Toefl ibt internet based test 2006 - 2007 part 69 ppsx

506 ANSWERS AND AUDIO SCRIPTS FOR ACTIVITIES, OUIZZES, AND MODEL TE STS 5. T wo types 01 weathering win break down r ock masses In lo smaller partiCles , Interaction between sur/ace ()( ground water and chemicals causes chemical weathering. Mechanical wealhering occurs when 100:& and pressure grind With Increased preclpilalion or lemperature. chemicals lend 10 break down las!e r. The weathering 01 feldspar In granite can be caused by a 'eaclicn to acids In ra in. A common example Is the wea ri ng away 01 granite lacades on buildings. Pressure from f ree zing and thawing causes rocks to expand and contract When a rock Is broken in two by physical loroos, it Is more vulnerable to wealhafing. 1. There are two IY:Pil!I 01 mixturas- hetefOgElnaou s and homogeneous. Classification 2. As a f ASul !, the litmus paper turns blue when the sotutiOn Is a base, Cause and Effecl 3. In cont rast. a coontercullure exhibHs behavior that Is contrary to the domlnan! cultu re , Contrast 4. The first ~ 01 sleep produces alpha wa es. Sequence 5. The main IXOOftrljes 01 SOil include color, texture, and structure. Description and Exampl6 6. Community sefVice sh0Ud be a requirement lor graduation from the College of Education, Persua· Sion and Eva luation 7. E O( ex.a mDie . the Na ajo create sacred Images in colored sand in o rder to restore the Spiritual and physical health 01 the sick. Description and ElCBmple 8. The maximum amount of water that alr can hold al a given temperah;re and pressure is known as saturat ion . Definition 9. Whe reas an objective is specific and measurable, a goal is broader and is usuaJly nol time specifiC . ComparisOfl and Con trast 10 . Dutch explorers In the earty SftVftnteeoth century called the wasl coast of Australia "New Holland," a name that was used to describe the continent untit the beginning 01 the nlnA leenlh century. S6q""",,, n Activity 7, CD 2, Track 6. Uslen to t he beginning 01 a lecture in a linguistics class . Good morning. Well. we haVtl a lot to do today. so leI's get going. II you ' re caught up with your yollr reacflO9 assignments, you've already read lhe article on the !hree types ot language , but belore we go on with !he discussion, I, uh , want 10 take a faw miouIes to compare them. Okay, standard language l irst. Thai 's language that's comprehended, used, and oonsidered, uh, acceptable by most speakers, 1 mean , native speakers. So definitions 0/ WOI"OS end phrases In standard language • they' re !ound In the dicti0- nary. They can be used in both lorm al and In tormal, uh . situatioos , settings, And !hIs Is Importanl- standard language Is appropriale In both speech and writing . I'd say that all 011hase characteristics c0m- bine to make slandard language, well. let's just say !hat i I' s !he permanent core ot alangllage, That brings us to colloquial tanguage. which Is is ••• uh , inctudad in dictionaries but, uh, collo- qu ial language is marked, and usually it's a colloquial idiom. So these patterns of colloquial language are understood and used and acc&pled In informal exchanges and in, well people usa them in Intormal slluatlon.s. butlhey ' re not really considered approplale In formal settings. D id I say thaI colloquial lan- )pynqhlOO maier II ANSWERS ANO AUOIO SCRIPTS FOR PRACTICE ACTIVITIES IN CHAPTER 3 507 9lJl198 is more prevllleniin S4lB B :::tIlhan In writing? Thai's important and the kay point in the article was that colloquial language becomes so much a part of the culture that al some poinl, it often uh evolves into standard Language. SO you can compare an e!ll1ier dicti008ry with a recent dietionary and that will . . . you can $00 how some phrases thai are mar1o:ed as colloquial language lose that desig· nation in Later editions of the same dictionary. Okay, so you can see that colloquial idioms last a long time, eilher uh urn re maining popular in colloquial speech Of, as I sakl , it can evolve into siandard language and become a permanent part of the language. But that's ve!