ĐỀ KIỂM TRA TỰ LUẬN MÔN: Ngữ pháp lý thuyết – Mã môn: EN13 (Mỗi sinh viên chỉ lựa chọn một đề cho bài kiểm tra tự luận của mình) Đề 1 1. What is the difference between the basic noun phrase and the complex noun phrase? Give examples for illustration. 2. What are the main types of concord? Give examples for illustration. Đề 2 1. What is the difference between the premodification and the post-modification in the complex noun phrase? Give examples for illustration. 2. What are semantic feature roles of sentence elements? Give examples for illustration. Đề 3 1. What are the possible elements in the complex noun phrase? Give examples for illustration. 2. What are syntactic featured roles of sentence elements? Give examples for illustration. Đề 4 1. What is the function of the determiner in the noun phrase? Give examples for illustration. 2. Explain the interrelationship between the scope and focus of negation. Give examples for illustration. Đề 5 1. What is the difference between restrictive and non-restrictive modification? Give examples for illustration. 2. How are simple sentences classified? Give examples for illustration. Chú ý: Sinh viên chọn một đề (mỗi đề gồm 2 câu). Sinh viên nộp bài thi bằng file mềm, đánh máy trực tiếp sau mỗi câu hỏi. Nội dung trả lời các câu hỏi phải nằm trong chương trình giảng dạy cho HOU cung cấp. Những nội dung mà sao chép trên web không đúng với nội dung giảng dạy không được chấp nhận. Những bài thi sinh viên sao chép, copy của nhau. Tuỳ theo mức độ sao chép giống nhau mà bài thi sẽ bị trừ từ 1 đến 10 điểm. Đây là môn thi lý thuyết, nhưng những phần trình bày, trả lời bằng lý thuyết phải có ví dụ minh hoạ, nếu không có thì phần lý thuyết được tính 50% số điểm của câu trả lời đó. Bài thi tự luận này được tính 20% trọng số của tổng số điểm học phần.
Trang 1ĐỀ KIỂM TRA TỰ LUẬNMÔN: Ngữ pháp lý thuyết – Mã môn: EN13 (Mỗi sinh viên chỉ lựa chọn một đề cho bài kiểm tra tự luận của mình)Đề 1
1 What is the difference between the basic noun phrase and the complex noun phrase? Give examples for illustration
2 What are the main types of concord? Give examples for illustration.Đề 2
1 What is the difference between the premodification and the modification in the complex noun phrase? Give examples for illustration
post-2 What are semantic feature roles of sentence elements? Give examples for illustration
Đề 31 What are the possible elements in the complex noun phrase? Give examplesfor illustration
2 What are syntactic featured roles of sentence elements? Give examples for illustration
Đề 41 What is the function of the determiner in the noun phrase? Give examples for illustration
2 Explain the interrelationship between the scope and focus of negation Giveexamples for illustration
Đề 51 What is the difference between restrictive and non-restrictive modification?Give examples for illustration
2 How are simple sentences classified? Give examples for illustration.Chú ý:
Sinh viên chọn một đề (mỗi đề gồm 2 câu).Sinh viên nộp bài thi bằng file mềm, đánh máy trực tiếp sau mỗi câu hỏi
Trang 2Nội dung trả lời các câu hỏi phải nằm trong chương trình giảng dạy cho HOU cung cấp.
