, simply because of thermal expansion 01 the water. In addition, any change in ocean temperature has a prolound effect on weather and. ~ ~ ", ~ octI~ """ ",",,, and soil moisture. -+ A quick survey 01 world coastlines shows thai even a moderate rise could bring changes 01 unparalleled proportions. At slake are the river deltas, lowland coastal farming valleys, and low-lyi ng mainland areas, all contending with high water, high tides, and higher storm surges. Particularty tragic social and eco- fIOmic consequences will affect small island states- being able to adjust within their present country boundaries, disruption of biological systems, loss of biodi- versity, reduction in water resources, among the impacts. There could be both internal and international migration of affected human populations, spread over decades, as people move away from coastal flooding from the sea-level rise. 1. The word confirm in t he passage is closeSl ln meani ng to <D clarify <D prove <P assume <D predict 2. There is more new plant Iile in Antarctica recently because <D the mountain glaciers have melted <D the land masses have split into islands ([) the icebergs have broken into smaller pieces (J1) the temperature has risen by a few degrees 3. II may be inferred from this passage that icebergs are formed <D by a drop in ocean temperatures <D when an Ice shelf breaks free (J1) from Intensely cold isla nd s II) if mountain glaciers melt )pynghlOO maier I MOOEl TEST 5IREADING SECTION 367 4. The WQfd ttle rB in the passage refers to <D polar ice mass in the last 50 years <D the temperature increase <0 new vegetation growth <D In the Antarctic Pe ni nsula 5. In paragraph 4, the author explains the loss of polar and glacial ice by CD staling an educated opinion CD referring to data in a study <0 co mparing sea levels worldwide <lD presenting h is research Paragraph 4 1s marked with an arrow 1-+1 . 6. The word conclusive in the passage is closest in meaning to <I> definite CD independent <0 unique <D valuable 7. The word mDOflln the passage is closest In meaning to CD function CD scale <D version <lD lack 8. Why does the author menlion the Scri pp s In stitute of Oceanography in paragraph 61 <D The location near the coast endangers the Scripps facility. <D Research at Scripps indicates that the ocean is getting warmer. <0 One quarter of the rising sea levels has been recorded at Scripps. <D A8COfds al Scripps have been kept for nearly one hundred years. Paragraph 61s m arked with an arrow I ]. JPyngh cd ma r I 368 MORE MODEL TESTS 9. Which of the sentences belOw best expresses the Information in tile highlighted statement in the passage? The other choices change the meaning or leave out important information. CD GlObal warming on the surlace of the planet may have been retarded during the last hundred years because heat in the atmosphere was absorbed by the oceans. m GlObal warming on the surface of the ocean was greater than It was on the rest of the planet during the past century because of heat In the atmosphere. <D Too much heat in the atmosphere has caused global warming on the surlace of the planet lor Ihe past hundred years in spite of the moderation caused by the oceans. <D There is less heat being absortled by the oceans now than there was a hundred years ago before the atmosphere began to experience global warming. to. According to paragraph 7, why will people move away from the coaslllnes In the future? CD 1\ w ill be too warm for them to live there. m The coastlines will have too much vegetation. <D Flood i ng will destroy the coastal areas. GD No agricultural crops will be grown on the coasts. Paragraph 7 is marked with an arrow 1-+1 . 11 . Which of the following statements most accurately rellects the author's opinion about ris- ing sea levels? <D Sea levels would rise without global warming. m Rising sea 1e~ls can be reversed. <D The results of rising sea levels will be serious. GD Sea levels are riSing because of new glaciers. 