}, 4ilferent from slang expressions because •.• and this is the key point .•• slang is usually a temporary phenomenon. It's used by some speal<ers Of groups In inlonnal situatiOns and they're much more common In speech Itlan they are in writing. Sometimes they're included In a dicti0- nary but, u h, they're always clearty rnar1ted as slang, and when you check Later editions of lhe dictionafy, quite often, the • the slang lIXpfessioo is no longer included because it's out 01 style. Now , lel's oonsider the three types of language together and uh •.• I want you to think of them on a oontinuum from most to least formal. So . if we do that, colloquial Language woukl have to go between standard and slang . So the slang is often relegated to a temporary fad, and staOOard language oontalns the stable elements 01 the language and colloquial language has the potenlialto become a permanent part of a language, bul • .• it might not. I lhink it's Interes1ing that most nalive speakers will use allthr" IypIitS 01 language and theyll use them all appropriately without \hinJdng about it. In fact, only a lew speakers will be able to analyze their speech and writing USing the labels that the author identified in the article. That sakl, let's get out the article for today's discussion and Not " Detntion + comparison ., three typeS 01 Language Standard u sage ' Permanent core Colloquial Language 'Often evolves into standard Slang exprassions 'T ernpomry phenomenon definitions of words • ptvases found in dictionary 'u sed IonnaI + inlom'lal Situations appropriate speech + writing Inctuded in dlctionafy marked as colloquial idioms understood + used in inlormal situations, nol Iormal more common In spsech sometimes in dictionary marked as slang used by some speallars In informal silualions ffIOIlI oommon In speech (J Activity 8, CO 2, TrIICk 7. Uslan 10 the beginnIng of a lecture a sociology class es you read the transcript. The prolessor is discussing status and roles. Status refers 10 , uh , a position in sociely or or in a group. Bullhere are really two typeS 01 Stalus- ascribed status and achieved status . Okay , In ascribed status. the status is automa tic 50 you don' have a choice. In other words, it's an involuntary status. And some examples that come to mind are status because 01 race Of sex . Not muc:h you can do about !tIal. On the other hand, achieved stalUS requires some effort, and there's a choice involved. F Of Instance, a marriage partner, or the type 01 education, or , for that matter, uh, the length of time In school. WeD, these are choices, un, achievements. and so they la ll under the category 01 achieved status. So , that brings us to the status set A status set Is the comb!- nalion 01 all statuses that an Individual has . Me, Iorexample . I'm a prolessor, but I 'm also a husband and a lather, and, uh, 00, a son , since my mother is still living. ngh a r ANSWERS AND UDIO SCRIPTS FOR PRACTICE ACTIVITIES IN CHAP TER 3 509 11w:nt:E A,,,",, 9 n Activity 9, CD 2, Tr.ck 8. Listen to some sentences from college lectures. Take notes as quickly as you can. 1. The Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution gave women lhe righllO VOle, beginning with the elections of 1920 . 19 women YOIe" 920 2. In a suspension bridge, thMe BrB two tOW 8fS with one or more Ile~ible cables IIrmly attached at each end. • suspension,. 2 lowers wnlB~ cables @ ends 3. A perennial is any plMt that cootinues 10 grow for more than two years, as lor e)(8mple, trees and shrubs. perennial . plant 2. yrs e~ . trees. shrubs 4. Famous lor Innovations In punctuation. typography, and language. Edward Estlln Cummings, known to us as e.e. cummings. published his collected IXlBms in 1954. ee. cummings -+ innovations punclualion, typo, language 1954lXlBms 5. Absolute zero, the temperature at which all substances have zero thermal energy, and thus the low- est possible temperatures, Is unaltalnatlle In practice. atlsolute zero '" temp. all substances 0 thermal energy -+ lowest temps 6. Because Columbus, OhIo, Is considered a typical