Những nội dung mà sao chép trên web không đúng với nội dung giảng dạy không được chấp nhận
Những bài thi sinh viên sao chép, copy của nhau Tuỳ theo mức độ sao chép giống nhau mà bài thi sẽ bị trừ từ 1 đến 10 điểm
Đây là môn thi lý thuyết, nhưng những phần trình bày, trả lời bằng lý thuyết phải có ví dụ minh hoạ, nếu không có thì phần lý thuyết được tính 50% số điểm của câu trả lời đó
Bài thi tự luận này được tính 20% trọng số của tổng số điểm học phần.Bài làm
ĐỀ 1:Answer to Question 1: The Difference Between Basic and Complex Noun Phrases
A noun phrase (NP) is a group of words centered around a noun that serves asthe head of the phrase Noun phrases can vary in complexity, and they are typically divided into two types: basic noun phrases and complex noun phrases
Basic Noun PhraseA basic noun phrase consists only of a noun (the head of the phrase) and, sometimes, a determiner or an adjective The structure of a basic noun phrase is simple and does not contain many modifiers
For example:"The book""An apple""Beautiful flowers"In these examples, "book" and "apple" are nouns, "the" and "an" are determiners, and "beautiful" is an adjective modifying "flowers." These are all basic noun phrases because they contain only the essential elements: a noun andits determiners or adjectives
Trang 3Complex Noun PhraseA complex noun phrase, on the other hand, includes a noun and a series of additional modifiers, which can appear before or after the noun These
modifiers include premodifiers (adjectives, determiners, and quantifiers) and post-modifiers (prepositional phrases, relative clauses, participles, and
infinitives) The addition of these modifiers adds complexity to the structure.For example:
"The book on the shelf""An apple that I bought yesterday""The beautiful flowers in the garden"In these examples, the noun phrase is more elaborate due to the addition of prepositional phrases ("on the shelf" and "in the garden") or relative clauses ("that I bought yesterday")
Key DifferencesThe main difference between a basic and a complex noun phrase lies in the presence of additional modifiers in the complex noun phrase While a basic noun phrase includes only a noun and perhaps a determiner or an adjective, a complex noun phrase includes extra modifying elements that further describe orprovide information about the noun
Example 1:Basic Noun Phrase: "The dog"Complex Noun Phrase: "The dog with the brown fur"In this example, the basic noun phrase consists only of "the dog," while the complex noun phrase includes the prepositional phrase "with the brown fur," which adds more information about the dog
Example 2:Basic Noun Phrase: "A house"Complex Noun Phrase: "A house that has a red roof"
Trang 4Here, the basic noun phrase is simply "a house," but the complex noun phrase incorporates a relative clause, "that has a red roof," which describes the house inmore detail.
In summary, while a basic noun phrase contains only essential components, a complex noun phrase is enhanced by additional information that modifies the head noun
Answer to Question 2: The Main Types of ConcordConcord, also known as agreement, refers to the grammatical matching between different elements within a sentence Concord typically applies to the relationships between subjects and verbs, nouns and determiners, or pronouns and antecedents The main types of concord include subject-verb concord, noun-pronoun concord, and grammatical concord
1 Subject-Verb ConcordSubject-verb concord is the agreement between the subject of a sentence and the verb in terms of number (singular or plural) In English, singular subjects take singular verbs, and plural subjects take plural verbs
For example:"She runs every morning." (singular subject and singular verb)"They run every morning." (plural subject and plural verb)In these examples, "She" is a singular subject, so the verb is conjugated as "runs," while "They" is a plural subject, so the verb is "run."
However, there are exceptions to this rule, especially with collective nouns, uncountable nouns, and some plural subjects that refer to singular entities
For example:"The team is winning the game." (collective noun treated as singular)"The news is shocking." (uncountable noun treated as singular)
2 Noun-Pronoun Concord
Trang 5Noun-pronoun concord refers to the agreement between a noun (or its antecedent) and a pronoun in terms of gender, number, and person The pronounmust match the noun it refers to in these aspects.
For example:"John loves his cat He takes care of it.""The children are playing They are having fun."In the first example, "John" is singular and male, so the pronoun "he" is used In the second example, "the children" is plural, so the pronoun "they" is used
3 Grammatical ConcordGrammatical concord occurs when grammatical rules dictate the agreement between different parts of a sentence This may involve elements like
determiners agreeing with nouns or adjectives agreeing with the gender and number of the nouns they modify (as is more common in languages like French and Spanish)
For example:"This book is interesting." (singular determiner with singular noun)"These books are interesting." (plural determiner with plural noun)Examples of Concord
Example 1:"The girl plays soccer." (Subject-verb concord: "girl" is singular, so "plays" isused.)
"The girls play soccer." (Subject-verb concord: "girls" is plural, so "play" is used.)
Example 2:"The man bought his car." (Noun-pronoun concord: "man" is singular and male, so "his" is used.)
