ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMSAAC The ASEAN Architect CouncilACCSTP ASEAN Common Competency Standards for Tourism ProfessionalsACE ASEAN Confederation of EmployersACT/EMP The Bureau for Empl
CONCEPTUAL AND PRACTICAL BACKGROUND
Conceptual framework + tt ng nh ng Hà HH 14 1 LQDOr Migration COHC|ĐF SG HH kg 14 2 Conceptual framework of cooperation on labor migrdfiOH
Migration is one of the essential factors making this world the way it is today For centuries, human have always been migrating, both in groups and as individuals, to find peace from wars, to make getaway from poverty or hunger or to seek for better employment opportunities It can be dated back to the pre-modern time, when human migrated to different regions for peopling the world On the
14 current days, human migration has at first taken the form of moving within and between existing dominant states, either controlled (legal migration) or undisciplined and in violation of immigration regulations (illegal migration).
In order to profoundly comprehend the idea of labor migration, the thesis opts to beginning from the definition of “migration” Both the Thesaurus Dictionary and the Merriam-Webster Dictionary point out that migration is “the act, process, or an instance of migrating” [Merriam-Webster, Inc., 1996] In order to clarify the meaning of “migrating” and to understand the nature, signals, period of time and purpose of the act of migration, the author wants to introduce the definitions of two other sources While the Demographic Dictionary of United Nations defines migration as “such an event in which people move from one geographical area to another geographical area, when people leaving their place of residence to live permanently in another area then this is called migration”, the Cambridge Dictionary shows that migration is “the process of a person or people travelling to a new place or country,in order to find work and live there temporarily or permanently”
[Cambridge University Press, 2001] It is clearly seen that both of these two definitions acknowledge migration as the process or an event in which people move from one area to another, yet, the Cambridge Dictionary analyzes the purpose of moving or travelling is for not only living but also working It also leads to the difference in the period of living that these two definitions bring to the audience: permanence or temporariness For this factor, since there are a lot of return migrants in the world every year, whether they are forced or voluntary, it is believed that migrants can stay in the host countries permanently or temporarily In the global context, it is reported that “millions of migrants return to their country of origin every year, not all returns are necessarily recorded The top five countries that experienced the largest outflows in 2016 were Germany (1,085,400), Korea (325,000), Spain (241,800), Japan (233,500) and the United Kingdom (195,000), according to figures produced by the Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) on outflows of foreign populations from selected OECD
15 countries [OECD, 2019] It’s noted that each country has a different methodology for measuring outflows [Migration Data Portal, 2019] Thus, migration may be permanent or temporary, depends on the intention of returning to the place of origin of the migrants.
Labor migration is a type of migration, especially international migration.
According to "Migration and Land Use Change in Europe: A Review" by Simon Bell, Susana Alves, Eva Silveirinha de Oliveira and Affonso Zuin, labor migration is recognized as “the movement of individuals from one country to another with the purpose of seeking work or responding to recruitment drives in another country.” [Bell, S., Alves, S., Silveirinha, O E., Zuin, A., 2010] The IOM Glossary on Migration (2nd ed 2011) and EMN Glossary agree that labor migration is the “movement of persons from one state to another, or within their own country of residence, for the purpose of employment” [Perruchoud, R., Redpath-Cross, J., 2011] This essay is basically of the same mind with these definitions, still, it wants to focus on the movement of persons from one country to another, as well as to make further information on the age of staying in the countries they settle, which is often temporary.
Moving to the definition of labor migrants, the thesis is about to show some descriptions provided by various related international organizations, synthesized by Judit Simon, Noemi Kiss, Agata Laszewska, and Susanne Mayer in the “Public health aspects of migrant health: a review of the evidence on health status for labour migrants in the European Region” According to this publication, The United Nations Convention on the Protection of the Rights of all Migrant Workers and Members of their Families defines a migrant worker as a person who is to be engaged, is engaged or has been engaged in a remunerated activity in a state of which he or she is not a citizen; meanwhile a “migrant worker” is defined in the
International Labour Organization (ILO) instruments as a person who migrates from one country to another (or who has migrated from one country to another) with a view to being employed other than on his own account, and includes any person
16 regularly admitted as a migrant for employment; and The International Organization for Migration characterizes “labor migrants” as those who move for the purpose of employment [Simon, J., Kiss, N., Laszewska, A., Mayer, S., 2015] All of the cited definitions above, though being put in different languages, agree on the point that labor migrants are individuals who move from one state to another for the purpose of employment.