metropolitan area, it Is otten used for market research to test new products. CoJumbus, 0 • typical metro -+ market research new products 7. The cacao bean was cultivated by the A%tecs not only to drink but also es currency in their society. cocao bean f A%tecs '" currercy 8. The blue whale is the lafgesl known animal. reaching a length of more than one hUndred leet, whlelt is live times its size al birth. blue whale '" largest anlmal ! OO' '" 5)( birth si ze 9. Ontario Is the heartland of Canada. both geographically, and, I would say, hlstOtical1y as well. Ontario . heartland Canada geograph + hist 10. Nuclear particles called hadrons, which inclucte the proton and neutron, are made from quarl(s- very odd particles that have a slight electrical charge but that cannot exist alone in nalure. nuclear panicles", hadrons = proton • neutron t- qualt!;s = panicles slight electric charge/! nature () Actlvlty 10, CD 2, Track 9. Uslen to some sentences from college lectures. Take notes by drawing diagrams. N t. A fiJamenrls the stalk 01 a stamen. filament . stalk (stamen 2. There are three factors that determine whether a credit applicant Is a good risk-character, capac- ity, and capital. Credit risk T - character capacity capital , lYngh maier I 51 2 ANSWERS AND AUDIO SCRIPTS FOR ACTIVITIE S. QUIZZES. ANO MODEL TESTS 8. Du ring periods 01 stress or excitement. the heart rate goes up and airways to the lungs become dilated. 9. Theories ot prehistory and earty humans 81e constantly changing as we lake jnw arroyn! the new evidence from archeological finds. t o. Dreams may have been the Ins piration lor the Surrealists to CO!T!fI up wjth their WOfks 01 art. PRA&T1t:E AcT1V1TY 13 o Activi ty 13 , CO 2, Track 11 ADJEC TI VES , . The temperature In many desert regions Is 001 bot at night. 2. Facial expressions may DOl be unique across cultures. 3 . Obsidian is 001 dull because ~ cools too quickly for aystals to form. 4. Not manY mu sical Ins truments play louder than 1 00 decibels or softer than 20 decibels. 5. The people who have adapted to I~e at very h igh altitudes are usually OQIlalL NOUNS I. In many citieS. OOQp!e whq are I rying IQ Sftlilhejr !Xl!"V!s must have a license to sat up their booths in publiC areas. 2. Studies show that small an imals lhal Ijva 1od0Q!'$ ate a positlva Innuence In elderty people's lives. 3. Staircases were an important feature 01 the palaMS where the arislQCracv lived constructed during the Baroque period. 4. Global wind patterns are afteded by Ihe way tha I !he Eaah turns. 5. Educaljon I. ha! includes!wQ !a~uages is more common in regions where language minortties live . VERBS 1. Unlike cast Iron, pure wrought iron !las. no carbon. 2. HypnoSis causes a heightened state 01 suggestibility In a will i ng participant. 3. Productivity increases when lewer employees are requi red to W the worII. 4. Normally. the plasma in human blood m 50-60 percenl 01 the tolal blood volume. 5. Three fourths 01 the goods mad.IIln Canada for elCpOrl are sold to the United Slates. CHRONOLOGY I . The firsl primilive mammals appeared In the Triassic Period. 2. Belore the lale Middle Ages. glass was not a major construction ma teria l. 3. Hydrogen was used as a power source for dirigibles before helium. whiCh was safe r. 4. The Europeans arrived In 1791 . long after the Moriori people settled the Chatham Islands olf Ihe coasl 01 New Zealand. 5. Store your test tubes and pipettes in the lab cabinets after you ri nse them with a small amount 01 distilled water. COORDINATION 1. NO I only genes but also vif\lses are made of essential chemiCals called nucleoprote ios. 2. Suc:cessfut managers don' proceed without a plan . but they don' Ignore opportunities thai arise eilh er . ANSweRS ANO AUDIO SCRIPTS fOR PRACTICE A.CT1VmeS IN CHAPTER 3 513 3. T echnlcaRy , both glass and water are considered minerals. 4. Com and winter wheat are not na tive to the Americas. 5. Elhn lci ty Is usually based on race, religion, and national Orig in . CAUSE 1. According to psychologists, workers lnaease productivity because 01 incentives. 