"The women bought their dresses." (Noun-pronoun concord: "women" is plural, so "their" is used.)
Conclusion
Trang 6Concord is essential for ensuring that different elements in a sentence agree with each other in terms of number, gender, and person The most common types of concord include subject-verb concord, noun-pronoun concord, and grammatical concord Proper use of concord ensures clarity and grammatical correctness in communication.
ĐỀ 2Answer to Question 1: The Difference Between Premodification and Post-modification in the Complex Noun Phrase
A complex noun phrase includes a noun and additional modifiers that describeor add information to the noun These modifiers can occur before or after the noun, and are referred to as premodification and post-modification
PremodificationPremodification involves elements that come before the head noun in a noun phrase These elements typically include determiners (articles, quantifiers), adjectives, and other descriptive words that modify the noun
For example:"The beautiful red car""Several large books"In the examples, the words "beautiful" and "red" are adjectives modifying the noun "car," while "several" and "large" modify "books." These words all appearbefore the noun, hence they are premodifiers
Types of Premodifiers:Determiners: Articles (a, an, the), possessive pronouns (my, your), quantifiers (some, several)
Example: "The dog" (determiner: "the")Adjectives: Words that describe qualities or characteristics of the noun.Example: "A happy child" (adjective: "happy")
Participles: Present or past participles used to describe a state or action relatedto the noun
Trang 7Example: "A running horse" (present participle: "running")Post-modification
Post-modification involves elements that come after the head noun in a noun phrase These modifiers often include prepositional phrases, relative clauses, infinitive phrases, or participle phrases
For example:"The car in the garage""A book that I borrowed"In the examples, "in the garage" is a prepositional phrase and "that I borrowed" is a relative clause Both add more details about the noun, but they follow the noun, making them postmodifiers
Types of Post-modifiers:Prepositional Phrases: A preposition and its object that add location, time, or description to the noun
Example: "The house on the hill" (prepositional phrase: "on the hill")Relative Clauses: Clauses that begin with relative pronouns (who, which, that)and provide extra information
Example: "The man who lives next door" (relative clause: "who lives next door")
Infinitive Phrases: Phrases that begin with "to" followed by a verb, indicating purpose or result
Example: "The decision to leave early" (infinitive phrase: "to leave early")Key Differences
The primary difference between premodification and post-modification lies intheir position relative to the noun Premodifiers always appear before the noun, while postmodifiers follow the noun
Example 1:Premodification: "The big dog"Post-modification: "The dog in the yard"
Trang 8In this example, "big" is a premodifier, while "in the yard" is a post-modifier Both provide information about the dog, but their positions are different.
Example 2:Premodification: "A long story"Post-modification: "A story that she told me"Here, "long" is a premodifier and "that she told me" is a post-modifier, both providing details about the story
In conclusion, while premodification occurs before the noun, modification provides further information by following the noun, thus forming amore complex structure in the noun phrase
post-Answer to Question 2: Semantic Feature Roles of Sentence ElementsIn linguistics, semantic features are characteristics or roles that describe the function of elements within a sentence These roles help define the meaning andinteraction of different parts of a sentence Some of the main semantic feature roles include agent, patient, experiencer, instrument, and goal
1 AgentThe agent is the entity that performs or initiates an action In most cases, the agent is the subject of the sentence
For example:"John kicked the ball.""The dog barked loudly."In both sentences, "John" and "the dog" are the agents because they are the ones performing the actions
2 PatientThe patient (sometimes called the theme) is the entity that experiences or is affected by the action of the verb It is typically the direct object in a sentence
For example:"John kicked the ball.""The cat chased the mouse."
Trang 9In these sentences, "the ball" and "the mouse" are the patients because they are affected by the actions of kicking and chasing, respectively.
3 ExperiencerThe experiencer is the entity that undergoes a sensory or emotional experience Unlike the agent, the experiencer does not perform an action, but rather feels or perceives something
For example:"She felt happy.""I heard a noise."In these sentences, "She" and "I" are the experiencers because they are experiencing feelings or perceptions
4 InstrumentThe instrument is the entity used by the agent to perform an action It is often introduced by a preposition such as "with."