Labor migration can be divided into different types If Simon Bell, Susana Alves, Eva Silveirinha de Oliveira and Affonso Zuin divided it into two types (highly skilled labor migration and unskilled low wage and temporary migration), Baštýf and col added two more and made it four types of labor migration.
According to Bastyr and col, labor migration can be either one of these following:
The first one is incentive migration, which is aresponse to the invitation of the destination country This country usually requires experts from the specialized professions (like doctors) and, because of its economic strength and maturity, can afford to pay them Another impulse for migrants, rather than wages is career opportunities, along with better living standards It can also be considered as highly skilled labor migration by Simon Bell, Susana Alves, Eva Silveirinha de Oliveira and Affonso Zuin.
The second one is demand migration, which means the impetus comes from the migrant workers, either it is positively or negatively motivated In this case, risk to the target country is massive influx of unskilled (but cheap) labor force, which logically changes conditions on the labor market (employment or wages) [Mendel University in Brno, 2010] This is much alike the unskilled low wage and temporary migration mentioned above.
The other two types are developed from the previous ones, the migrants’ motives can be one of these above: from the destination country or from themselves.
However, the period of living and the way of working are the ones that matter.
The third type is residential migration This is a continuing stay of a migrant in the target country that often leads to permanent relocation The main principle here is
17 usually the amount of income that can visible move the strong social and cultural bonds with the migrant's home country (family for example) Differences in real wages between home country and target country is very distinctive, in his piece of writing, Bastyr refers expressly to at least double of the domestic real wage.
The fourth kind is commuting (oscillating) migration: different from the mentioned types of labor migration, a drifter’s living and residence destination settles in homeland Migrant travels to work by means of commuting daily or staying overseas briefly (often for a week, less commonly a month then return home approximately for a weekend) The above features make it apparent that within commuting migration the countries of destination are mainly adjacent states of home country [BaštýF, I., 2005].
Labor migration plays a significant role in the development of the world It does not only affect the world’s economies, but also has an impact on cultures and societies Moreover, labor migration relates intimately to international relations.
REALITY OF ASEAN?S COOPERATION ON LABOR
12 initiatives introduced by the ASEAN and the way they are applied in real life, to see whether or not ASEAN would walk its talk Especially, section 2.2 takes three ASEAN member states, namely Singapore, the Philippines and Vietnam as case studies Singapore and the Philippines are chosen to represent countries of hosting and countries of sending in ASEAN, each to each cha The author will introduce the overall picture of each country, including situations, relevant policies and programs, and the participation of each country in the ASEAN’s cooperation on labor migration.
CHAPTER 3 ASSESSMENT AND FUTURE OF ASEAN’S COOPERATION ON LABOR MIGRATION
After understanding the situation of ASEAN’s cooperation on labor migration, the thesis evaluates this cooperation by summarizing the achievements and limitations that ASEAN has encountered, principally from the birth of the ASEAN Declaration on the Protection and Promotion of the Rights of Migrant Workers By the same token, the author also points out the challenges that this 53-year-old association has to face in the time to come, as well as analyzes its favorable circumstances To such a degree, three possible scenarios for the future of ASEAN’s cooperation on labor migration are projected The end of the last chapter is the recommendations that the author wants to suggest so as to make this cooperation better.
CHAPTER 1 CONCEPTUAL AND PRACTICAL BACKGROUND
Before being aware of the situation of ASEAN’s cooperation on labor migration, it is indispensable to understand the conceptual framework used in the thesis In view of this, chapter one is fashioned to give the readers the concept of labor, labor migration, labor migrant as well as different types of labor migration Additionally, the role of labor migration is also pointed out in the first part of this chapter, specifically its role in international relations Likewise labor migration concept, the notion of cooperation on labor migration is also highlighted in the present section.