12 . LOOk at th e four squares 1_]lhat show where the follOwing sentence could be inserted in the passage. During the last century, sea level rose 10-20 em, a rate 10 times higher than the average rate durh g the I.st 3000 y Where could the sentence best be added? Ctick on a square 1-) to Inse, rt the sentence in the passage. lpynght maklr I MOOEL TEST SlREAOING S£CTION 369 13. Directions : An inlroduction for a short summary of lhe passage appears below. Comple le the summary by selecting the TH R EE answer choices thai menlion the mosl important poinls In the passage. Some sentences do nol belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not included in the passage Of are minor points fr om the passage. Th is qUfttlo" I. worth 2 pol"ta. Gl obal warming Is cau s ing a rise In sea levels , with accompany i ng change s In coastal boundaries as well as soc ial and econom ic ramillcation s. • • • Answer Choices ~ The Ice shelf called Larsen-A suddenly disintegrated In 1995. IBl Thermal expansion due to the warming of ocean water will cause about one quarter of the rise in sea level. ICl Continental ice shelves and grounded Ice sheets from Antarctica to the Polar cap are melting into the oceans. PART II " 1", 2 'YJrpIIlc Archlt.cbl,.n [D) Beginning In 1916, the Scripps I nsliMe 01 Oceanography in California has docu- ment ed ocean temperatures. lEI The melting of glacial ice on high moun· tain ra ng es will alfect regional water resources worldwide. lEI Scientists at NASA have concluded that the ice sheet in Greenland is melting at a rate of about I meter every year. One of the most striking persooaJities in the development of early·twentieth- century architecture was Frank Lloyd Wright (1 867- 1959 ). Wright attended the University of Wisconsin in Madison before moving to Chicago. where he even- tually ;oined the firm headed by Louis Sullivan. Wri9ht set out to create Marchi· tecture of democracy." Early innuences were the volumetric shapes in a set of educational blocks the German educator Friedrich Froebel designed, the orga:nic unity of a Japanese building Wright saw at the Columbian Exposition In Chicago in 1893, and a Jeffersonian be li ef in individualism and populism. Always a believer in architecture as "natur ar and "'organic ," Wright saw it as r.; n9h!~ 370 MORE MODEL T ES TS serving Iree individuals who have the right to move within a "Iree" space, envisioned as a nonsymmetriC81 design in teracting spatially with lIS natural surroundings, He sought to develop an organic unity of planning, structure, materials, and site. Wright identified t he principle of cootinuity as fundamen· tal to understanding his view of organic unity: "Classic architecture was alllix8' tion Now why not let walls, ceilings, lloors become seen as component parts 01 each other? This ideal, profound in its architectural i mpl ications t called continuity Wrighl manifested his vigorous originality early, and by 1900 he had ar ri ved al a style entirely 1iii:.QWti. In his wor1< during the first decade of the twentieth century, his cross-axial plan and his labric of continuous rool planes and screens defined a new domestic archilecture. -+ W righ l fully expressed these elements and concepts in Rob ie House, built between 1907 and 1909. Uke other buildings In the Chicago area he designed at about the same li me, this was called a "prairie house." Wright ~ Jt he long, sweeping ground-hugging lines, unconfined by abrupt wall limits. as reaching out toward and captu ri ng the expansiveness of the Midwest's great lIatlands. ~ng' all symmetry, t he archilect eliminated a facade, extended the roofs far beyond the walls, and all but concealed the entrance. Wright filled the "wandering" plan of the Robie House with intricately joined spaces (some large and open, others closed), grouped freely around a great central lire place. !AI (He believed strongly in the hearth's age-old domestic significance.) Wright designed enclosed patios, overhanging roofs, and strip windows to provide unexpected light sources and glimpses of the outdoors as people move through the interior space. These elements, together with the open ground plan, create a sense of space-in-motlon I ns ide and out. [B] He set masses and voids in equilibri um : Ihe flow 01 interior space determined the exlerior wall placement [C] The exterior's sharp angular planes meet at apparently odd angles, match- ing the complex play 01 interior solids, which function not as inert containing surfaces but as elements equivalent In role to the deS ign's spaces. !Ill The Robie House is a good example of Wr ig hl" S "naturali sm: his ~jfig of a buildiflg to its site. Howeve r, in this particular case. Ihe conlines 01 the city lot constrained the building- to -si te relationship more than did the sites of some 01 Wright's more expansive suburban and country homes. The