For example:"He cut the paper with scissors.""They built the house using bricks."In these examples, "scissors" and "bricks" are instruments because they are the tools used to perform the actions
5 GoalThe goal is the entity towards which an action is directed It often represents adestination or endpoint of the action
For example:"She sent the letter to her friend.""They arrived at the park."
In these sentences, "to her friend" and "at the park" represent the goals because they indicate the destination or recipient of the action
Examples of Semantic Feature RolesExample 1:
Trang 10"The man (agent) opened the door (patient) with a key (instrument)."In this sentence, the agent is "the man" because he performs the action The patient is "the door" because it is affected by the action, and "a key" is the instrument used to open the door.
Example 2:"She (experiencer) smelled the flowers (patient)."Here, "she" is the experiencer because she perceives the smell, and "the flowers" are the patient because they are the entity being smelled
ConclusionUnderstanding the semantic feature roles of sentence elements allows us to analyze and interpret the meaning of sentences more accurately The roles of agent, patient, experiencer, instrument, and goal all contribute to how we comprehend actions and relationships between entities in a sentence The use of these roles enhances our understanding of sentence structure and meaning in communication
ĐỀ 3Answer to Question 1: The Possible Elements in the Complex Noun PhraseA complex noun phrase is composed of a noun and other elements that modify or describe the noun These additional elements help provide more information about the noun and can appear either before or after the noun
1 Head NounThe head noun is the central element of any noun phrase It is the noun that the entire phrase is built around The other elements in the phrase modify or describe this noun
For example:"The book on the table" (head noun: "book")"A child playing in the park" (head noun: "child")In both examples, the head noun is the main subject of the noun phrase, while the rest of the elements provide additional information about the head noun
Trang 112 PremodifiersPremodifiers are words or phrases that appear before the head noun They modify or describe the noun by providing attributes such as quantity, quality, or specificity.
Types of Premodifiers:Determiners: These include articles, demonstratives, and quantifiers, which help specify or quantify the noun
Example: "The car" (determiner: "the")Adjectives: These words describe qualities or characteristics of the noun.Example: "Red shoes" (adjective: "red")
Nouns as Modifiers: Sometimes, another noun can function as a premodifier.Example: "Chocolate cake" (noun modifier: "chocolate")
3 PostmodifiersPostmodifiers are elements that appear after the head noun These elements add additional information about the noun and often include prepositional phrases, relative clauses, or participial phrases
Types of Postmodifiers:Prepositional Phrases: These phrases begin with a preposition and provide information about the location, time, or manner
Example: "The book on the table" (prepositional phrase: "on the table")Relative Clauses: Clauses that begin with relative pronouns (who, which, that)and provide further information about the noun
Example: "The person who won the race" (relative clause: "who won the race")
Participle Phrases: These are phrases that begin with a present or past participle and describe an ongoing action or state
Example: "The man walking down the street" (participle phrase: "walking down the street")
4 Complements
Trang 12A complement adds necessary information to complete the meaning of the noun phrase It often follows the noun and is an integral part of understanding the phrase’s meaning.
For example:"The fact that she passed the exam" (complement: "that she passed the exam")"The idea to travel abroad" (complement: "to travel abroad")
In these examples, the complement is essential for completing the meaning of the noun phrase and cannot be omitted without changing the phrase’s meaning
Key ExamplesExample 1:"The big dog in the yard"Head noun: "dog"
Premodifier: "The big" (determiner and adjective)Postmodifier: "in the yard" (prepositional phrase)Example 2:
"A student who studies diligently"Head noun: "student"
Premodifier: "A" (determiner)Postmodifier: "who studies diligently" (relative clause)Conclusion
The complex noun phrase consists of several elements, with the head noun being central Premodifiers add descriptive information before the noun, while postmodifiers further describe the noun after it Complements provide essential information to complete the meaning of the phrase Together, these elements create a more detailed and informative noun phrase
Answer to Question 2: The Syntactic Featured Roles of Sentence ElementsIn syntactic theory, sentence elements can serve different syntactic roles, which describe their grammatical function within the sentence These roles help determine the relationship between sentence components and the overall