To start with, the thesis shares the concept of international cooperation employed in this writing, following are the ideas, policies and agreements proposed by different international and regional organizations These are shown for the purpose of realizing the long-lasting practices of international cooperation on labor migration around the globe After that, ASEAN, the main object of the thesis, is studied, to discover the practical background of ASEAN’s cooperation on labor migration in the 13-year period from 2007 to 2020 To be more precise, an overall impression of the labor migration situation in ASEAN as well as the way its countries cooperate in this field before the delivery of the ASEAN Declaration on the Protection and Promotion of the Rights of Migrant Workers in 2007 is described Not only that, the stimuli for continuing this partnership in the years between 2007 and 2020 are also emphasized.
1.1 Conceptual framework 1.1.1 Labor migration concept
Migration is one of the essential factors making this world the way it is today For centuries, human have always been migrating, both in groups and as individuals, to find peace from wars, to make getaway from poverty or hunger or to seek for better employment opportunities It can be dated back to the pre-modern time, when human migrated to different regions for peopling the world On the
14 current days, human migration has at first taken the form of moving within and between existing dominant states, either controlled (legal migration) or undisciplined and in violation of immigration regulations (illegal migration).
In order to profoundly comprehend the idea of labor migration, the thesis opts to beginning from the definition of “migration” Both the Thesaurus Dictionary and the Merriam-Webster Dictionary point out that migration is “the act, process, or an instance of migrating” [Merriam-Webster, Inc., 1996] In order to clarify the meaning of “migrating” and to understand the nature, signals, period of time and purpose of the act of migration, the author wants to introduce the definitions of two other sources While the Demographic Dictionary of United Nations defines migration as “such an event in which people move from one geographical area to another geographical area, when people leaving their place of residence to live permanently in another area then this is called migration”, the Cambridge Dictionary shows that migration is “the process of a person or people travelling to a new place or country,in order to find work and live there temporarily or permanently”
[Cambridge University Press, 2001] It is clearly seen that both of these two definitions acknowledge migration as the process or an event in which people move from one area to another, yet, the Cambridge Dictionary analyzes the purpose of moving or travelling is for not only living but also working It also leads to the difference in the period of living that these two definitions bring to the audience: permanence or temporariness For this factor, since there are a lot of return migrants in the world every year, whether they are forced or voluntary, it is believed that migrants can stay in the host countries permanently or temporarily In the global context, it is reported that “millions of migrants return to their country of origin every year, not all returns are necessarily recorded The top five countries that experienced the largest outflows in 2016 were Germany (1,085,400), Korea (325,000), Spain (241,800), Japan (233,500) and the United Kingdom (195,000), according to figures produced by the Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) on outflows of foreign populations from selected OECD
15 countries [OECD, 2019] It’s noted that each country has a different methodology for measuring outflows [Migration Data Portal, 2019] Thus, migration may be permanent or temporary, depends on the intention of returning to the place of origin of the migrants.
Labor migration is a type of migration, especially international migration.
According to "Migration and Land Use Change in Europe: A Review" by Simon Bell, Susana Alves, Eva Silveirinha de Oliveira and Affonso Zuin, labor migration is recognized as “the movement of individuals from one country to another with the purpose of seeking work or responding to recruitment drives in another country.” [Bell, S., Alves, S., Silveirinha, O E., Zuin, A., 2010] The IOM Glossary on Migration (2nd ed 2011) and EMN Glossary agree that labor migration is the “movement of persons from one state to another, or within their own country of residence, for the purpose of employment” [Perruchoud, R., Redpath-Cross, J., 2011] This essay is basically of the same mind with these definitions, still, it wants to focus on the movement of persons from one country to another, as well as to make further information on the age of staying in the countries they settle, which is often temporary.
Moving to the definition of labor migrants, the thesis is about to show some descriptions provided by various related international organizations, synthesized by Judit Simon, Noemi Kiss, Agata Laszewska, and Susanne Mayer in the “Public health aspects of migrant health: a review of the evidence on health status for labour migrants in the European Region” According to this publication, The United Nations Convention on the Protection of the Rights of all Migrant Workers and Members of their Families defines a migrant worker as a person who is to be engaged, is engaged or has been engaged in a remunerated activity in a state of which he or she is not a citizen; meanwhile a “migrant worker” is defined in the
International Labour Organization (ILO) instruments as a person who migrates from one country to another (or who has migrated from one country to another) with a view to being employed other than on his own account, and includes any person
16 regularly admitted as a migrant for employment; and The International Organization for Migration characterizes “labor migrants” as those who move for the purpose of employment [Simon, J., Kiss, N., Laszewska, A., Mayer, S., 2015] All of the cited definitions above, though being put in different languages, agree on the point that labor migrants are individuals who move from one state to another for the purpose of employment.