Kaufmann House, nicknamed "Fallingwater" and designed as a weekend retreat al Bear Run near Pittsburgh, is a JirirQe ' example 01 the latter. Perched on a rocky hill- side over a small waterfall, th is slruclure extends the Robie House 's blocky masses in all four di rections. The contrast in textures between concrel e, painted metal, and na lural stones in ils walls enliven its shapes, as does Wright's use of full-Ienglh strip windows to create a stunning in terweaving 01 interior and exterior s pace_ )pynghtoo maier I MODEL TE ST 5IREAOING SECTION 371 The Implied message 01 Wright's new architecture was space, not mass- a space designed to lit the patron's lile and enclOsed and divided as required. Wright took special pains to meet his client's requirements, often designing all the accessories 01 a hOuse . In the late 1930$. he acted on a CheriShed dream to provide good architectural design lor less prosperous people by adapllng the ideas 01 his prai ri e house to plans lor smaller, less expensive dwellings. The publication of Wright 's plans brought him a measure of lame In Europe. espe- cially In Holland and Germany. The Issuance In Berlin In 1910 of a portfolio 01 his wort< and an exhibition 01 his designs the loIlOwlng year stimulated younger architects to adopt some 01 his Ideas about open plans. Some lorty years before his career ended, his wort< was already 01 revolutionary significance. t 4. Frank lloyd Wright took inspiration lor his wort< Irom CD the deslgns in classical architecture CD Jefferson's home near Washington <D educational blocks by Friedrich Froebel ~ a trip to Japan when he was a young man 15. What did Wright mean by the term ·organicT CD Fixation CD Ideal <D Continuity ~ Classic 16. The phrase his own in the passage refers to CD style CD originality '" ."'. OD plan 17. The word COnceived in the passage is closest In meaning to CD utilized CD noticed <D created ~ examined 18. The word Abandoni ng in the passage Is Closest in meaning to CD Inlluenclng <D Mod i fy i ng <D Perfecting ~ Discontinuing , lYngh mater I 312 MORE MODEL TESTS 19. It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that the author gives details for the design of the Robie House because <E> the design included both indoor and outdoor plans <D Rob ie House included many of Wright's original ideas <D all 01100 accessories 01 the house were Incl uded In the design <D:> Wright lived in Rob le House between 1907 and 1909 Pa rag raph 3 is marked with an arrow 1 -+ 1. 20 . Th e word R!imil in the passage is Closest in mean i ng to <I> most imjXI rt an t <D most num erous (0 most common <D:> most accepted 21. How was " Fa llingwater" diHerent from the "Roble House "? <I> " Fa1lingwater" was an eartler example of naturalism than "R oble Ho use : <D " Fa llingwater" was much s mal le r than " Roble House" because it was a retreat. (0 " Fa llingwater" was betler suited to the site with views through huge window s. (]t) "Fallingwater" w as buitt with an open flOor plan, unlike " Roble House." 22. According to paragraph 5, why did Wright begin to build smaller versions of his prairie designs? <E> To publish his plans in Europe <D To give the middle class a good de sign (0 To he lp younger archllects wi th their work <D:> To begin a revolution in architecture Paragraph 5 Is marked with an arrow (-+ J. 23. According to para graph 5, Wright's work became well knOwn in Europe because <E> his plans were p!Jbli s hed and he held exhibitions <D he visited several universities and gave lectures <0 h is revolutionary ideas appealed to younger architects <D:> he was already very famous in th e United Stales Paragraph 5 is marked with an arrow 1-+ 1. • 24. According to the passage, a prairie house has all of the follow ing features EXCEPT <D a cen tral fireplace <D enclosed patios (0 an inviting entrance <D:> strip windows . and low-lyi ng mainland areas, all contending with high water, high tides, and higher storm surges. Particularty tragic social and eco- fIOmic consequences will affect small island states- being. early·twentieth- century architecture was Frank Lloyd Wright (1 86 7- 1959 ). Wright attended the University of Wisconsin in Madison before moving to Chicago. where he even- tually ;oined. ~jfig of a buildiflg to its site. Howeve r, in this particular case. Ihe conlines 01 the city lot constrained the building- to -si te relationship more than did the sites of some 01