2. Anthropologists lXlfICIude thai flakes were used as tools 101' cutt i ng and scraping since many of them have been found In excavations 01 Slone Age settlements. 3. Plants can tum brown on the edges because 01 too much water. 4. lnaeaslng the consumption a/ salt can cause higher blood pressure. 5. Most 01 the roads In the interstate highway system linking roads across the country need to be repaired because they Wflfe bu i ~ in the 1930$. COMPARISON 1. Viruses have a struclu re that Is ~ ke t hat of the first life forms that appeared on Earth thousands a/ '·' '' '' ' 90 . 2. The oxygen concentration in the blood is Iowet than that in the lungs. 3. The Atlantic Ocean Is larger but it Is not deeper than the Indian Ocean. 4. Picasso's WOtI!s during various artistic periods diller quile a Iollrom each oIhef. 5. The waighl of one object cannot be the same as that of another because the gravitallonal attraction dillers from place to place on the surface 01 the Earth. CONCESSlON 1. Even though Insulin levels are close to 01' above normal in type 2 diabetes. target cells cannot respond adequately. 2. The Idea 01 an engliSh language academy Is regularty proposed, but the response nas never been very positive. 3. The Jovian planets are grouped logelher: nowever, each one has had a vet'( dilleranl evolutionary h'- . 4. E ven though young people enjoy an advantage for recal in vocabulary studies, otdef people appear to be better al word rea;,gnffion. 5. Although interviews are the most common strategy lor assessing job applicants. they lend to have low validi ty . NEGATIVE 1. The geyser known as Old failhftJl has never failed to erupt on time. 2. 0rWy standard dialects are used as educational models In schools . 3. There has never been such wide aocess to news trom so many media. 4. The construction 01 a city on the ruins 01 a previous settlement Is common. 5. The firS! primitive mammals did not develop untillhe Triassic Period. PASSlVE I . "is interesting that fewer mental health dlsordefs are ekp8nenced by people over the age 01 65. 2. In the stringed Instruments, !he tones are produced by a bow when it is played actOSS a set 01 $irings mM of wi re or !l , 3. Gasas in the ionosphere are partly ionized by high-treqU8f1CY radiation from the Sun and oIhef sources. 4. A domed roof can be used try architects to conse noor space. 5. Papyrus was used by the Egyptians to make paper. sails, baskets, and clothi ng . righted a1er 51 ANSWERS AND AUDIO SCRIPTS FOR ACT I VmeS, OUIl2ES, AND MOOEL TESTS """""" Acrrmr 15 1. 0 An aoimal learns how to get lood by hitting a bar . 2. A Poe Is remembered more lor a poem than lor his ahort stories. 3. C Everything in the universe was reduced to pure energy in one alom. 4. C During lhe winter, the bear's temperature Is normal and its respiration Is regular, but it cIoes not requirelood. 5. B The board wid assume conltol only if they lose confidence in the CEO. 6. A Fluctuations in the alr pressure are a result 01 changes in temperature. 7. C Metabolism and ex8fCise are ways to stabilize consumption and prodoction 01 energy lor a healthy weight. 8. D The child's Interest in playing with language Is encouraged by the nursery rhyme. 9. B It does not matter whe re employees work allhel r computers. 10. A The Firbolgs arrived in Ireland Irom the Mediterranean alter the Scottish people had already settled there. hAcncE Aenmr 16 1. Problem: Edited Paraphrase: The paraphlase Is too much like the orig il'l8l. Only the subject end complement have been reversed In this ahemallve grammatical structure. Molecules that function as regulators In the transmission 01 substances across cell walls are known as pro te ins. Why is this beltar? Because synonyms have been substituted lor an the nontechnical vocabulaly and the subject and complemenl are reversed In an a/lemallve grammatical structure. 