Labor migration can be divided into different types If Simon Bell, Susana Alves, Eva Silveirinha de Oliveira and Affonso Zuin divided it into two types (highly skilled labor migration and unskilled low wage and temporary migration), Baštýf and col added two more and made it four types of labor migration.
According to Bastyr and col, labor migration can be either one of these following:
The first one is incentive migration, which is aresponse to the invitation of the destination country This country usually requires experts from the specialized professions (like doctors) and, because of its economic strength and maturity, can afford to pay them Another impulse for migrants, rather than wages is career opportunities, along with better living standards It can also be considered as highly skilled labor migration by Simon Bell, Susana Alves, Eva Silveirinha de Oliveira and Affonso Zuin.
Ầ.ồ
ASSESSMENT AND FUTURE OF ASEAN’S COOPERATION
After understanding the situation of ASEAN’s cooperation on labor migration, the thesis evaluates this cooperation by summarizing the achievements and limitations that ASEAN has encountered, principally from the birth of the ASEAN Declaration on the Protection and Promotion of the Rights of Migrant Workers By the same token, the author also points out the challenges that this 53-year-old association has to face in the time to come, as well as analyzes its favorable circumstances To such a degree, three possible scenarios for the future of ASEAN’s cooperation on labor migration are projected The end of the last chapter is the recommendations that the author wants to suggest so as to make this cooperation better.
CHAPTER 1 CONCEPTUAL AND PRACTICAL BACKGROUND
Before being aware of the situation of ASEAN’s cooperation on labor migration, it is indispensable to understand the conceptual framework used in the thesis In view of this, chapter one is fashioned to give the readers the concept of labor, labor migration, labor migrant as well as different types of labor migration Additionally, the role of labor migration is also pointed out in the first part of this chapter, specifically its role in international relations Likewise labor migration concept, the notion of cooperation on labor migration is also highlighted in the present section.
To start with, the thesis shares the concept of international cooperation employed in this writing, following are the ideas, policies and agreements proposed by different international and regional organizations These are shown for the purpose of realizing the long-lasting practices of international cooperation on labor migration around the globe After that, ASEAN, the main object of the thesis, is studied, to discover the practical background of ASEAN’s cooperation on labor migration in the 13-year period from 2007 to 2020 To be more precise, an overall impression of the labor migration situation in ASEAN as well as the way its countries cooperate in this field before the delivery of the ASEAN Declaration on the Protection and Promotion of the Rights of Migrant Workers in 2007 is described Not only that, the stimuli for continuing this partnership in the years between 2007 and 2020 are also emphasized.
1.1 Conceptual framework 1.1.1 Labor migration concept
Migration is one of the essential factors making this world the way it is today For centuries, human have always been migrating, both in groups and as individuals, to find peace from wars, to make getaway from poverty or hunger or to seek for better employment opportunities It can be dated back to the pre-modern time, when human migrated to different regions for peopling the world On the
14 current days, human migration has at first taken the form of moving within and between existing dominant states, either controlled (legal migration) or undisciplined and in violation of immigration regulations (illegal migration).
In order to profoundly comprehend the idea of labor migration, the thesis opts to beginning from the definition of “migration” Both the Thesaurus Dictionary and the Merriam-Webster Dictionary point out that migration is “the act, process, or an instance of migrating” [Merriam-Webster, Inc., 1996] In order to clarify the meaning of “migrating” and to understand the nature, signals, period of time and purpose of the act of migration, the author wants to introduce the definitions of two other sources While the Demographic Dictionary of United Nations defines migration as “such an event in which people move from one geographical area to another geographical area, when people leaving their place of residence to live permanently in another area then this is called migration”, the Cambridge Dictionary shows that migration is “the process of a person or people travelling to a new place or country,in order to find work and live there temporarily or permanently”
[Cambridge University Press, 2001] It is clearly seen that both of these two definitions acknowledge migration as the process or an event in which people move from one area to another, yet, the Cambridge Dictionary analyzes the purpose of moving or travelling is for not only living but also working It also leads to the difference in the period of living that these two definitions bring to the audience: permanence or temporariness For this factor, since there are a lot of return migrants in the world every year, whether they are forced or voluntary, it is believed that migrants can stay in the host countries permanently or temporarily In the global context, it is reported that “millions of migrants return to their country of origin every year, not all returns are necessarily recorded The top five countries that experienced the largest outflows in 2016 were Germany (1,085,400), Korea (325,000), Spain (241,800), Japan (233,500) and the United Kingdom (195,000), according to figures produced by the Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) on outflows of foreign populations from selected OECD
15 countries [OECD, 2019] It’s noted that each country has a different methodology for measuring outflows [Migration Data Portal, 2019] Thus, migration may be permanent or temporary, depends on the intention of returning to the place of origin of the migrants.
Labor migration is a type of migration, especially international migration.
According to "Migration and Land Use Change in Europe: A Review" by Simon Bell, Susana Alves, Eva Silveirinha de Oliveira and Affonso Zuin, labor migration is recognized as “the movement of individuals from one country to another with the purpose of seeking work or responding to recruitment drives in another country.” [Bell, S., Alves, S., Silveirinha, O E., Zuin, A., 2010] The IOM Glossary on Migration (2nd ed 2011) and EMN Glossary agree that labor migration is the “movement of persons from one state to another, or within their own country of residence, for the purpose of employment” [Perruchoud, R., Redpath-Cross, J., 2011] This essay is basically of the same mind with these definitions, still, it wants to focus on the movement of persons from one country to another, as well as to make further information on the age of staying in the countries they settle, which is often temporary.
Moving to the definition of labor migrants, the thesis is about to show some descriptions provided by various related international organizations, synthesized by Judit Simon, Noemi Kiss, Agata Laszewska, and Susanne Mayer in the “Public health aspects of migrant health: a review of the evidence on health status for labour migrants in the European Region” According to this publication, The United Nations Convention on the Protection of the Rights of all Migrant Workers and Members of their Families defines a migrant worker as a person who is to be engaged, is engaged or has been engaged in a remunerated activity in a state of which he or she is not a citizen; meanwhile a “migrant worker” is defined in the
International Labour Organization (ILO) instruments as a person who migrates from one country to another (or who has migrated from one country to another) with a view to being employed other than on his own account, and includes any person
16 regularly admitted as a migrant for employment; and The International Organization for Migration characterizes “labor migrants” as those who move for the purpose of employment [Simon, J., Kiss, N., Laszewska, A., Mayer, S., 2015] All of the cited definitions above, though being put in different languages, agree on the point that labor migrants are individuals who move from one state to another for the purpose of employment.
Labor migration can be divided into different types If Simon Bell, Susana Alves, Eva Silveirinha de Oliveira and Affonso Zuin divided it into two types (highly skilled labor migration and unskilled low wage and temporary migration), Baštýf and col added two more and made it four types of labor migration.
According to Bastyr and col, labor migration can be either one of these following:
The first one is incentive migration, which is aresponse to the invitation of the destination country This country usually requires experts from the specialized professions (like doctors) and, because of its economic strength and maturity, can afford to pay them Another impulse for migrants, rather than wages is career opportunities, along with better living standards It can also be considered as highly skilled labor migration by Simon Bell, Susana Alves, Eva Silveirinha de Oliveira and Affonso Zuin.
The second one is demand migration, which means the impetus comes from the migrant workers, either it is positively or negatively motivated In this case, risk to the target country is massive influx of unskilled (but cheap) labor force, which logically changes conditions on the labor market (employment or wages) [Mendel University in Brno, 2010] This is much alike the unskilled low wage and temporary migration mentioned above.
The other two types are developed from the previous ones, the migrants’ motives can be one of these above: from the destination country or from themselves.
However, the period of living and the way of working are the ones that matter.
The third type is residential migration This is a continuing stay of a migrant in the target country that often leads to permanent relocation The main principle here is