2. Problem: Edi ted Paraphrase: The paraphrase is no! complete. Inlormation abouIthe lactory system and the eot- ton industry are no! Included. The lactory system spread across a large number 01 enterprises in addition to eol- ton manufacturing as a result of the introduction 01 steam engines. Why Is this better? Because the relationship between cause and effect has been retained using dU- ferent vocabulary and grammar. 3. Problem: Ed ited Paraphrase: The paraphrase is not correct. The meaning has been changed . Small enterprises are trequently using bIoggers to compete effectively with large buSinesses that are still employing more conventional marketing strategies as weU as some 01 the more recen1 options. Why is th is better? Because lhe meaning 01 the ofigll'l8l sentence has been reta ined. 4 . Problem: Edited Paraphrase: The paraphrase is 100 much like the original. Too many words and phrases are the same, and the grammatical structure Is 100 Similar . Although fossilized bones may look like stone, minerals from sedimentary material fililhe spaceS. Why Is this bener? Because synonyms have boon substituted lor althe nontechnical YOCabulary. and the su bject and complement are raversed In an ahemallve grammatical structure. ,opynqhtoo ma I 5, Problem; Ediled Paraphrase; ANSWERS AND AUDIO SCRIPTS FOR PRACTICE ACT1VmES IN CHAPTER 3 515 The paraptvase is Incomplete. The dales are important here. About 3500 B. C., two thousand years alter wrltten symbols were Introduced In 1500 B .C ., the lirs! pictographic writing system appaated simultaneously In various regions 0/ the known WOf1d . Why Is this better? BecalJS8 the chronology Is not clear without a time frame. The date solves this -~ . 6. Problem : Th ia Is not a paraphraSl;t. It is copied directly from !he original. Edited Paraphrase: In all like~hood , the Earth's ClJr rent atmosphere was preceded by three earli er atmospheres . Why Is th is better? Because copying d irectly lrom a source Is the worst klnd of plagiarism . Even when you are in a hurry. be sure that you are not COfl'VWlg . 7, Problem: This is not a paraphrase. II is too genGfal. Edited Paraphrase: Alcohol depresses t he centr al nervous system, but coHee l naeases neural trans- m iSSi on. Why is thIs better? Because details are necessary lor a paraphrase to be specifie. general stat. ment does 1'1()( include enough Inlormatlon. 8. Problem: This paraphrase changes the meaning 01 the original statement Edited Paraphrase: Australia and the is lands of Oceania comprise the Pacific Basin, an area !hal encompasses about 33 percenl 0/ lne Earth's surface. Why is th is better? BecalJS8 this paraphrase retains the original meaning. The area is one third of the surface of the Earth, not one third 01 the Pacific Ocean . 9. Problem: The paraptvase is Incomplete. It does not Identity the process as fresco painting. Edited Paraphrase: The lime in wei plaster bonds with the colors on tne surface when the paints are mixed lor frescos . Why is thi s better'? Because the process described in the paraphrase is identified as fresoo painmg. 10 . Problem: Edited The paraphrase Is too much like the origIl'\8l. Too many words and phrases are repeated. Paraphrase: The Unl'\8ean chart used 10 classify aI biological species was Initially created 10 categorize each specimen In conformity with Its resemblance to oIher organisms. Why Is this better? Because the edit ed paraphrase retains the meaning 01 the ortgll'\8l. but the words and phrases arB different, and the grammatical structure is changed. I'IArnt:E At:rmrr 11 1. According to the professor. " stock Is equity In B company, and , therefore, it represents owner · ship." righted aler . good risk-character, capac- ity, and capital. Credit risk T - character capacity capital , lYngh maier I 51 2 ANSWERS AND AUDIO SCRIPTS FOR ACTIVITIE S. QUIZZES. ANO MODEL TESTS 8 heartland Canada geograph + hist 10. Nuclear particles called hadrons, which inclucte the proton and neutron, are made from quarl(s- very odd particles that have a slight electrical charge. energy -+ lowest temps 6. Because Columbus, OhIo, Is considered a typical metropolitan area, it Is otten used for market research to test new products. CoJumbus, 0 • typical metro -+ market